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{{#Wiki_filter:Public Health Assessment Public Comment Release TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA) KINGSTON FOSSIL PLANT COAL ASH RELEASE 714 SWAN POND ROAD HARRIMAN, ROANE COUNTY, TENNESSEE EPA FACILITY ID: TN8640006682 Prepared by Tennessee Department of Health DECEMBER 9, 2009 COMMENT PERIOD ENDS: FEBRUARY 9, 2010 Prepared under a Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Health Assessment and Consultation Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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THE ATSDR PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT: A NOTE OF EXPLANATION This Public Health Assessment-Public Comment Release was prepared by ATSDR pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) section 104 (i)(6) (42 U.S.C. 9604 (i)(6), and in accordance with our implementing regulations (42 C.F.R. Part 90). In preparing this document, ATSDRs Cooperative Agreement Partner has collected relevant health data, environmental data, and community health concerns from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), state and local health and environmental agencies, the community, and potentially responsible parties, where appropriate. This document represents the agencys best efforts, based on currently available information, to fulfill the statutory criteria set out in CERCLA section 104 (i)(6) within a limited time frame. To the extent possible, it presents an assessment of potential risks to human health. Actions authorized by CERCLA section 104 (i)(11), or otherwise authorized by CERCLA, may be undertaken to prevent or mitigate human exposure or risks to human health. In addition, ATSDRs Cooperative Agreement Partner will utilize this document to determine if follow-up health actions are appropriate at this time.
This document has previously been provided to EPA and the affected state in an initial release, as required by CERCLA section 104 (i) (6) (H) for their information and review. Where necessary, it has been revised in response to comments or additional relevant information provided by them to ATSDRs Cooperative Agreement Partner. This revised document has now been released for a 30-day public comment period. Subsequent to the public comment period, ATSDRs Cooperative Agreement Partner will address all public comments and revise or append the document as appropriate. The public health assessment will then be reissued. This will conclude the public health assessment process for this site, unless additional information is obtained by ATSDRs Cooperative Agreement Partner which, in the agencys opinion, indicates a need to revise or append the conclusions previously issued.
Use of trade names is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Please address comments regarding this report to:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Attn: Records Center 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., MS F-09 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 You May Contact ATSDR Toll Free at 1-800-CDC-INFO or Visit our Home Page at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov
 
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant                        Public Comment Release Coal Ash Release PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA) KINGSTON FOSSIL PLANT COAL ASH RELEASE 714 SWAN POND ROAD HARRIMAN, ROANE COUNTY, TENNESSEE EPA FACILITY ID: TN8640006682 Prepared by:
Tennessee Department of Health Under Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry This information is distributed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry for public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent final agency conclusions or recommendations.
 
Public Comment                                      Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Foreword This document summarizes an environmental public health investigation performed by the State of Tennessee Department of Healths Environmental Epidemiology Program. Our work is conducted under a Cooperative Agreement with the federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. In order for the Environmental Epidemiology Program to answer an environmental public health question, several actions are performed:
Evaluate Exposure: Tennessee health assessors begin by reviewing available information about environmental conditions at a site. We interpret environmental data, review site reports, and talk with environmental officials. Usually, we do not collect our own environmental sampling data.
We rely on information provided by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and other government agencies, businesses, or the general public. We work to understand how much contamination may be present, where it is located on a site, and how people might be exposed to it. We look for evidence that people may have been exposed to, are being exposed to, or in the future could be exposed to harmful substances.
Evaluate Health Effects: If people could be exposed to contamination, then health assessors take steps to determine if it could be harmful to human health. We base our health conclusions on exposure pathways, risk assessment, toxicology, cleanup actions, and the scientific literature.
Make Recommendations: Based on our conclusions, we will recommend that any potential health hazard posed by a site be reduced or eliminated. Reducing or eliminating the health hazard will prevent possible harmful health effects. The role of the Environmental Epidemiology Program in dealing with hazardous waste sites is to be an advisor. Often, our recommendations will be action items for other agencies. However, if there is an urgent public health hazard, the Tennessee Department of Health can issue a public health advisory warning people of the danger, and will work with other agencies to resolve the problem.
If you have questions or comments about this report, we encourage you to contact us.
Please write to:  Environmental Epidemiology Program Tennessee Department of Health 1st Floor Cordell Hull Building 425 5th Avenue North Nashville TN 37243 email: EEP.Health@tn.gov Or call us at:    615-741-7247 or toll-free 1-800-404-3006 during normal business hours i
 
Public Comment                                                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Table of Contents Foreword....................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures.............................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables within the Document.......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables at End of Document .......................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Glossary ............................................................................................................................ ix Summary ................................................................................................................................................... xvi Background ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Response of Governmental Agencies ....................................................................................................... 2 Potential Routes of Exposure ................................................................................................................... 5 Health Comparison Values ....................................................................................................................... 6 Proper Use of Health Comparison Values ........................................................................................... 8 Child Health Considerations ................................................................................................................ 9 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ........................................................................................ 9 Drinking Water Regulatory Limits ...................................................................................................... 9 Tennessee Water Quality Criteria ...................................................................................................... 10 Criteria Air Pollutants ........................................................................................................................ 11 Tennessee Department of Healths Mission for this Public Health Assessment .................................... 11 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Coal Ash ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Routes of Exposure to Coal Ash ........................................................................................................ 13 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Analytical Results .............................................................................................................................. 14 Soil ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Ash ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Other health comparison values ..................................................................................................... 16 Iron ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Calcium and magnesium ........................................................................................................... 17 Thallium .................................................................................................................................... 17 Public Health Implications of Dermal and Ingestion Exposure to Coal Ash ..................................... 17 Dermal Contact .............................................................................................................................. 18 Incidental Ingestion........................................................................................................................ 18 Water Issues............................................................................................................................................ 20 Surface Water ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 21 Routes of Exposure ........................................................................................................................ 22 Sampling of River Water ............................................................................................................... 22 Results River Water Sampling ....................................................................................................... 23 TVA ........................................................................................................................................... 23 EPA............................................................................................................................................ 24 TDEC......................................................................................................................................... 25 Public Health Implications ............................................................................................................. 26 Public Drinking Water ....................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 28 Routes of Exposure ........................................................................................................................ 28 Public Drinking Water Sampling ................................................................................................... 28 ii
 
Public Comment                                                                      Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Public Drinking Water Results ...................................................................................................... 29 Raw Water ................................................................................................................................. 30 Finished Water........................................................................................................................... 30 Public Health Implications of Raw and Treated Public Drinking Water ....................................... 30 Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs ........................................................................................ 31 Introduction to Groundwater.......................................................................................................... 31 Routes of Exposure ........................................................................................................................ 32 Environmental Sampling of Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs ...................................... 32 Results of Sampling Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs .................................................. 34 Public Health Implications of Sampling Results in Groundwater ................................................. 34 Air ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 Introduction to Airborne Coal Ash..................................................................................................... 35 Routes of Exposure ............................................................................................................................ 37 Summary of Air Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 37 TVA.................................................................................................................................................... 38 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Mobile Laboratory On-Site Monitor ......................................................................................... 38 TVA Temporary Stationary Monitors ....................................................................................... 39 TVA Stationary Long-Term Monitors ...................................................................................... 39 Real-time measurements............................................................................................................ 40 TVA Analytical Results ................................................................................................................. 40 Mobile Laboratory On-Site Monitor ......................................................................................... 40 TVA Temporary Stationary Monitors ....................................................................................... 41 TVA Stationary Long-Term Monitors ...................................................................................... 41 Real-Time Results ..................................................................................................................... 42 EPA .................................................................................................................................................... 44 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Analytical Results .......................................................................................................................... 44 TDECs Air Data................................................................................................................................ 46 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 46 TDEC Analytical Results ............................................................................................................... 46 Toxicology of Breathing Metals and Their Health Comparison Values ............................................ 46 Public Health Implications of the Airborne Coal Ash........................................................................ 47 PM2.5, PM10, and Metals ............................................................................................................. 47 Real-time Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 51 Dust ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Radiation Exposure ................................................................................................................................ 53 Summary of Public Health Implications ................................................................................................ 56 Non-Governmental Organizations Response to the Coal Ash Release ................................................. 58 Duke University ................................................................................................................................. 58 Appalachian State University, Appalachian Voices, the Tennessee Aquarium, and Wake Forest University ........................................................................................................................................... 59 United Mountain Defense and the Environmental Integrity Project .................................................. 60 Appalachian State University and the Waterkeeper Alliance's Upper Watauga Riverkeeper Program
      ............................................................................................................................................................ 62 Syndromic Surveillance.......................................................................................................................... 63 Community Health Survey ..................................................................................................................... 64 Physician Education ............................................................................................................................... 68 Follow up ........................................................................................................................................... 68 iii
 
Public Comment                                                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Community Concerns ............................................................................................................................. 70 TVA Community Involvement Center ............................................................................................... 70 Other Concerns................................................................................................................................... 71 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 73 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 79 Public Health Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 82 Authors, Technical Advisors, Reviewers ................................................................................................ 83 Authors ................................................................................................................................................... 83 ATSDR Technical Project Officer ......................................................................................................... 83 Reviewers ............................................................................................................................................... 83 References .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Figures........................................................................................................................................................ 88 Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... 104 Appendix A: Health Comparison Values............................................................................................. 191 Appendix B. Toxicological Discussion of Metals In Air ..................................................................... 194 Arsenic.................................................................................................................................................. 194 Chromium ............................................................................................................................................. 195 Manganese ............................................................................................................................................ 196 Other Metals ......................................................................................................................................... 197 Appendix C: Spatial Analysis with ArcGIS ......................................................................................... 198 Certification ............................................................................................................................................. 201 iv
 
Public Comment                                                                    Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release List of Figures Figure 1. Aerial image of Kingston area prior to the ash slide. ................................................................89 Figure 2. Aerial Image of Kingston ash slide. ..........................................................................................90 Figure 3. Overview of the river systems near the KIF coal ash release. ...................................................91 Figure 4. Soil and ash sampling locations.................................................................................................92 Figure 5. TVA surface water sampling locations......................................................................................93 Figure 6: EPA surface water sampling locations ......................................................................................94 Figure 7. TDEC surface water sampling locations. ..................................................................................95 Figure 8. TDEC well and spring groundwater sampling locations. ..........................................................96 Figure 9. TVA air monitoring locations....................................................................................................97 Figure 10. TVA and TDEC air monitoring locations. ...............................................................................98 Figure 11. EPA air monitoring locations. ..................................................................................................99 Figure 12. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for anxiety after the ash release......................100 Figure 13. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for shortness of breath experience before and after the ash release. .................................................................................................................................101 Figure 14. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for vomiting experience before and after the ash release. .....................................................................................................................................................102 Figure 15. Locations of all health or dust complaints with the quarry truck routes.................................103 Figure 16. Directional distribution of dust and respiratory complaints. ..................................................103 v
 
Public Comment                                                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release List of Tables within the Document Table a. TVA surface water data for arsenic spikes on January 7, 2009 .................................................21 Table b. Total metals in higher concentrations than Tennessees water quality criteria for domestic water supply or recreation, water and organisms.................................................................................................24 Table c. Parameters for analysis of raw and finished water at the Kingston and Rockwood Water Treatment Plants ........................................................................................................................................29 Table d. Summary of air monitoring activities .........................................................................................38 Table e. Air concentrations of lead detected above minimum detection limits at temporary stationary monitors .....................................................................................................................................................41 Table f. TVA air monitoring data, beginning December 31, 2008 ..........................................................43 Table g. Summary of EPA air monitoring data. December 27, 2008, through January 10, 2009 ...........45 Table h. Health comparison values to be used for metals in ambient air ..................................................47 Table i. Air monitoring data summary. December 27, 2008, through May 31, 2009 ..............................48 Table j. Notations for real-time PM10 measurement that were equal to or greater than 100 g/m³.........51 Table k. United Mountain Defense and Environmental Integrity Project Data ........................................61 Table l. Summary of results of the community health survey ..................................................................65 Table m. Statistically significant clustering of symptoms, community health survey results ..................66 Table n. Statistically non-significant clustering of symptoms, community health survey results ............66 Table o. Summary of notations for instantaneous reading >100 g/m³. ...................................................71 vi
 
Public Comment                                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release List of Tables at End of Document Table 1. TVA Ponded Fly Ash Analyses from Dredge Cell, February 5, 2002 .....................................105 Table 2. Analytical results, TVA ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals. ....................106 Table 3. Analytical results, EPA soil sampling ......................................................................................107 Table 4. Analytical results, EPA ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals .....................108 Table 5. Analytical results, TDEC soil sampling....................................................................................109 Table 6. Analytical results, TDEC ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals ..................110 Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ..............111 Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ..............117 Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ..............122 Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ............128 Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009.............134 Table 12. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.0, December 22, 2008, &
Emory River mile 1.7, December 25, 2009 .............................................................................................140 Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009...........140 Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009 .....................................................................147 Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ............152 Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009...........158 Table 17. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 6.0, January 19 and 23, 2009 ...........................163 Table 18. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 563.5, January 12 - April 17, 2009 ..............164 Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009 ...165 Table 20. EPA dissolved metals surface water sampling, Emory River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009 .........................................................................171 Table 21. EPA Total suspended solids and total metals surface water sampling, Emory River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009 .................................................172 Table 22. EPA dissolved metals surface water sampling, Clinch River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009 ................................................................................................173 vii
 
Public Comment                                                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Table 23. EPA total suspended solids and total metals surface water sampling, Clinch River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009 .................................................174 Table 24. TDEC surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.3. January 8 - May 14, 2009........................175 Table 25. TDEC surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0, January 2, 2009, and Clinch River mile 4.5, January 8 - May 14, 2009 .........................................................................................................176 Table 26. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, January 2 - May 12, 2009 ........................177 Table 27. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 1.7, January 8 - May 14, 2009 ........................178 Table 28. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 2.1, January 2 - May 14, 2009 ........................179 Table 29. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 12.1. January 2 - May 14, 2009 .....................180 Table 30. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 1.9. April 22 - May 14, 2009 .........................181 Table 31. TDEC surface water sampling, Emory River mile 4.0. January 2 - January 22, 2009 ..........181 Table 32. TDEC surface water sampling, Tennessee River mile 568.2. January 22, 2009 ...................181 Table 33. Laboratory results for untreated (raw) water samples taken at the intake of the Kingston Water Treatment Plant before water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009 ..........182 Table 34. Laboratory results for untreated (raw) water samples taken at the intake of the Rockwood Water Treatment Plant before water processing ....................................................................183 Table 35. Laboratory results for treated (finished) water samples taken at the Kingston Water Treatment Plant after water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009 ............................184 Table 36. Laboratory results for treated (finished) water samples taken at the Rockwood Water Treatment Plant after water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009 ............................185 Table 37. Groundwater concentration ranges for fourteen metals in drinking water wells and springs within a four-mile radius of the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, TN................186 Table 38. TVA 24-hr Concentration of Metals in Airborne Particles (PM2.5 and PM10) with a chart of PM2.5 measurements. Sampled On-Site at Kingston Plant from Dec 31, 2008 through Feb 3, 2009 .................................................................................................................................187 Table 39. TVA air sampling data at temporary permanent monitoring stations for those metals detected above the minimum detection limit, December 28, 2008 - March 9, 2009 ...................188 Table 40. TDEC 24-hr Concentration of Metals in Airborne Particles (TSP). January 19, 2009 through May 31, 2009 ..............................................................................................................................189 Table 41. Radioactivity in ash samples analyzed by Duke University ....................................................190 Table 42. Radioactivity in soil and ash samples analyzed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation................................................................................................................190 viii
 
Public Comment                                    Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Acronyms and Glossary 228 Ac:        Actinium with an atomic number of 228 and containing 89 protons and 138 neutrons, also written as actinium-228 Acute          Contact with a substance that occurs once or for only a short time (up to 14 exposure      days) [compare with intermediate duration exposure and chronic exposure].
APC:          Division of Air Pollution Control ASU:          Appalachian State University ATSDR          Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, part of the National Center for Environmental Health within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Average        The same as mean. The sum of a list of values divided by the number of values.
Bioavailable  After ingestion of a substance, only a portion of the substance would be absorbed by the body and could react with body organs.
CDC            Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, part of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Chronic        Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than 1 year) exposure      [compare with acute exposure and intermediate duration exposure]
Concentration  The relative amount of a substance mixed with another substance. The amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media. An example is five parts per million (ppm) of carbon monoxide in air or 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) of iron in water.
Criteria      Six pollutants regulated by the U.S. EPA under the authority of the Clean pollutants    Air Act. The six pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and sulfur dioxide.
CTEH:          Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, a contractor for the Tennessee Valley Authority Curie (Ci)    A unit of radioactivity, defined as 1 Ci=3.7x1010 becquerels. This is the same as 3.7x1010 decays per second. 3.7x1010 = 37,000,000,000. This is roughly the radioactivity of 1 gram of the radium isotope, Radium 226, a substance studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie.
Decay          Degraded radioactive materials, often referred to as "daughters" or products      "progeny"; radon-222 is a decay product of radiuim-226.
Dermal        Referring to the skin. For example, dermal absorption means passing through the skin.
Dike          A levee, embankment, usually earthen, that can act as a barrier for containment purposes.
ix
 
Public Comment                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Dose          The amount of a substance to which a person is exposed over some time period. Dose is a measurement of exposure. Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil. In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect.
An "exposure dose" is how much of a substance is encountered in the environment. An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
Duplicate      A second sample that may be analyzed along with the original sample in order to determine the precision of the analytical method.
EEP            Environmental Epidemiology Program, part of the Communicable &
Environmental Disease Services Section of the Tennessee Department of Health EIP:          Environmental Integrity Project Embayment      A bay or bay-like shape in a body of water.
EMEG          Environmental Media Evaluation Guide; a health comparison value derived by ATSDR from minimal risk levels (MRLs), specific to soil, water, or air for periods of exposure up to 2 weeks (acute EMEG), for periods up to a year (intermediate EMEG), or for over a year (chronic EMEG)
Environmental Soil, sediment, water, air, biota (plants and animals), or any other parts of Media          the environment that can contain contaminants.
EPA            United States Environmental Protection Agency Exposure      Contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes. Exposure may be short-term [acute exposure], of intermediate duration, or long-term [chronic exposure].
FRM:          Federal Reference Method Finished water Water that has been through treatment at a water treatment plant and is distributed to customers.
Health        The concentration of a chemical that is not likely to cause harmful effects comparison    during a lifetime. An example is an Environmental Media Evaluation values        Guide for soil. Health comparison values are used as screening levels, not for absolute predictions of harm.
Ingestion      The act of swallowing something through eating, drinking, or mouthing objects. A hazardous substance may enter the body this way.
Inhalation    The act of breathing. A hazardous substance may enter the body this way.
Inorganic      Chemicals that do not contain carbon. Metals are inorganic chemicals.
chemicals      Coal is made of metals and organic compounds.
Intermediate  Contact with a substance that occurs for more than 14 days and less than a exposure      year [compare with acute exposure and chronic exposure].
x
 
Public Comment                                Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Ionizing      Ionizing radiation is energy in the form of waves or particles that has radiation    enough force to remove electrons from atoms.
IRIS          EPA's Integrated Risk Information System. An electronic database containing the EPA's latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory information on toxic chemicals.
Isotope      A variation of an element that has the same atomic number of protons but a different weight because of the number of neutrons. Various isotopes of the same element may have different radioactive behaviors, some are highly unstable.
kg/mg:        kilogram per milligram; used as a conversion factor in dose equations KIF          TVAs Kingston Fossil Plant LCAC:        Leachable Coal Ash Contaminants 210 Pb:      Lead with an atomic weight of 210 and containing 82 protons and 128 neutrons, also written as lead-210 214 Pb:      Lead with an atomic weight of 214 and containing 82 protons and 132 neutrons, also written as lead-214 LOAEL        The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals. Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level MCL          Maximum Contaminant Level, a regulatory standard for a safe concentration of a chemical in municipal drinking water Mean          The sum of a list of values divided by the number of values. The same as an average.
mg            Milligram, one thousandth of a gram mg/kg        Milligram of a toxic or hazardous substance per kilogram of a solid substance, such as in soil, sediment, or coal ash. A way to measure concentration.
mg/kg*day    Milligrams per kilogram per day; units for MRLs and RfDs mg/L          Milligram of a toxic or hazardous substance per liter of water. A way to measure the concentration of a chemical in water.
  µg            Microgram, one millionth of a gram
  µg/L:        Micrograms per liter. A way to measure small concentrations of a chemical in water.
Micrometer    One millionth of a meter; the same as micron Micron        One millionth of a meter; the same as micrometer Microroentgen The roentgen is a unit used to measure exposure. This can only be used for gamma radiation and X-rays in air. A microroentgen is one millionth of a roentgen.
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Public Comment                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release MRL          Minimal Risk Level, a health comparison value for a chemical derived by ATSDR. The MRL is a dose of the chemical for which no adverse health effects are expected.
NAAQS        National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Standards for carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and sulfur dioxide (criteria pollutants) in air set by the U.S. EPA.
NCEH          National Center for Environmental Health, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NOAEL        The highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals. No Observed Adverse Effect Level Organic      Chemical compounds that contain carbon. Living organisms are made up compounds    of organic compounds, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Coal is made of many organic compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, as well as metals. Other types of organic compounds are the volatile organic compounds, VOCs).
PAH          Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon, a type of chemical that is found in tar, coal, charred food, and in organic material that has burned 210 Pb:      Lead with an atomic number of 210 and containing 82 protons and 128 neutrons, also written as lead-210 214 Pb:      Lead with an atomic number of 214 and containing 82 protons and 132 neutrons, also written as lead-214 Picocurie    One trillionth of a Curie. This can also be written as 1/1,000,000,000 Curies or 1x10-12 Curies.
PM50          Particulate matter with a diameter equal to or less than 50 microns PM10          Particulate matter with a diameter equal to or less than 10 microns PM4          Particulate matter with a diameter equal to or less than 4 microns PM2.5        Particulate matter with a diameter equal to or less than 2.5 microns Potable water Water that is safe for drinking and cooking.
ppb          Part per billion, a unit of measure that is used to describe the micrograms of a chemical per kilogram of a solid substance, such as soil or ash. It can also be used to describe the micrograms of a chemical per gram of water.
ppm          Part per million, a unit of measure that is used to describe the milligrams of a chemical per kilogram of a solid substance, such as soil or ash. It can also be used to describe the milligrams of a chemical per gram of water.
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Public Comment                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Quality      The sum total of all laboratory activities that are undertaken to ensure assurance    generation of accurate and reliable results. The objective is to ensure credibility of the laboratory and generate confidence in laboratory results.
Laboratories have internal quality control and external quality assessment by independent agencies.
Quality      The measures that must be included during each analytical test procedure to control      verify that the test procedure is working properly. The objective of quality control is to ensure that the results generated by the test procedure are correct.
Radioactive  Spontaneous change in an atom by emission of charged particles and/or decay        gamma rays; also known as radioactive disintegration and radioactivity.
Radioactive  Substances that emit ionizing radiation.
Substances Radioisotope An unstable or radioactive isotope (form) of an element that can change into another element by giving off radiation.
226 Ra:      Radium with an atomic weight of 226 and containing 88 protons and 138 neutrons, also written as radium-226 228 Ra:      Radium with an atomic weight of 228 and containing 88 protons and 140 neutrons, also written as radium-228 Raw water    Water obtained from a surface water source, such as a lake, river, or reservoir, prior to any treatment or use.
Respirable  Particles that are capable of being deposited in the gas exchange region of particles    the lungs are considered respirable particles. Inhaled particles smaller than 10 microns in diameter have some probability of penetrating to and being deposited deep in the lungs in the gas exchange (alveolar) region of the lungs. There is at least a 50% probability that particles smaller than 4 microns in diameter will reach the gas-exchange region.
RfC          Reference Concentration, a health comparison value derived by EPA for inhalation of a toxic substance. The RfC is a numerical estimate of a daily inhalation exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups such as children, that is not likely to cause harmful effects during a lifetime.
RfCs are generally used for health effects that are thought to have a threshold or low dose limit for producing effects.
RfD          Reference Dose, a health comparison value derived by EPA for ingestion of a toxic substance. The RfD is a numerical estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups such as children, that is not likely to cause harmful effects during a lifetime. RfDs are generally used for health effects that are thought to have a threshold or low dose limit for producing effects.
Risk        A measure of the probability that damage to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of a given hazard.
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Public Comment                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release River miles  A measure of distance in miles along a river from its mouth. River mile numbers begin at zero and increase further upstream.
RMEG        RfD Media Evaluation Guide. An environmental media evaluation guide derived by ATSDR from an EPA Reference Dose. A RMEG is a health comparison value derived by ATSDR from EPAs Reference Dose (RfD),
specific to soil or water for periods up to a year (intermediate EMEG).
EPA uses their RfDs for lifetime exposures to non-carcinogens.
SDWA        Federal Safe Drinking Water Act Secular      The point at which the decay rate of a parent radioactive material is roughly equilibrium  equal to the accumulation of its radioactive decay products. In relation to radiation, the point at which the radioactivity of elements within a radioactive series is neither increasing nor decreasing. Also called activity equilibrium.
Sensitive    People who can be affected by toxic chemicals more severely or at lower populations  concentrations than other people, such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly.
SESD        Science and Ecosystem Support Division, EPA Region 4 Slope factor An upper-bound estimate of a chemicals probability of causing cancer over a 70 year lifetime.
START        Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team. Tetra Tech holds EPA Region 4s contractor for START. Tetra Tech provides technical support to EPAs site assessment activities and response, prevention, and preparedness activities.
Syndromic    The term syndromic surveillance applies to observation of health-related surveillance body system data that may indicate that an outbreak of a disease is beginning to occur and that may warrant further public health response.
TCLP        Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, an EPA laboratory procedure used to determine how much a metal will leave a particle of a solid and dissolve in water. The laboratory method mimics what would happen to waste when it contacts water, such as rain or groundwater. It also gives a good indication if the metals would be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when ingested.
TDEC        Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation TDH          Tennessee Department of Health TDS          Total Dissolved Solids. All material that passes the standard glass river filter; now called total filterable residue. The term is used to reflect salinity.
Toxicology  The study of the harmful effects of substances on humans or animals.
TSP          Total suspended particles. A method of monitoring airborne particulate matter by total weight. Total suspended particles in air xiv
 
Public Comment                                Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release TSS          Total Suspended Solids . A measure of the suspended solids in wastewater, effluent, or water bodies, determined by tests for "total suspended non-filterable solids t-test with  A statistical test to determine if two groups of data are the same or unequal      different. A student t-test with unequal variance is used when sample sizes variance    are very small and when the samples have unequal sizes and unequal variance.
TVA          Tennessee Valley Authority TWRA        Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency VOC          Volatile Organic Compound. VOCs include substances such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, and methyl chloroform.
Weir        A dam placed across a river to raise or divert the water. Weirs are used at the TVA ash release site to retain ash while allowing cleaner water near the surface to pass.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Summary INTRODUCTION On Monday, December 22, 2008, around 1:00 A.M. the retention wall of a coal ash-holding pond failed at the Tennessee Valley Authority Fossil Plant in Roane County, Tennessee. More than 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash, mixed with 327 million gallons of water, spilled into a branch of the Emory River, two Emory River inlets, and the main channel of the Emory River.
The release covered approximately 300 acres outside of the Tennessee Valley Authority coal ash dewatering and storage areas, and is considered one of the largest environmental disasters in U.S.
history.
The massive coal ash slide disrupted power and ruptured a gas line, causing the evacuation of 22 residents. There were no deaths or injuries caused by this extraordinary ash slide. The spill has dramatically affected the environment and disrupted citizens lives. Water quality in the Emory River at the site of the ash spill was impaired and aquatic habitat was destroyed.
The spilled ash filled coves north of the ash containment pond with ash, soils, and debris (from trees and boat docks). The ash and soil completely filled in these coves and spilled across the yards of a few homes. Several homeowners owned boat docks and boats and used the coves as an entrance to the larger open water area of the Emory River. Homeowners used the areas behind their homes for recreation and fishing. The ash spill damaged three homes to the point that they were condemned. The Tennessee Valley Authority provided the families living in these homes compensation and other housing. As of August 2009, TVA had compensated more than 100 property owners living near or affected by the spill.
Many residents, whose yards backed up to the coves, were concerned about the health effects of ash in their yards and in the coves. People farther from the site were concerned about health effects of airborne ash.
Soon after the environmental disaster, various governmental agencies began their emergency response activities. The first response came from the Roane County Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency. The Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) responded next. They requested assistance from the National Response Center, who notified the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 in Atlanta. The Environmental Protection Agency set up a unified command with local and state officials, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the Tennessee Department of Health, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Initial response activities focused on evacuating people, restoring power, repairing the ruptured gas line, and clearing roads for access to the coal ash release area.
When coal is burned, the metals in the coal become concentrated in the ash. The metals in the coal ash have the potential to cause harm to the environmental and to people. For this reason, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation immediately began sampling and analysis of the ash itself, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and air. The Tennessee Department of Health reviewed all analytical results to make sure that public health was protected.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release Several residents, other concerned citizens, and several environmental organizations petitioned the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry for a Public Health Assessment. The Tennessee Department of Healths Environmental Epidemiology Program wrote this Public Health Assessment. Its purpose is to help people understand:
what government agencies did to protect people and the environment, if the coal ash could have caused, is causing, or will cause harm to peoples health, how the Environmental Epidemiology Program made its conclusions, and what steps need to be taken next to continue protecting peoples health.
When the coal ash was released from the failed retention wall of one of the coal ash storage ponds, people in the path of the ash could have been harmed by the magnitude and suddenness of the ash release. If the release had occurred during a summer day when people were on the river or riverbanks, many people could have been harmed or killed.
Based on TDHs review of data, the coal ash at the site of the KIF coal ash release should not have caused harm to the communitys health. The coal ash and the metals in coal ash have not:
gotten into private well or spring water, impacted the municipal drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants, limited recreational opportunities such as swimming and boating, except in the immediate vicinity of the coal ash release and clean up, nor increased particulate matter or metals concentrations in ambient air around the site.
The Environmental Epidemiology Program wrote this public health assessment in collaboration with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ATSDR reviewed the document at each stage in the process to make sure that the science was correct and that the conclusions and recommendations were valid and protective of public health.
This Public Health Assessment is not the end of the Tennessee Department of Healths work on the TVA Kingston Coal Ash Release Site. The Department of Health will continue to work with our state and local partners including the Tennessee Department of Environmental and Conservation, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the Environmental Protection Agency throughout the cleanup. The East Tennessee Regional Health Office and the Roane County Public Health Department will continue to be local sources of information for citizens. The State Laboratory will continue to analyze environmental samples. The Environmental Epidemiology Program will continue to review environmental sampling data and continue to make recommendations to protect public health from harmful effects of the coal ash release.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release OVERVIEW CONCLUSION 1          When the coal ash was released from the failed retention wall of one of the coal ash storage ponds, people in the path of the ash could have been harmed by the magnitude and suddenness of the ash release. If the release had occurred during a summer day when people were on the river or riverbanks, many people could have been harmed or killed.
BASIS FOR              An enormous amount of ash quickly filled the Emory River and two DECISION              coves, moving one house from its foundation and causing two other homes to be uninhabitable. The force of the release ruptured a gas line and disrupted power, causing the evacuation of the neighborhood along Swan Pond Road and Emory River Drive. A train derailed when it ran into a portion of the huge pile of coal ash. People driving home during the night found that Swan Pond Circle Road was impassable due to the ash. Fortunately, no one on the road or river was buried by the coal ash release.
NEXT STEPS            The Roane County Office of Emergency Services and Homeland Security acted immediately to protect people. The Tennessee Valley Authority, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency, and the Tennessee Department of Health began to assist through a unified command structure.
Although the command center was demobilized in January 2009, the response from state and federal agencies has continued, and will continue until the area is returned to the conditions existing before the coal ash release.
The Tennessee Department of Health and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will continue to widely publicize the following message: If you do contact the ash, then practice good hygiene, especially washing your hands before eating or smoking.
Wash thoroughly, including your hands, clothes and shoes if you, your children, or pets come in contact with the ash. Basically, wash the same way you would after mud exposure. Remember, the metals are bound to the ash. Occasional exposures for brief periods of time should not harm peoples health.
This coal ash release highlights the continued need for industries and federal, state, and local officials to work closely together to develop comprehensive emergency response plans and capabilities in communities where acute environmental incidents are possible.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 2          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that it is unlikely that harm occurred to people from touching the coal ash when they had to climb out of their damaged houses on the morning of December 22, 2008, and to those who returned to retrieve personal property.
BASIS FOR              Even though touching the coal ash could cause local skin irritation, the DECISION              metals in the coal ash are not likely to get into peoples bodies from touching the ash.
NEXT STEPS            People whose homes were destroyed have been relocated. In addition, the Tennessee Valley Authority has relocated most of the families whose property was near the affected portions of the Emory River and coves.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to work cooperatively to clean up the ash as quickly as possible while protecting the people in the community from touching, accidentally eating, drinking, or breathing the coal ash.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 3          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to the communitys health is expected from touching the coal ash.
This includes children who might touch the ash while playing.
BASIS FOR              Even though touching the coal ash could cause local skin irritation, the DECISION              metals in the ash are not likely to get into peoples bodies from merely touching the coal ash. The ash has been fenced, clearly marking the areas with coal ash. The opportunity for people, especially children, to touch the ash is currently minimal.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue working in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community from touching the coal ash.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 4          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to peoples health is expected from accidentally eating a small amount of coal ash.
BASIS FOR              The concentrations of metals in the coal ash, except arsenic, are below DECISION              levels known to cause harm if eaten. Because exposure to the coal ash was brief and the arsenic in the coal ash is not completely available for absorption, no harm to health is expected even if the coal ash were accidentally eaten. The ash has been fenced, clearly marking the areas with coal ash.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue working in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community from eating the coal ash.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 5          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using the Emory River at the site of the coal ash release (near Emory River mile 2) could result in harm to residents or trespassers from physical hazards associated with cleanup efforts and from the volume of ash present, if residents or trespassers entered the area.
BASIS FOR              TVA is using heavy machinery to build dikes and weirs to contain the DECISION              ash and to remove the ash. The boundary between land and water is blurred because of the ash, leading to a physical hazard to anyone walking in the area.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Valley Authority is working in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community. While cleanup is underway, heavy machinery will be present. The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to actively patrol the area so that unauthorized persons cannot enter the area. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the Tennessee Departments of Health and Environmental Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority, issued a Recreational Advisory for Watts Bar Reservoir in June 2009.
This advisory states, in part: The public is cautioned to avoid recreational use of the lower Emory River in the vicinity of the ash release down to the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, which includes adjacent coves, inlets, islands, and sand bars. Small vessel traffic is currently channeled through a well-marked navigational lane, but swimming, jet skiing, water skiing and tubing are not advised at this time in these areas. In addition to construction related risks, contact with submerged or floating ash should be avoided, and if ash is contacted it should be washed off with soap and water. Chronic exposure by incidental ingestion and inhalation should also be avoided.
On August 11, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority, closed the Emory River from mile marker 1.5 to mile marker 3. The river will be closed to river traffic through February 15, 2010.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 6          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using municipal drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants will not harm peoples health because the raw and finished water have continuously met drinking water standards.
BASIS FOR              The Environmental Protection Agencys contractor tested raw and DECISION              finished drinking water for the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants every day between December 23, 2008, and January 5, 2009. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation tested the water every day between January 2 and January 22, 2009, and continues to sample the water weekly. At no time, has the raw or finished water contained metals above primary drinking water standards. The water intake for the Kingston water treatment plant is about 6 miles downstream of the ash release site.
The water intake for the Rockwood water treatment plant is about 23 miles downstream of the ash release.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to sample and analyze raw and finished water at the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. If any at any time, violations of water quality are detected, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of the communities using the municipal water.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 7          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using well or spring water within four miles of the coal ash release will not harm peoples health from exposure to coal ash or metals in the coal ash because no evidence has been found for groundwater contamination by coal ash.
BASIS FOR              Between December 30, 2008, and March 12, 2009, the U.S.
DECISION              Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Department of Health sampled and analyzed water from 102 privately owned wells and springs within a four-mile radius of the ash spill. None of the water tested had any contaminants above the national or state primary drinking water limits called Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs).
There is no indication from groundwater sampling and analysis that coal ash has contaminated the groundwater.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to take samples of groundwater from private wells and springs for analysis periodically to make sure that the coal ash is not affecting groundwater. If elevated concentrations of any of the metals from the coal ash are found in groundwater, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of the community. If site conditions at the Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash release should change, then the groundwater sampling timeframe should be re-evaluated.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 8          The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to peoples health should result from recreational use of the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers outside the area of the lower Emory River down to the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, as specified in the recreational advisory and river closure. Previous fish advisories should be followed.
BASIS FOR              Sampling and analysis for metals associated with coal ash indicated DECISION              that metals in all other areas of the Emory River and the Clinch River have remained below any health comparison values. Concentrations of total suspended solids have remained low in all areas of the Emory and Clinch Rivers except at the site of the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority will continue to sample and analyze surface water in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers. If at any time, violations of water quality are detected, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of people using the rivers for recreation.
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency advise avoiding consumption of striped bass and limiting consumption of catfish and sauger. The pollutants of concern are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury from historical activities not related to the Tennessee Valley Authority.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to clean up the site of the coal ash release as fast as possible while, at the same time, protecting both public health and the health of the river and its aquatic life. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to monitor the Emory and Clinch Rivers to make sure they remain safe for recreational activities. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation are sampling fish to make sure the coal ash does not affect them and indirectly harm people who eat the fish.
Cleanup of the coal ash release is being conducted in a way that will not disturb historical contamination of the river sediments with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 9          The Tennessee Department of Health cannot conclude whether breathing coal ash from December 22, 2008, through December 27, 2008, harmed peoples health. However, any dust that may have been inhaled could have aggravated symptoms in sensitive populations, that is, people with asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
BASIS FOR              No agencies took air samples in this period. However, the Tennessee DECISION              Department of Health believes that it is unlikely that coal ash dried out enough to become airborne because it was wet when it was released and because rain helped to keep the ash from drying out.
NEXT STEPS            Since no air measurements were obtained during the time period between December 22 and December 27, 2008, it is not possible to know what the air conditions were during this time. All emergency operations were aimed at protecting the public from released coal ash and dealing with emergency situations created by derailed trains, ruptured gas lines, destroyed homes, and destroyed roads. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation began taking air samples by December 27, 2008.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION            The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that breathing 10a                    ambient air near the coal ash release is not expected to harm peoples health as long as adequate dust suppression measures are in place.
CONCLUSION            The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to 10b                    peoples health is expected from occasionally breathing coal ash if it should become airborne for short periods of time.
CONCLUSION            If dust suppression measures should fail and particulate matter is 10c                    present in concentrations greater than National Ambient Air Quality Standards due to the coal ash becoming airborne for periods longer than one day, the Tennessee Department of Health concludes that particulate matter from airborne coal ash could harm peoples health, especially for those persons with pre-existing respiratory or heart conditions. Such harm could include upper airway irritation and aggravation of pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
BASIS FOR              Sampling and analysis of particulate matter by all agencies indicated DECISION              that particulate matter, less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10), in ambient air surrounding the coal ash release met all National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Coal ash is considered a nuisance dust because of the size range of the particulate matter. Metals in the ash are not at high enough concentrations to cause harm if they are breathed. If the coal ash were breathed in for longer periods or more frequently, the particulate matter in the airborne coal ash would cause the same harm as breathing in other dusts (such as dust from a ball field or farm land).
Examples of such harm are upper airway irritation and aggravation of pre-existing problems such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
Total particulate matter metals were only infrequently detected by the Tennessee Valley Authoritys (TVA) air monitoring program. Most measurements were below health comparison values. Arsenic and chromium detected by TVA in total particulates on-site were within the range found in the United States for metals on particulate matter.
Sampling and analysis of ambient air off-site were done by using temporary monitors that sampled total particulate matter, not just respirable or inhalable particulates. One sample taken on January 26, 2009, had cadmium in total particulates above the health comparison xxvii
 
Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release value. This sample represents just one sampling result within results for five sampling stations with daily sampling from January 1 through March 10, 2009 (345 samples).
Metals in total suspended particulates measured by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation were all below health comparison values, except for two samples of arsenic that were slightly above the health comparison values. These two detections of arsenic should have no impact on public health because the concentrations of arsenic detected were extremely low. In addition, metals measured in total suspended particulates include metals of all sizes of particulate matter, not just particulate matter that is respirable.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to measure particulate matter and metals in particulate matter in the air near the release until the coal ash release is cleaned up.
The Tennessee Department of Health, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority will ensure that a system is in place to warn people if the air quality is likely to fail to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 11 The Tennessee Department of Health cannot conclude whether breathing dust near the quarry and along the routes of the quarry trucks has or will harm peoples health. Such dust can be irritating to upper airways and can aggravate pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
BASIS FOR              Of the 47,909 real-time measurements of particulate matter less than DECISION              or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10) in the community near the ash release, 0.1% were above 150 g/m³, the 24-hour average National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10. Many of these samples were taken near the quarry and along the quarry truck routes.
Because the samples were collected during a short time period, three to five minutes, we cannot make any predictions about the 24-hour average concentrations. We can say that the quarry dust does not typically contain heavy metals like the coal ash. Quarry dust contains chemicals present in limestone, such as calcium, magnesium, and carbonates. Such dust can be irritating to upper airways and can aggravate pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
NEXT STEPS            If the rock dust from the quarry was a health problem, it was because it is particulate in nature. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to work with the quarry and with the Tennessee Valley Authority to lessen the dust at the quarry and along the truck routes.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 12 The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that the small amount of radiation from the coal ash is not expected to harm peoples health.
BASIS FOR              The radioactive materials of concern in coal ash include both radium-DECISION              226 and radium-228. Although the concentration of these materials in the coal ash exceeded the average regional background soil concentrations, the levels are below the health-based regulatory limit used by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This regulatory limit was set to protect the health of people, including the health of sensitive populations.
NEXT STEPS            No additional public health actions are needed related to radiation from the released coal ash.
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Public Comment - Summary                            Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 13 The Tennessee Department of Health supports the efforts of the non-governmental organizations to collect environmental data in the days after the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that data collected by non-governmental organizations were of limited usefulness in establishing the long-term public health implications of the coal ash release. However, the non-governmental organizations data confirm data collected by governmental agencies.
Data from all agencies agree that arsenic in the coal ash was at levels above health comparison values, that arsenic in the Emory River at the site of the ash release was elevated immediately following the release. They also agree that groundwater in the vicinity of the coal ash release was not impacted by the coal ash.
Non-governmental organizations, as well as the Tennessee Departments of Health and Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, expressed concern about the potential for harm to health from breathing airborne coal ash. See Conclusion 10 for more about this.
The data provided by non-governmental organizations about selenium in certain fish were not replicated by Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservations, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agencys, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys sampling and analysis. However, it has signaled the need for further investigation by government agencies. The Environmental Protection Agencys Science Review Panel and the U.S. Corps of Engineers have generated two reports on selenium impacts at the site of the coal ash release.
BASIS FOR              Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) collected most of their data DECISION              in the days just after the coal ash release and in areas near the release.
In some cases, the Tennessee Department of Health could not determine the exact sampling and analysis techniques or quality control and quality assurance measures. We appreciate this additional data and the concern about the environment and the health of Tennesseans by the non-governmental organizations. By working together, all governmental and non-governmental agencies can protect the environment and the health of the people who live in the area of the coal ash release.
Sampling and analysis of groundwater, surface drinking water, well water, and air continues by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. This continuing sampling will allow the Tennessee Department of Health and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to xxxi
 
Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release ensure that the health of the public near the coal ash release continues to be protected.
NEXT STEPS            None at this time.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 14 Based on the Community Health Survey, the Tennessee Department of Health concludes that many residents living in the area of the coal ash release experienced stress and anxiety. Some residents reported respiratory symptoms after the ash release.
BASIS FOR              Analysis of questions from the Community Health Survey indicated DECISION              that 52 percent of the persons who answered questions for the survey experienced stress and anxiety. Symptoms of stress and anxiety are natural and to be expected since the coal ash release destroyed homes, disrupted lives, and drastically changed the landscape. Since the coal release occurred just before Christmas, even more stress was added to the lives of the people living near the coal ash release. Forty percent of the persons who answered questions for the survey reported a change in health status since the spill, primarily worsening of either cough or headaches, wheezing, or shortness of breath.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Department of Health has continually encouraged people to see their primary care provider for any health concerns.
People are encouraged to contact the Oak Ridge Associated Universities to sign up for health screenings if they are concerned that their health has been harmed by the coal ash release. The health screenings will be done by medical toxicologists from the Tennessee Poison Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The Department of Mental Health and the Tennessee Valley Authority worked with Ridgeview Community Mental Health Center in Oak Ridge and Harriman to provide services to people affected by the coal ash release.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 15 Community members living near the quarry and along the routes that quarry trucks traveled made complaints specific to dust at the Tennessee Valley Authoritys Community Involvement Center. Complaints about respiratory symptoms were widespread and were not oriented toward either the site of the coal ash release or the route of the quarry trucks.
BASIS FOR              The Tennessee Department of Health analyzed written complaints to DECISION              the Tennessee Valley Authoritys Community Involvement Center related to health concerns. The Tennessee Department of Health performed geographical analysis that indicated that dust concerns were strongly oriented to the location of the quarry and to routes traveled by the quarry trucks. Geographical analysis indicated that respiratory concerns were not geographically related to either the quarry or the coal ash release site.
NEXT STEPS            The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to work with the quarry to control dust. TVA has implemented many dust control measure at the site of the coal ahs release and for trucks leaving the site. Dust controls will continue to be required of trucks driving on county roads.
The Tennessee Department of Health has continually encouraged people to see their primary care provider for any health concerns.
People are encouraged to contact the Oak Ridge Associated Universities to sign up for health screenings if they are concerned that their health has been harmed by the coal ash release. The health screenings will be done by medical toxicologists from the Tennessee Poison Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release CONCLUSION 16 The Tennessee Department of Health concluded that screening peoples blood or urine for metals would not be helpful.
BASIS FOR              Based on environmental test results, the Tennessee Department of DECISION              Health does not expect harm to health from touching, eating, drinking, or breathing the metals in coal fly ash. No harm is expected from breathing the air as long as adequate dust suppression measures are in place.
NEXT STEPS            If people chose to have metals testing and they are concerned about their results, they should talk with their primary care provider or talk with a medical toxicologist at the clinics set up in the area by Oak Ridge Associated Universities and the Tennessee Poison Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
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Public Comment - Summary                          Public Health Assessment: KIF Coal Ash Release THE FUTURE            The Tennessee Department of Health understands that people are concerned about whether the coal ash may be a health hazard in the future. The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to consult with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to make sure that future sampling will be adequate in all respects to make determinations about the health of the people living near the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to follow all sampling and analysis activities and will inform the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency immediately if any results might be a cause of health concern. The Tennessee Department of Health, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the Tennessee Valley Authority, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and the Tennessee Poison Center will continue to work together to ensure that public health is protected during the long cleanup process.
The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to keep people informed about any new issues or any new findings through the Environmental Epidemiology Programs website, reports, community meetings, and press releases.
FOR MORE              If you have concerns about your health, as it relates to the coal ash INFORMATION            release, you should contact your local health care provider. You may contact Oak Ridge Associated Universities for general health questions related to the coal ash release at kingstonquestions@orau.org or for information about free health screenings related to the coal ash release at kingstonsignups@orau.org. The Oak Ridge Associated Universities telephone number is 865-576-3115. You may also call the Tennessee Department of Health at 1-800-404-3006 or email the Department of Health at EEP.Health@tn.gov. You can obtain information from the Tennessee Department of Health website, http://health.state.tn.us/.
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Public Comment - Background                                            PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release
 
===Background===
Introduction The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant (KIF) is located              TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority on the Emory River close to the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers KIF: Kingston Fossil near Kingston, Tennessee. Construction of the plant began in 1951 and was                Plant completed in 1955. KIF generates 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year, enough to supply the needs of about 670,000 homes in the Tennessee Valley. The plant burns approximately 14,000 tons of coal every day when operating at full power. This results in about 1,000 tons of ash. The ash was deposited in an aboveground ash containment slurry pond with three cells.
TVA managed the ash by mixing it with water to prevent deposition of the fly ash downwind from the plant (TVA 2009).
Two types of coal ash are formed when coal is burned in a power plant to produce electricity. Combustion rates in modern facilities are nearly 100 percent, meaning that the organic material in coal is completely burned up, while the metals that are left over become more concentrated. Bottom ash forms in the bottom and on the sides of the furnaces and consists mostly of the non-combustible constituents of coal. The portion of the ash that escapes up the stack is referred to as fly ash. The fly ash in the stack solidifies in the exhaust gases and is collected for disposal. Coal fly ash contains small particles and can become airborne if it dries out. KIF collects coal ash in ponds to keep the fly ash wet. The coal ash produced by KIF is approximately 10 percent bottom ash and 90 percent fly ash. However, the coal ash in the ponds was nearly 100% fly ash [Joseph J. Hoagland, TVA, personal communication]. Fly ash is mainly silicon dioxide, aluminum dioxide, iron oxide, and some other metals.
On Monday December 22, 2008, around 1:00 a.m., the retention wall of one of the coal ash holding ponds failed. More than 5.4 million cubic yards of coal ash mixed with 327 million gallons of water spilled and covered more than 300 acres of surrounding water and land, entering a branch of the Emory River, two Emory River embayments, and eventually spilling into the main Emory River.
The release covered approximately 300 acres outside of the coal ash dewatering and storage areas of the plant. The massive ash slide disrupted power and ruptured a gas line, causing the evacuation of a nearby neighborhood.
Approximately 22 residents were evacuated due to the gas line leak. There were no deaths or injuries caused by this extraordinary ash slide. The spill has dramatically affected the environment and disrupted citizens lives.
Water quality in the Emory River at the site of the ash spill has been impaired and the aquatic habitat has been destroyed. See Figures 1 and 2 for aerial photographs before and after the release and Figure 3 for an overview of the waterways in the area.
1
 
Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release The spilled coal ash filled coves north of the ash containment pond with ash,          TVA: Tennessee soils, and debris (from trees and boat docks). The ash and soil completely filled      Valley Authority these coves and spilled across yards of a few homes. Several homeowners also          TEMA: Tennessee Emergency owned boat docks and boats and used the coves as an entrance to the larger            Management open water area of the river. Homeowners used the areas behind their homes            Agency for recreation and fishing. The ash spill damaged three homes to the point that        KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant they were condemned. The families were provided compensation and other housing by TVA.                                                                        EPA: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency As of August 2009, TVA had compensated more than 100 property owners near Tetra Tech:
the spill. Residents whose yards backed up to the coves were concerned about          Superfund the health effects of ash in their yards and in the coves. People farther from the    Technical Assessment and site were concerned about health effects of airborne ash.                              Response Team (START) contractor Response of Governmental Agencies                                                      for EPA Region 4 TDEC: TN A local resident made a 911 emergency call soon after the ash release. Local          Department of Environment &
emergency officials from the Roane County Emergency Management and                    Conservation Homeland Security Agency first responded to the scene, and soon began to              TDH: Tennessee assist residents affected by the flows of coal ash sludge. The Tennessee              Department of Health Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) also responded. The Roane County Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency represents some of the most highly trained emergency response personnel in Tennessee. Their unique expertise can be attributed partly to the long established partnership between the U.S. Department of Energy and the State of Tennessee formed to respond to an off-site emergency at the Oak Ridge Reservation. The high level of expertise displayed by the Roane County Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency demonstrated a rapid and highly effective response to the coal ash release even though there was not an emergency plan for an off-site event at KIF.
Three residential homes were condemned because of damage sustained during the release. No injuries or missing persons were reported. Roane County Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency and the TEMA requested assistance from the National Response Center who notified the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 4.
EPA Region 4s on-scene coordinator and EPA Region 4s contractor, Tetra Tech, arrived on site the afternoon of December 22, 2008. Tetra Tech holds the EPA Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team (START) contract.
EPA set up a unified command with local and state officials, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH), and TVA responders. Initial response activities focused on restoring power and repairing the gas line as well as clearing roads for access to the spill.
TVA initiated spill response cleanup by mobilizing large numbers of backhoes, amphibious backhoes, bulldozers, dump trucks, related equipment, and 2
 
Public Comment - Background                                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release personnel to clear and repair affected roadways and rail lines necessary to plant                TVA: TN Valley operations. The heavy equipment was also used to clear waterways to allow                        Authority creeks to drain that had been blocked by the coal ash release. Barges were                        EPA: U.S.
used to bring in riprap to install a dike to slow the flow of ash downstream.                    Environmental Protection Booms were placed in the Emory and Clinch Rivers to contain floating                              Agency cenospheres that migrated downstream1. TVA contractors vacuumed the                              TDEC: TN cenospheres and cleaned up debris along the waterways. TVA restored gas and                      Department of Environment &
water supplies to affected residents.                                                            Conservation In addition to these emergency responses, all agencies began a program of                        PM2.5: particles in air with a environmental sampling to determine if the coal ash presented a threat to public                  diameter equal health. TVA, EPA, and TDEC all wanted to know if the coal ash was affecting                      to or less than 2.5 microns drinking water, well water, springs, or the air. They wanted to know if contact PM10: particles with the coal ash could harm peoples health.                                                    in air with a diameter equal On December 22, 2008, government agencies began collecting environmental                          to or less than 10 microns samples of soil, ash, and drinking water. TVA began daily real time air Tetra Tech:
sampling at many locations. This sampling was done with a portable monitor                        Superfund that took a sample for 3 to 5 minutes. TVA also did sampling and analysis for                    Technical Assessment and particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and for                  Response Team particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10) on                        (START) contractor for December 31, 2008. The particulate samples were analyzed for metals.                              EPA Region 4 As requested by EPA, Tetra Tech provided technical assistance during                              KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant response activities at the KIF coal ash response site from December 22, 2008, SESD: EPAs through January 10, 2009. Between December 23, 2008, and January 2, 2009,                        Science and Tetra Tech collected 23 surface water samples, three duplicate samples, and                      Ecosystem Support Division two background samples along an approximate 10-mile stretch of the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers. Tetra Tech specifically collected some surface water samples in areas where cenospheres were visible just downstream from the release area.
Between December 23, 2008, and January 5, 2009, Tetra Tech collected seven potable water samples from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. On December 30, 2008, EPAs Science and Ecosystem Support Division (SESD) laboratory collected 10 potable water samples from the upstream Cumberland water treatment plant and the downstream Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. Four samples were taken from private drinking water wells.
From December 23, 2008, through January 5, 2009, Tetra Tech collected seven ash samples and one duplicate sample from the Emory River, fly ash storage area (dredge cell), and from released ash along affected roadways. From December 28, 2008, through January 5, 2009, nine soil samples, two 1
Cenospheres are small, hollow ceramic spheres of varying chemical composition that are generated during high-efficiency coal combustion at thermal power plants. They are much less dense than water and float easily.
3
 
Public Comment - Background                                            PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release duplicates, and four background samples were collected from residential and EPA: U.S.
public shoreline locations along the Emory and Clinch Rivers.                          Environmental Protection On January 11, 2009, EPA transferred the role of lead federal agency to TVA            Agency and demobilized all remaining personnel and equipment from the site. This              TVA: TN Valley Authority was done as the emergency response phase transitioned to long-term TDEC: TN operations. In May 2009, EPA and TVA entered into an Administrative Order              Department of and Agreement on Consent. EPA will oversee TVAs cleanup of the site, in                Environment and Conservation consultation with TDEC.
ATSDR: Agency EPA requested assistance from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease              for Toxic Substances &
Registry (ATSDR) in evaluating data for its public health implications,                Disease Registry reviewing future sampling plans, and working on risk communication                      TDH: TN messages. ATSDR received EPA data on December 26, 2008, and again on                    Department of Health January 1, 2009. ATSDRs emergency response staff responded with EEP:
telephone calls, emails, and two ATSDR Record of Activity documents.                    Environmental Epidemiology ATSDR is a federal public health agency whose purpose is to serve the public            Program by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and                PM10:
providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases          particulate matter in air less related to toxic substances. TDHs Environmental Epidemiology Program                  than or equal to (EEP) has funding from ATSDR as a cooperative agreement state.                          10 microns in diameter TDEC began sampling and analysis of air on January 19, 2009. TDEC tested                TSP: total suspended for particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10) and          particulates total suspended particles (TSP) plus metals.                                            TWRA: TN Wildlife TDEC performed daily (seven days per week) sampling and analysis of raw                Resources Agency and finished drinking water and reported the results daily for the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants from January 2 through January 22, 2009.                NCEH: National Center for The environmental laboratory in TDH supported TDECs sampling efforts by                Environmental providing weekend laboratory coverage. On January 26, 2009, TDEC changed                Health to weekly drinking water analyses.
TDEC has sampled river water at other locations and has taken fish samples with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA).
TDH, at the local, regional, and state levels, was a part of the initial response.
EEP staff assisted with sampling, data management, and risk communication.
TDH, with assistance from the NCEH, performed a door-to-door survey to obtain baseline information about people affected by the ash release. Results of the survey will be discussed in a later section. TDH provided education to area health care providers. The education will be discussed in a later section of this public health assessment.
TVA set up a Community Outreach Center in Kingston. This center provided, and still provides at the time of this report, a central area where residents concerned about the ash release could go for assistance and to file property or 4
 
Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release health claims. As of April 7, 2009, more than 600 families had contacted the          TDH:
center to address their questions, concerns, and property damage claims.              Tennessee Department of TDHs EEP and ATSDR looked at all sampling results during the initial                  Health response to determine if a peoples health could be immediately harmed from            EEP:
Environmental exposure to the coal ash and to the chemicals in the coal ash. EEPs and              Epidemiology ATSDRs conclusion was that there was no immediate threat to public health.            Program ATSDR: Agency TVA, TDEC, and TDH have held several meetings to keep the community                    for Toxic Substances &
aware of issues. On December 28, 2008, the Kingston City Council held a                Disease Registry special meeting with TVA at the Roane County High School gymnasium.                    TVA: TN Valley About 300 people attended that meeting. On January 6, 2009, TVA, EPA,                  Authority TDEC, and the Roane County Emergency Management Service held a meeting                TDEC: TN at a church in Harriman. The mayor of Harriman led the meeting of about 200            Department of Environment &
attendees.                                                                            Conservation PHA: Public On January 15, 2009, TVA hosted a meeting with EPA, TDEC, ATSDR, and                  Health TDH at the Roane State Community College gymnasium. There were no                      Assessment presentations, but people were free to talk with each agency at their tables.
Many people attended this meeting. On March 5, 2009, TDEC and TDH held a joint meeting at the Roane State Community College student lounge. Formal presentations were made of all recent work, environmental sampling, and analysis by TDEC. TDH presented its conclusions about health impacts from the coal ash release. Once again, people were free to talk to each agency in attendance at the end of the presentations.
This public health assessment (PHA) is a follow-up to ATSDRs Record of Activity documents. This PHA is a direct response to petitions to ATSDR for a public health assessment. This report will document the public health implications of the coal ash itself and our findings about the impacts of the coal ash on groundwater, drinking water, and air. This PHA will only address human health. It will not include any discussion of the ashs impact on wildlife, domestic animals, or water quality as it affects fish and aquatic life. It will not determine the cause of any personal health symptoms.
Potential Routes of Exposure EEP evaluates ways that could lead to human exposure to determine whether persons have been or are likely to be exposed to chemicals. An exposure pathway has five parts:
a source of contamination, contaminant transport through an environmental medium, a point of exposure, a route of human exposure, and an exposed population.
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Public Comment - Background                                            PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release If there is evidence that all five of these parts are present, an exposure pathway      TVA: TN Valley is considered complete. An exposure pathway is considered incomplete if one              Authority or more of these parts is missing.                                                      EEP:
Environmental For the TVA coal ash release, the source of contamination is, of course, the coal        Epidemiology Program ash itself. Contaminant transport occurred when the ash was released from the ATSDR:
ash pond. Contaminant transport could occur if the coal ash were transported in          Agency for Watts Bar Reservoir to the intakes of the water treatment plants at Kingston and        Toxic Substances &
Rockwood. Contaminant transport could potentially occur if the metals in the            Disease coal ash leached out of the ash and into the groundwater, contaminating                  Registry residential drinking water wells and springs. Another contaminant transport              EPA: U.S.
mechanism would be if the coal ash dried out and became airborne dust. Routes            Environmental Protection of exposure could be dermal exposure to the ash, ingestion of the ash itself or of      Agency water impacted by the ash, ingestion of fish impacted by the ash, and inhalation of airborne coal ash. EEP will discuss each of these routes of exposure in this Public Health Assessment. The people who live near enough to the coal ash release to have potential exposures are the receptor population.
Physical contact alone with a potentially harmful chemical in the environment by itself does not necessarily mean that a person will be harmed by the chemical. A chemicals ability to affect a persons health is controlled by a number of other factors, including the:
amount of the chemical that a person is exposed to (dose) length of time that a person is exposed to the chemical (duration) number of times a person is exposed to the chemical (frequency) persons age and health status, and persons diet and nutritional habits.
The purpose of this public health consultation is to examine any potential health hazard from coal ash or chemicals in the coal ash to people living near the site of the coal ash release.
To evaluate exposure to a hazardous substance, health assessors often use health comparison values. If the chemical concentrations are below the comparison value, then health assessors can be reasonably certain that no adverse health effects will occur in people who might be exposed. If concentrations are above the comparison values for a particular chemical, then further evaluation of that chemical is needed.
Health Comparison Values EEP and other environmental public health organizations use health comparison values to help them make determinations about the contaminants in the environment and their impact on public health. ATSDR and EPA are the two main agencies who have environmental toxicologists who are fully able to make decisions about levels of contaminants that will not harm people. They do this using a process called risk assessment. Details about the various health 6
 
Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release comparisons values EEP will use in this public health assessment can be found        EEP:
in Appendix A: Health Comparison Values.                                              Environmental Epidemiology ATSDR is charged by Congress with providing support in the assessment of              Program any health hazard posed by Superfund or other hazardous waste sites. Part of          ATSDR: Agency for Toxic that charge is to thoroughly research what is known about toxic and hazardous        Substances &
chemicals. The purpose of the research is to establish health comparison              Disease Registry values. These health comparison values are used by ATSDR and TDH so that              TDH:
Tennessee when toxic or hazardous substances are found in the environment, we can              Department of understand the public health implications using the best science available.          Health MRL: ATSDR If the chemical concentrations are below health guidance values, then                minimal risk level environmental scientists can be reasonably certain that no adverse health            EMEG: ATSDR effects will occur in people who are exposed. If concentrations are above the        environmental media evaluation guidance values (ATSDR 2007a, 2008) for a particular chemical, then further          guide evaluation is needed. In this public health assessment, we will do further            EPA: U.S.
evaluation for arsenic in coal ash for the ingestion route of exposure.              Environmental Protection Agency ATSDRs health comparison values for chemicals that do not cause cancer are called Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs). MRLs represent doses that a person                ppm: parts per million could receive everyday for a lifetime without harm. To be more useful to RfD: EPA scientists doing health and risk assessment, MRLs are mathematically                  Reference Dose converted to Environmental Media Evaluation Guidelines (EMEGs). EMEGs                RfC: EPA represent concentrations of chemicals in an environmental media, such as soil,        Reference Concentration air, or water, which people could be exposed to for varying amounts of time without adverse health effects.                                                      CREG: Cancer risk evaluation guide ATSDR developed EMEGs for varying times of exposure and for children and adults. Acute exposure means exposure to a chemical every day for 14 days or less. Intermediate exposure means exposure to a chemical everyday for 15 through 364 days. Chronic exposure means exposure to a chemical everyday for one year or more, up to a lifetime. EEP will use these definitions of acute, intermediate, and chronic exposures. EPA definitions may differ.
For example, the chronic EMEG for a child exposed to the chemical arsenic in soil (or ash in this case) is 20 parts per million (ppm). This means that a child could accidentally eat soil or ash with 20 ppm arsenic in it for over a year without harm. If a child is exposed to soil or ash with more than 20 ppm arsenic in it, the child would not necessarily be harmed. Health and risk assessors would need to look more closely at details of how often the child is exposed, how well the arsenic would be absorbed into the childs body, how long the exposure lasts, and details about how the EMEG was derived.
The EPA is also mandated to publish toxicity information. EPAs values are very similar to ATSDRs MRLs and EMEGs. EPAs reference dose (RfD) and reference concentration (RfC) are analogous to ATSDRs MRL. RfDs are used in cases of oral exposure (eating or drinking) to the chemical in question.
RfCs are used for inhalation exposure (breathing) the chemical in question.
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Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release For cancer effects, ATSDR uses EPA information to set their cancer risk                ATSDR: Agency evaluation guidelines (CREGs) for lifetime exposure.                                  for Toxic Substances &
Health comparison values will change periodically as scientists discover more          Disease Registry about how a particular chemical does or does not cause harm to people. Thus,          EPA: U.S.
Environmental MRLs and cancer risk values can get higher or lower.                                  Protection Agency EEP used comparison values for chronic exposures to children whenever                  CREG: Cancer possible. This means that EEP assumed that all exposures would last more              risk evaluation guide than one year and could last for a lifetime. This is a cautious way to look at possible risks from exposures to chemicals in the environment. Details for            MRL: ATSDR minimal risk level each exposure pathway will be discussed in each section of the public health EEP:
assessment.                                                                            Environmental Epidemiology If concentrations are below the chronic EMEG for a particular chemical, the            Program health assessor can be reasonably certain that no adverse health effects will          EMEG: ATSDR environmental occur in people who are exposed. Stated another way, the health assessor can          media evaluation be very sure that even long-term, continuous exposure to a chemical at                guide concentrations below its chronic EMEG will not harm peoples health.                  RMEG: ATSDR-derived EEP used ATSDRs MRLS and EMEGs for chronic exposure to children                      reference dose media evaluation whenever possible. EMEGs developed for children and chronic exposure are              guide the most stringent health comparison values. For certain metals, ATSDR used an EPA value comparable to their MRLs to calculate a Reference Dose Media Evaluation Guide (RMEG). If ATSDRs EMEGs or RMEGs were unavailable, EEP used comparison values developed by regional EPA offices or EEP developed comparison values for use at this ash release site.
Proper Use of Health Comparison Values Health comparison values may be properly used as:
: 1. Screening values to identify substances/chemicals of concern at hazardous waste sites that need further investigation
: 2. Identification of populations at potential risk Health comparison values should not be used as:
: 1. Threshold levels for a toxic effect
: 2. Predictors of toxicity at any given level above the health guidance value
: 3. Absolute values (since there is an inherent area of uncertainty surrounding them)
: 4. Screening values for all effects and populations (without first evaluating the relevance of the critical effect upon which the health guidance value is based) (DeRosa 2002).
This means that the health comparison values we use are simply screening values. If the concentrations of chemicals found in soil, ash, air, surface water, or groundwater are less than any health comparison values, we are sure that those chemicals will not cause harm to anyone. If the concentrations found are 8
 
Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release above the health comparison values, we cannot say that exposure to those                EPA: U.S.
concentrations would cause harm. We would investigate further to see if                Environmental people are being exposed, what the duration and frequency of exposure is, and          Protection Agency how sure we are in the health comparison value. We would look at all relevant TCLP: toxicity data and circumstances of exposure. All this further investigation would be            characteristic necessary before we could say whether the chemicals could cause any harm.              leaching procedure Child Health Considerations                                                            SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act In communities faced with air, water, or food contamination, the many physical          MCL: maximum differences between children and adults demand special emphasis. Children              contaminant level could be at greater risk than adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances (ATSDR 1997, 1998). Children have lower body weights than adults. Yet, children drink a larger volume of water per mass of body weight than adults. Therefore, a childs lower body weight and higher intake rate results in a greater dose of per unit of body weight. If toxic exposure levels are high enough during critical growth stages, the developing body systems of children can sustain permanent damage. Finally, children are dependent on adults for access to housing, for access to medical care, and for risk identification. Thus, adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their childrens health.
In preparation of this health document, the health of children was thoughtfully considered. The most important difference was in the evaluation of the threat to children and adults who might accidentally ingest ash. Regulatory limits for air and drinking water are set to protect sensitive populations.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure EPA has a special way to look at wastes containing metals. They use a concept called the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Title 40:
Protection of the Environment, Section 261.24 - Toxicity Characteristic defines TCLP. Waste with metals is treated in the laboratory in a way that will remove metals from the solid particles and put them in solution. The laboratory method mimics what would happen to the waste when it contacts water, such as rain or groundwater. Regulatory standards have been developed that define TCLP values above which a waste is classified as hazardous.
Drinking Water Regulatory Limits The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed in 1974 and amended in 1986 and 1996. It gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to set drinking water standards. Primary Drinking Water Standards are called Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). MCLs are legally enforceable standards that apply to public water systems often called municipal water systems. Primary standards protect drinking water quality by limiting the levels of specific contaminants that can adversely affect public health and are known or anticipated to occur in water.
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Public Comment - Background                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release The EPA has established MCLs for a total of 87 chemicals, microorganisms, or            EPA: U.S.
compounds in drinking water. Besides the microorganisms, chemicals that                Environmental have established MCLs include disinfection by-products, disinfectants,                  Protection Agency inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, and radionuclides. MCLs are based in MCL: maximum part on health-based standards and are legally enforced.                                contaminant level Lead does not have an MCL, rather it has an action level of 15 g/L. This              g/L: microgram action level is based on a statistically derived sampling plan at homes, rather        per liter than a numeric value for the finished water leaving a municipal water treatment        TDEC: TN plant.                                                                                  Department of Environment &
Conservation The EPA has also set Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. These federal mg/L: milligram guidelines for contaminants that may cause the water to appear cloudy or                per liter colored or to taste or smell bad. EPA recommends, but does not enforce, that municipal water utilities follow the secondary guidelines. TDEC has the authority to enforce their Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, which are similar to EPAs Secondary Drinking Water Standards.
Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards do not apply to privately owned drinking water wells or springs. The individual homeowner assumes the responsibility for making his or her well water or spring safe to use. No national drinking water quality standards have been set for privately owned water wells or springs. When groundwater from a residential drinking water well or spring is sampled and tested, the results are often compared to the MCLs and secondary standards. This is especially true in cases where documented contamination has occurred in the general area. Following the coal ash release, TDEC assessed if the coal ash release affected local drinking water wells and springs. The primary and secondary drinking water standards were used for these private drinking water wells or springs for comparison purposes only as there are no legally enforceable standards for these water sources.
Tennessee Water Quality Criteria The Tennessee Water Quality Control Board sets standards of quality for Tennessees waters. The Tennessee Water Quality Criteria (TDEC 2008) contains descriptive and quantitative criteria for various uses of water. These uses include domestic water supply, industrial water supply, fish and aquatic life, and recreation. In most cases, quantitative criteria for the domestic water supply are the same number as MCLs. The exception is lead. Lead does not have an MCL, rather it has an action level of 15 g/L. This action level is based on a statistically derived sampling plan at homes, rather than a numeric value for the finished water leaving a municipal water treatment plant. The water quality criteria for domestic water supply is 5 g/L for lead.
Descriptive criteria have been set for solids in water. The criteria for domestic water supply specifies that total dissolved solids shall at no time exceed 500 mg/L. The criteria for Fish and Aquatic Life states that there shall be no 10
 
Public Comment - Background                                              PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release turbidity, total suspended solids, or color in such amounts or of such character EPA: U.S.
that will materially affect fish and aquatic life. Criteria for Recreation states        Environmental there shall be no total suspended solids, turbidity or color in such amount or            Protection Agency character that will result in any objectionable appearance of the water, NAAQS:
considering the nature and location of the water.                                        National Ambient Air Quality Standards Criteria Air Pollutants PM10: particles in air with a The Clean Air Act was passed 1970 and last amended in 1990. The Clean Air                diameter equal Act is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions. This law              to or less than 10 microns requires EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The              PM2.5: particles in air with a Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary            diameter equal standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive"        to or less than 2.5 microns populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards ppm: parts per set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased              million visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.                          mg/m³: milligram per cubic meter The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has set National                    of air Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called              g/m³:
microgram per "criteria" pollutants. They include standards for carbon monoxide, lead,                  cubic meter of nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. Units of measure                air for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). PM2.5, PM10, and lead will be discussed further in the Air section.
Tennessee Department of Healths Mission for this Public Health Assessment The Tennessee Department of Healths mission is to protect the health of people living in or visiting Tennessee.
Following the coal ash release, we want to make sure that Roane County residents:
are safe living close to the coal ash release until it can be cleaned up, have clean air to breathe, have clean water to drink, have documentation that potential harm to public health is being investigated, and have knowledge that the Tennessee Department of Health is closely following all environmental sampling and cleanup efforts so the we can be sure that the people of Roane County will not be harmed.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Discussion                                                                              TVA: TN Valley Authority The discussion will be organized by media - coal ash, water issues, and air and        EPA: U.S.
by topic - radiation, non-governmental agencies response, syndromic                    Environmental surveillance, community health survey, physician education, and community              Protection Agency concerns. Each media will have an introductory section and sections on routes TDEC: TN of exposure, analytical results, toxicology (if necessary), and public health          Department of implications.                                                                          Environment &
Conservation Figures are found at the back of the document. Tables with a number (such as            KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant Table 1) are found in the back of the document after the Figures. Tables with a lower case letter (such as Table a) are found within the main text, near the reference to the table.
The first section will be on the coal ash itself and direct contact with the ash.
The section on water issues will include details for surface water, municipal drinking water, and groundwater. The section on air is complex. TVA sampling and analysis is discussed first, followed by discussion of EPAs and then TDECs sampling and analysis of air.
Coal Ash Introduction Coal ash will usually contain the following metals: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, thallium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc. The concentrations of the metals will vary depending upon the origin of the coal.
Current ash generation at KIF results from burning a 50%/50% blend of Central Appalachian / Powder River Basin (personal communication, Steven C. Strunk, TVA, March 17, 2009).
On March 1, 2002, TVA published data from sampling and analyses of the KIF ponded fly ash from a dredge cell (Table 1). These data represent a historical record of the metallic content of the coal ash standing in the holding ponds. As part of the coal ash release investigation and response, TVA also took samples of ash near residential property and at other locations between December 23, 2008, and January 6, 2009. See Table 2 for a summary of TVAs ash data.
Compared with local soil sampled by TDEC, some metals are concentrated in coal ash while other metals are not. Aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, and calcium concentrations in KIFs coal ash were higher than in soil. On average, concentrations of copper, magnesium, and manganese were lower in KIFs coal ash than in soil. Concentrations of antimony, chromium, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc were not much different in KIF coal ash than in soil.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Routes of Exposure to Coal Ash                                                          TVA: TN Valley Authority In this section, routes of exposure will be touching the coal ash or ingesting it        EPA: U.S.
directly. The populations who might be exposed are those people living in the            Environmental Protection three houses destroyed by the ash as they escaped from their homes, people              Agency living along the water where the ash came onto their property ( less than 20            TDEC: TN homes), and people who came into the contact with the ash by visiting the areas          Department of with coal ash or helping to clean it up. TVA relocated people most at risk very          Environment &
Conservation quickly and had fenced off the ash within a month. The duration of exposure Tetra Tech:
would be two months as a maximum, except for workers cleaning up the ash.                Superfund This public health assessment will focus on the public health implications of            Technical Assessment and the coal ash release and will not focus on worker exposure.                              Response Team (START) contractor for Sampling                                                                                EPA Region 4 VOC: volatile As part of the environmental response, TVA, EPA, and TDEC took samples of                organic ash and soil (see Figure 4 for locations of samples) and had them analyzed for          compound various chemicals that might be associated with coal ash. The soil sampling              PAH:
polyaromatic results were useful as background information and in helping all agencies to            hydrocarbon understand the areal extent of the coal ash release.
EPAs contractor, Tetra Tech, collected ash and shoreline soil samples of affected and potentially affected areas of the coal ash release. From December 23, 2008, through January 5, 2009, Tetra Tech collected seven ash samples and one duplicate sample from the Emory River, fly ash storage area (dredge cell),
and from released ash along affected roadways. From December 28, 2008, through January 5, 2009, nine soil samples, two duplicates, and four background samples were collected from shoreline locations along the Emory and Clinch Rivers. Samples were analyzed for metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). See Tables 3 and 4 for EPAs soil and ash data (Tetra Tech 2009).
TDEC collected soil samples from 15 residential properties on January 6 and 7, 2009. TDEC also collected 13 ash samples either from the same residential property or near the same residential property for comparison. This extra sampling would help to determine if coal ash or coal ash dust had gotten onto residential yards. See Figure 4 for the soil and ash sample locations. See Tables 5 and 6 for a summary of TDECs soil and ash data. TDEC analyzed samples for metals in the coal ash, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), VOCs, and radioactivity.
As can be seen in Figure 4, the various agencies took samples in different areas of the coal ash spill. Therefore, it is not surprising to see variations in measured concentrations among the different agencies.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Analytical Results                                                                      EEP:
Environmental EEP received environmental data in a variety of formats from the various                Epidemiology Program government agencies responding to the coal ash release. EEP treated data for MDL: method the coal ash itself in the following way. If a data point was listed as MDL            detection limit (method detection limit) or with a U (undetected) designation, the data point          EPA: U.S.
was considered to be zero for statistical purposes. This was because EEP was            Environmental not always provided the method detection limits (MDLs). If a data point was            Protection Agency listed with a less than (<) character or a J (estimated) designation, the data TDEC: TN point concentration was treated as the number listed for statistical purposes.          Department of This does not lend to complete consistency in EEPs treatment of data from              Environment &
Conservation different agencies, but was necessary considering the various formats in which VOC: volatile the volumes of data were received. This had no effect on the conclusions about          organic health hazards. For these chemicals, when concentrations were detected, they            compound were well below levels of health concern.                                              PAH:
polyaromatic Soil                                                                                    hydrocarbon TVA: TN Valley Soil was tested to find out if the coal ash had contaminated soil. Analysis of          Authority the EPA shoreline soil samples (Table 3) collected from December 28, 2008, to          mg/kg: milligram per kilogram January 5, 2009, and TDECs soil samples (Table 5) indicated that all metals in the samples were below health comparison values, except arsenic. In one EPA            KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant sample, arsenic was detected at 34 mg/kg, above the health comparison value TCLP: toxicity for chronic exposure of a child. However, the average concentration (as ppm)            characteristic was below the health comparison value of 20 mg/kg. No VOCs or PAHs were                leaching procedure detected.
Ash TVA ash samples collected from December 27 through January 6, 2009, contained average arsenic concentrations above the health comparison value of 20 mg/kg. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 22.7 mg/kg to 166 mg/kg, with an average of 67.6 mg/kg. All other samples contained metals at concentrations below health comparison values.
Analysis of the EPA ash samples collected from December 23, 2008, to January 5, 2009, indicated that all KIF ash samples exceeded the health comparison value for arsenic of 20 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). Arsenic concentrations in the ash ranged from 44.8 mg/kg to 81.3 mg/kg. Table 4 contains validated summary data of the ash samples collected during these dates.
TDECs analytical results for ash showed that, except for arsenic, all samples contained metals at concentrations below health comparison values. Arsenic was detected in all samples at concentrations above the health comparison value of 20 mg/kg. Arsenic concentrations in the ash ranged from 56 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, with an average concentration of 78 mg/kg (Table 6).
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Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Environmental regulatory agencies have a special way to look at wastes                TCLP: toxicity containing metals. They use a concept called the toxicity characteristic              characteristic leaching procedure, called TCLP for short. Title 40: Protection of the                leaching procedure Environment, Section 261.24 - Toxicity Characteristic defines TCLP. Waste EPA: U.S.
with metals is treated in the laboratory in a way that will remove metals from        Environmental the solid particles and put them in solution. The laboratory method mimics            Protection Agency what would happen to the waste when it contacts water, such as rain or TDEC: TN groundwater. Regulatory standards have been developed that define TCLP                Department of values above which a waste is considered hazardous.                                    Environment &
Conservation EPA and TDEC determined TCLP concentrations of arsenic, barium,                        EEP:
cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver in the ash samples.            Environmental Epidemiology Laboratory results indicated that very little of the metals leached from the coal      Program ash. On average, about 0.5 percent of the arsenic leached in the EPA samples          ATSDR: Agency collected and about 0.7 percent of the arsenic leached in the TDEC samples            for Toxic Substances &
collected.                                                                            Disease Registry TVA: TN Valley Discussion of Arsenic and Health Comparison Values for Metals without                  Authority Applicable Comparison Values                                                          KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant As discussed earlier in the Health Comparison Values section, EEP used ppm: parts per ATSDR or EPA health comparison values when they were available. Tables 3              million through 6 detail TVA, EPA, and TDEC analysis of metals and the health comparison values chosen to be protective of public health for ingestion of (accidentally eating) coal ash at the KIF ash site. Arsenic will be discussed because it was detected above health comparison values in ash. In addition, those comparison values needing explanation will be discussed.
Arsenic Arsenic is widely distributed in the Earth's crust and occurs naturally in soil and minerals. People normally take in small amounts of arsenic in air, water, soil, and food. Of these, food is usually the most common source of arsenic for people (ATSDR 2007).
In Tennessee, soils contain a range of arsenic concentrations, from 1 part per million (ppm) to 120 ppm. Statistical analysis of the soils data indicated that, in 95% of samples, arsenic concentrations were less than or equal to 20 ppm in Tennessee (Head 2006). In nature, arsenic is mostly found in minerals and only to a small extent in its elemental form. In coal fly ash, arsenic is in an inorganic form, mostly as an arsenate (Shoji et al. 2002).
Current understanding of arsenics toxicology suggests that at low-level exposures, arsenic compounds are detoxifiedthat is, changed into less harmful formsand then excreted in the urine. At higher-level exposures, however, the body may not have the ability to detoxify the increased amount of arsenic. When this overload happens, blood levels of arsenic increase and adverse health effects may occur. Arsenic, like some other chemicals, does not seem to cause adverse health effects until a certain amount, or threshold, of the 15
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release chemical has entered the body. Once the threshold, also known as the minimal            DHHS: U.S.
effective dose, is reached, and the body is no longer able to detoxify arsenic          Department of compounds, adverse health effects may result (ATSDR 2007).                              Health and Human Services Inorganic arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times.            IARC:
International Arsenic may cause irritation of the stomach and intestines when eaten in higher          Agency for concentrations than found in the coal ash. Other effects from oral exposure to          Research on Cancer higher concentrations of arsenic include decreased production of red and white EPA: U.S.
blood cells, which may cause fatigue, abnormal heart rhythm, blood-vessel                Environmental damage resulting in bruising, and impaired nerve function (ATSDR 2007).                  Protection Agency Perhaps the single most characteristic effect of long-term oral exposure to              ATSDR: Agency inorganic arsenic is a pattern of skin changes. These include patches of                for Toxic Substances &
darkened skin and the appearance of small "corns" or "warts" on the palms,              Disease Registry soles, and torso, and are often associated with changes in the blood vessels of          EMEG: ATSDR the skin. Skin cancer may also develop (ATSDR 2007).                                    environmental media evaluation guide Oral exposure to arsenic has also been reported to increase the risk of cancer in mg/kg: milligram the liver, bladder, and lungs. The Department of Health and Human Services              per kilogram (DHHS) has determined that inorganic arsenic is known to be a human                      MRL: ATSDR carcinogen (a chemical that causes cancer). The International Agency for                minimal risk level Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that inorganic arsenic is                      mg/kg*day:
carcinogenic to humans. EPA also has classified inorganic arsenic as a known            milligram of substance per human carcinogen (ATSDR 2007).                                                          kilogram body weight per day Dermal exposure (getting arsenic on the skin) to high concentrations of                  RfD: EPA inorganic arsenic compounds may irritate the skin, with some redness and                Reference Dose swelling. The skin irritation goes away after contact stops. However, it does            EEP:
not appear that skin contact is likely to lead to any serious internal effects          Environmental Epidemiology (ATSDR 2007).                                                                            Program ATSDR has an arsenic chronic oral EMEG for children of 20 mg/kg, calculated from ATSDRs MRL of 0.0003 mg/kg*day. This MRL is the same as EPAs RfD of 0.0003 mg/kg*day. The EMEG is a screening value. Since arsenic concentrations were often greater than 20 mg/kg, more detailed analysis was required to assess the public health implications. This analysis is in the section, Public Health Implications of Dermal and Ingestion Exposure to Coal Ash.
Other health comparison values As discussed in the section on Health Comparison Values, EEP choose ATSDR or EPA health comparison values when they were available. Directly applicable values for ingestion were not available for iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or thallium. Therefore, other health assessment methods were used to assess the public health implications of these metals. These are discussed below.
Iron is an essential nutrient. It is found in large amounts in the Earths crust.
Neither ATSDR nor EPA has published toxicity profiles for iron. EEP used 16
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release EPAs Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund                EPA: U.S.
Sites (RSL 2009) for a health comparison value for iron. The health                    Environmental comparison value is 55,000 mg/kg.                                                      Protection Agency Calcium and magnesium were analyzed in samples from all agencies - TDEC,              mg/kg: milligram per kilogram EPA, and TVA. Magnesium and calcium are essential nutrients that are not TDEC: TN usually considered toxic. Health comparison values are not available for either        Department of of these metals. For purposes of comparison, the normal daily intake or the            Environment &
Conservation recommended daily intake was compared to the calculated intake. Using cautious assumptions, EEP assumed that a child would eat 200 milligrams of            TVA: TN Valley Authority ash that contained the highest concentration of the metal that was measured.
EEP:
The intake of these metals was calculated using other standard assumptions            Environmental described in the ATSDR Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual.                      Epidemiology Program The recommended daily intake of calcium is 1,200 mg/day for adolescents.              ATSDR: Agency for Toxic This value can be compared to the daily intake calculated for a child                  Substances &
accidentally eating 200 mg/day of soil containing the maximum measured                Disease Registry concentration of 19,500 mg/kg calcium. This calculated worst case intake              mg/day:
would be approximately 4 mg/day, much less than the daily recommended                  milligram per day intake from food and water.
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug As part of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Total Diet study from                Administration 1982-1984, the average daily intake of magnesium for a two-year old child was          TDH:
determined to be 155 mg/day. This value can be compared to the daily intake            Tennessee Department of calculated for a child accidentally eating 200 mg/day of ash containing the            Health maximum concentration of 4,160 mg/kg magnesium. This calculated worst case intake is approximately 0.8 mg/day, much less than the daily intake from food and water.
Potassium and sodium were measured in ash by EPA and in surface water by TDEC. Since these metals are essential nutrients and are ubiquitous in food and in various salts as a cation, they were not considered in review of the data.
Thallium does not have an ATSDR - derived health comparison value because of a lack of toxicological data. EEP used EPAs Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites (RSL 2009) for a health comparison value for thallium. Screening values for various salts of thallium ranged from 5.1 to 7.0 mg/kg, with a value of 7.0 mg/kg for soluble salts of thallium. EEP chose to use 5 to 7 mg/kg in ash for health comparison purposes.
Public Health Implications of Dermal and Ingestion Exposure to Coal Ash TDHs public health message about contact with the coal ash has been, If you do contact the ash, then practice good hygiene, especially washing your hands before eating or smoking. Wash thoroughly, including your hands, clothes and shoes if you, your children, or pets come in contact with the ash. Basically, wash the same way you would after mud exposure. Remember, the metals are 17
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release bound to the ash. Occasional exposures for brief periods of time should not            EPA: U.S.
harm peoples health. This message is still correct.                                  Environmental Protection Dermal Contact                                                                          Agency mg: milligram None of the metals in the coal ash will be absorbed through the skin from              ATSDR: Agency touching the ash or getting the ash on skin. However, prolonged contact with            for Toxic Substances &
the coal ash could result in local skin irritation (ATSDR 2007). The ash that is        Disease Registry along the shorelines has been fenced off. Since the ash is not easily accessible        EMEG: ATSDR and because the public health message to avoid contact with the ash has been            environmental widely publicized, no continued dermal contact with ash is expected for                media evaluation guide residents of the area.
mg/kg: milligram per kilogram Incidental Ingestion TVA: TN Valley Authority Incidental ingestion (accidentally eating) occurs through hand-to-mouth behaviors. That is, when playing or working in the soil, people may get dust or        TDEC: TN Department of dirt on their hands and then put their hands in their mouth. Children and adults        Environment &
may eat without washing their hands. Adults do not usually wash their hands            Conservation before smoking. EPA has determined that, on average, a child will                      EEP:
Environmental accidentally ingest about 100 mg to 200 mg of dust or dirt each day.                    Epidemiology Program Concentrations of metals, except arsenic, were below health comparison values.
The concentrations of arsenic in some ash samples and the average concentration of arsenic in ash samples were higher than the ATSDR chronic EMEG for a child (20 mg/kg). The average concentration of arsenic in ash samples varied between 30 mg/kg for TVA ash samples and 78 mg/kg for TDEC ash samples. All three agencies, TVA, EPA, and TDEC, found arsenic in the fly ash above health comparison values (see Tables 2, 4, and 6).
Because arsenic was found at levels above the health comparison values, more detailed analysis was needed to determine if the arsenic found in the coal ash posed a health hazard. EEP did this by looking at how much arsenic a sensitive member of the population (a child) would ingest (the dose).
Additionally, we needed to estimate how much of the ingested arsenic would be absorbed from the childs gastrointestinal tract into his blood (bioavailable).
Experiments in animals have shown that between about 5% to 50% of arsenic in soil is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or is bioavailable (ATSDR 2007). EPA generally assumes for risk assessments that children will incidentally ingest from 100 mg to 200 mg of soil per day. EEP assumed that young children would not play in the ash unattended except for brief periods.
We assumed that 50% of the daily ingestion would be ash and 50% would be soil.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Coal Ash                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release The equation used to estimate an oral dose from ingestion of contaminated soil (or ash in this case) is as follows:                                                  mg/kg: milligram per kilogram TDEC: TN Department of Environment &
Conservation Where:
mg/day:
milligram per day CA = concentration in ash; for arsenic, we used the highest mean, 78 mg/kg, from TDEC data                                                                mg: milligram abs = percent likely to be absorbable, assume 50% (0.5)                              kg: kilogram IR = ingestion rate, 200 mg/day for a child                                          mg/kg*day:
CF = conversion factor, 10-6 kg/mg or 1 kg/1,000,000 mg                              milligram of substance per FI = fraction ingested, assume 0.5, half of the incidental ingestion is ash          kilogram body weight per day BW = body weight, 16 kg, the approximate weight for a typical 2 year old child                                                                        ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances &
200                                      Disease Registry 78      0.5          1    0.5 MRL: ATSDR 16      1,000,000                              minimal risk level EPA: U.S.
Environmental 0.0002    /                                  Protection Agency RfD: EPA The oral dose calculates to be about to be 0.0002 mg/kg*day. This theoretical        Reference Dose calculated arsenic dose is less than the ATSDR MRL and the EPA RfD of 0.0003 mg/kg*day.
This mathematical computation for calculating a dose of arsenic is an example of a worst case scenario. The highest mean concentration of arsenic found in sampling and analysis was used. The percent absorption from the gastrointestinal tract used in this example (50%) is the maximum absorption found in experiments. The exposure period was during the winter months when most small children would not be playing outside near the water for long periods. People with ash in their yards were moved quickly, making the exposure time short.
Since the ash is not easily accessible and because the public health message to avoid contact with the ash has been widely publicized, no continued ingestion of ash is expected for residents of the area. No harm to the health of children or adults is expected from the possible very brief exposure time.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Water                                                                                  TVA: TN Valley Authority The effects of the TVA ash spill on water quality are a mix of obvious and              MCL: maximum more subtle impacts. The physical impacts were immediate  ash from the                contaminant level failed impoundment completely filled two embayments and a portion of the Emory River main channel. Ash had also been carried downstream into the                WQC: water quality criteria Clinch River, and plumes were observed entering the Tennessee River after heavy rainfall. The initial impacts of the slide killed or displaced fish and other aquatic life or caused physical impacts to fish through gillways and ingestion.
This public health assessment will focus on risks to human health.
The surface water system in the area of the coal ash release is complex and is affected by the Watts Bar Dam in the Tennessee River. The entire surface water system is called the Watts Bar Reservoir and includes the lower portions of the Emory River, the Clinch River, and the Tennessee River upstream of Watts Bar Dam. This complex river system is widely used for recreation -
fishing, swimming, and boating.
Characteristics of coal combustion wastewater have the potential to impact human health and the environment. Many of the common pollutants found in coal combustion wastewater (e.g., selenium, mercury, and arsenic) are known to cause environmental harm and can potentially present a human health risk (EPA 2009). For this reason, all environmental regulatory agencies and TVA immediately began sampling and analysis for potentially toxic constituents of coal ash in area waters.
Concentrations of metals in river water were compared to Tennessees Water Quality Criteria for either domestic water supply or recreation. Analytical results for municipal and private well or spring water were compared to MCLs.
These were discussed in the Background section. Water Quality Criteria and MCLs are listed in Table a. below.
20
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                            PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release g/L: microgram Table a. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Water                          per liter. 1000 Quality Criteria and Environmental Protection Agency Maximum                                  g are in 1 milligram Contaminant Levels for Metals. Units in g/L.
WQC for                                                              WQC: water WQC for Metal          Domestic Water                              MCL                        quality criteria Recreation 1 Supply Primary  Secondary                MCL: maximum Aluminum                    NA              NA            NA      50 - 200                contaminant level Antimony                    6              5.6              6        NA Arsenic                    10              10.0            10        NA                    EEP:
Barium                    2,000              NA            2,000      NA                    Environmental Beryllium                    4              NA              4        NA                    Epidemiology Program Cadmium                      5              NA              5        NA Chromium, total            100              NA            100        NA                    TDH:
Iron                        NA              NA            NA        300                    Tennessee Department of Lead                        5              NA            15 2      NA Health Manganese                  NA              NA            NA          50 Mercury                      2              0.05              2        NA                    TDEC: TN Nickel                    100              610            NA        NA                    Department of Environment &
Selenium                    50              NA              50        NA                    Conservation Silver                      NA              NA            NA        100 Thallium                    2              0.24              2        NA                    ppm: parts per million Zinc                        NA              NA            NA        5,000 1
includes both contact with water and consumption of fish                                    TWRA:
Tennessee Wildlife Surface Water                                                                                    Resources Agency Introduction                                                                                    TVA: TN Valley Authority As discussed in the Background section, surface waters are protected by the                      EPA: U.S.
use of Tennessees Water Quality Criteria. For this public health assessment,                    Environmental Protection EEP is concerned with uses of domestic water supply and recreation. TDH                          Agency values TDECs protection of fish and aquatic life, but TDHs role is protection of public health.
EEP will only address concerns about public health and will not address any ecological issues in this public health assessment. TDEC, TWRA, TVA, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory sampled fish in the Emory and Clinch Rivers for two reasons. They needed to determine whether there would be any effect from the coal ash on fish and aquatic life, and they needed to determine whether there would be any human health effects from eating fish that may have been affected by the coal ash. Fish samples were collected in January, February, March, and April. With the exception of two catfish samples, all levels of metals were below human health protection standards. The two catfish samples exceeded the standard of 0.3 ppm of mercury. Levels of selenium are well below EPAs proposed toxicity standards for protection of fish and other aquatic life.
It is important to remember that there is an existing fish advisory on the lower Emory and Clinch Rivers that was in place before the coal ash release. TDEC and TWRA advise avoiding consumption of striped bass and limiting 21
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release consumption of catfish and sauger. The pollutants of concern are PCB:
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury. As part of their on-going                          polychlorinated activities, TDEC and TWRA continue to sample fish for historical                                  biphenyl contamination. Cleanup of the coal ash release is being done in a manner that                    TDEC: TN Department of will not disturb the river sediment in which these contaminants exist.                            Environment &
Conservation TDEC and TWRA will continue to sample fish for contaminants that could                            TWRA:
harm the fish and that could accumulate in fish tissue causing human health                      Tennessee Wildlife effects.                                                                                          Resources Agency Routes of Exposure TVA: TN Valley Authority Routes of exposure for this section include contact with the river water, EPA: U.S.
incidental ingestion during recreational activities, and ingestion of fish caught                Environmental in the river. During the winter months, few people have any direct contact with                  Protection Agency river water. Any contact would be brief.
TDH:
Tennessee During the summer, many people have contact with the river water, including                      Department of children. This issue was fully evaluated by TVA, EPA, TDEC, and TDH,                              Health resulting in fact sheets and advisories for the river system. Advisories stated                  Tetra Tech:
that recreational activities were safe in all parts of the Watts Bar Reservoir                    Superfund Technical except for the area around the coal ash release. Existing advisories for fish                    Assessment and consumption in the Watts Bar Reservoir remain in effect.                                          Response Team (START) contractor for Sampling of River Water                                                                          EPA Region 4 Starting the day of the coal ash release, December 22, 2008, TVA has sampled surface water at several locations in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers for dissolved metals and total metals. TVA continues to sample at these locations. See Figure 5 for the location of sampling points.
Between December 23, 2008, and January 2, 2009, EPA had their contractor, Tetra Tech, collect surface water samples from potentially affected waterways.
Tetra Tech collected 23 surface water samples, three duplicate samples, and 2 background samples along an approximate 10-mile stretch of the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers. Some surface water samples were collected in areas where cenospheres1 were visible floating on the water just downstream from the release area.
Location on rivers is designated by river mile. Distance is measured from the mouth of a river, designated as river mile 0.0 and then going upstream. The mouth of a river is where the river enters another river, a lake, or the ocean.
Tetra Tech selected surface water sampling locations to include both upstream surface waters on the Emory River to mile marker 9.0 and downstream surface waters on the Clinch River to mile marker 0.0, as shown in Figure 6. Tetra 1
Cenospheres are small, hollow ceramic spheres of varying chemical composition that are generated during high-efficiency coal combustion at thermal power plants. They are much less dense than water and float easily.
22
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Tech collected an additional upstream sample from the Tennessee River before          Tetra Tech:
its confluence with the Clinch River at Tennessee River mile marker 568.5.            Superfund Technical On December 23 and 29, 2008, Tetra Tech accompanied TVA personnel in a                Assessment and Response Team boat to collect a total of 19 surface water samples and two duplicate samples          (START) from the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers. On December 28, 2008, Tetra              contractor for EPA Region 4 Tech collected an additional four surface water samples and one duplicate from TVA: TN Valley public and residential shorelines of the Emory and Clinch Rivers. Tetra Tech          Authority reported no visual evidence of coal ash at these locations. On January 2, 2009,        EPA: U.S.
Tetra Tech also collected two background surface water samples, one each              Environmental Protection from the Emory and Clinch Rivers.                                                      Agency All EPA samples were analyzed for total metals, dissolved metals, and total            TDEC: TN Department of suspended solids (also called suspended residue on some laboratory results            Environment &
forms).                                                                                Conservation TSS: total TDEC began sampling on January 2, 2009, and continues to sample the Emory              suspended River at miles 0.1, 1.7, 2.1, and 4.0, the Clinch Rivers at miles 2.3 and 4.5, and    solids the Tennessee River at mile 568.5. See Figure 7 for TDECs river surface              mg/L: milligram water sampling locations. Samples were analyzed for total metals to check for          per liter possible impact from the coal ash. Other parameters such as dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and pH were also measured.
Results River Water Sampling TVA TVA sampling and analysis values for arsenic and other metals spiked in the Emory and Clinch Rivers around January 7, 2009. Arsenic concentrations are detailed below in Table b. Concentrations were near the detection limits before the spikes, and quickly returned to lower concentrations after the spikes. TVA reported concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) in spreadsheets beginning on February 23, 2009. A review of TVAs website indicated that TSS concentrations peaked around January 10, 2009, at more than 3,000 mg/L TSS (TVA 2009). Data taken from TVA spreadsheets indicated that minor peaks of TSS occurred in mid-March and mid-April following heavy rainfall (TVA 2009). See Tables 7 through 19 for details.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release TVA: TN Valley Authority Table b. TVA surface water data for arsenic spikes on January 7, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash release,                    g/L:
Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                          microgram per January 7, 2009,    Total Arsenic, Dissolved Arsenic,                    liter. 1000 g are in 1 Spikes            g/L                g/L milligram Emory River mile 0.1        132                27.3 EPA: U.S.
Emory River mile 1.75      189                28.1                        Environmental Emory River mile 2.1        131                19.3                        Protection Agency Emory River mile 4.0        16.3                4.77 Clinch River mile 0.0        14                  7 Clinch River mile 2.0      93.7                24.2 Clinch River mile 4.0      109                21.6 EPA EPAs sampling and analysis began on December 23, 2008, and ended on January 2, 2009. See Tables 20 through 23 for details of these analyses.
Analysis of samples for dissolved metals in the Emory River showed that most metals were below either water quality criteria for domestic uses or the detection limit. However, the detection limits for antimony, arsenic, and beryllium were higher than the water quality criteria. For antimony, the detection limit was 20 g/L and the water quality criteria is 6 g/L. For arsenic, the detection limit was 50 g/L and the water quality criteria is 10 g/L. For beryllium, the detection limit was 10 g/L and the water quality criteria is 4 g/L.
On December 23, 2008, the concentration of dissolved arsenic was estimated to be 11.6 g/L at Emory River mile 0.1, slightly above the water quality criteria for domestic water use. By December 28, 2008, at all points sampled on the Emory River, concentrations of arsenic had returned to levels less than the detection limit of 20 g/L. Concentrations of dissolved antimony and beryllium were below the detection limits at all sampling points on each date sampled, but it is impossible to know if they were above the criteria. Other metals were below criteria on all days.
Analysis of samples for total metals in the Emory River also showed that most metals were below either water quality criteria or the detection limits. As for dissolved metals, the detection limits for antimony, arsenic, and beryllium were above the criteria.
On December 28, 2008, at Emory River miles 0.1 and 1.9, antimony, arsenic, and beryllium were above water quality criteria. For all other dates and locations sampled, antimony, arsenic, and beryllium were found at levels below the detection limits.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Analysis of samples from the Clinch River for dissolved metals showed that g/L:
concentrations were below either the water quality criteria or the detection limit.        microgram per As for sampling and analysis on the Emory River, the detection limits for                  liter. 1000 g are in 1 arsenic and beryllium were above the criteria.                                            milligram Analysis of samples for total metals in the Clinch River, showed that                      TDEC: TN Department of concentrations were below either the water quality criteria or the detection limit        Environment &
at all locations on all dates, with 1 exception. On December 28, 2008, the                Conservation concentration of arsenic at the Kingston City Park South Boat Ramp was                    TSS: total estimated to be 48 g/L.                                                                  suspended solids TDEC See Tables 24 through 32 for results of TDECs sampling and analysis of river water from January 8 through April 8, 2009.
Analysis of total metals in the Emory River found that most metals were below either water quality criteria or the detection limit at all locations and dates (see the Background, Tennessee Water Quality Criteria, page 10). Arsenic and lead were the only exceptions. Arsenic and lead concentrations peaked on January 22 and February 5, 2009, at Emory River mile 1.7. Arsenic was above the water quality criteria for domestic water use and for recreation. Lead was above the water quality criteria for domestic water use and the action level for drinking water on January 22, 2009. On February 5, 2009, the concentration of lead had dropped so that its level in the Emory River was below the action level. Total suspended solids were also increased at Emory River miles 1.7 and 2.1. The ash release is located at these locations on the Emory River. See the figures below.
Arsenic was elevated in the Emory River at mile 2.1 on January 13 and 15, March 26, 31, and April 8, 2009. These increases are on shown in the figures below. TSS was increased at Emory River miles 1.7 and 2.1. Emory River miles 1.7 and 2.1 are at the site of the ash release.
25
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Public Health Implications                                                              EPA: U.S.
Environmental Concentrations of arsenic and lead were elevated above health comparison                Protection Agency values near the release site (Emory River around mile 2.0) on several occasions.
The health comparison values used were Tennessee Water Quality Criteria for            TDH:
Tennessee domestic water use and for recreational use. After the coal ash release, the river      Department of was not navigable in the area of the release. In addition, that portion of the          Health river is not used as a source of drinking water.                                        TDEC: TN Department of Environment &
The EPA, TDH, TDEC, and TVA issued an advisory on June 10, 2009,                        Conservation regarding boating, swimming and fishing on Watts Bar Reservoir. See the                TVA: TN Valley figure below. The advisory cautioned the public to avoid recreational use of the        Authority lower Emory River near the ash release down to the confluence of the Emory              PCB:
and Clinch Rivers, which included adjacent coves, inlets, islands, and sand            polychlorinated biphenyl bars.
EEP:
Environmental The advisory stated that water-based recreation on other areas of the Emory            Epidemiology River, the Clinch River, and the Tennessee River should not be impacted in              Program summer 2009, and it was not impacted except in the Lower Emory River.
Current fish advisories to limit consumption of striped bass and limit consumption of catfish and sauger are still in effect because of historical contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (not related to TVA activities).
Because EPA and TVA brought in large hydraulic equipment to expedite the removal of ash from the Emory River, they began initial river closure on August 11, 2009. No river traffic will be allowed through this area from mile marker 1.5 to mile marker 3 through February 15, 2010. In early February, EPA and TVA will review the situation and determine when the river can safely be re-opened.
Sampling and analysis indicated that metals and total suspended solids in all other areas of the Emory River and the Clinch River have remained below any health comparison values. TDEC and TVA are continuing to monitor the river water to make sure that river water remains safe for recreation and for fish and aquatic life. EEP will continue to work with all agencies to make sure public health is protected.
26
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Figure from the advisory and the river closure showing the Emory and Clinch Rivers near the coal ash release site.
27
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Public Drinking Water                                                                  KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant Introduction                                                                          TVA: TN Valley Authority The Kingston and Rockwood Water Treatment Plants are located closest to the            EPA: U.S.
KIF coal ash release site. The Kingston plant is located at Tennessee River            Environmental Protection mile 568.4, before the Clinch River joins the Tennessee River (about 6.5 miles        Agency downstream of the coal ash release). The Tennessee River would have to flow            TDEC: TN backwards to impact the Kingston water intake. Since these rivers are part of a        Department of Environment &
large reservoir system, with flow controlled by dams, this is possible. After          Conservation heavy rains in May 2009, ash reached the intake to the Kingston Water                  Tetra Tech:
Treatment Plant, but did not affect the quality of the finished drinking water.        Superfund By managing river flows through the Kingston area, TVA plans to manage                Technical Assessment and river flow as much as possible to keep coal ash that might be flowing down the        Response Team Clinch River from moving upstream toward the water intake.                            (START) contractor for EPA Region 4 The Rockwood water intake is on an embayment 1.9 miles upstream from the SESD: EPAs Tennessee River proper (about 24 miles downstream of the coal ash release).            Science and The embayment enters the Tennessee River at mile 553. The Harriman water              Ecosystem Support Division intake is located at mile 12.8 of the Emory River. The Harriman water intake would not likely be impacted by the KIF coal ash release because it is too far upstream of the spill site and the reservoir does not cause backflow to that extent. See Figures 3 and 6 for clearer presentations of locations.
Routes of Exposure The route of exposure for this section is the use of treated river water as a source of potable water. Since the contaminants from the coal ash are metals, with no volatile organic compounds, the only applicable route of exposure is ingestion of the water.
The Kingston water treatment plant serves a population of 8,939, with 3,694 connections. The Rockwood water treatment plant serves a population of 9,167 with 3,788 connections. All these people use the treated river water and could be affected if any coal ash contaminated this potable water. To ensure the safety of the public water supplies, EPA and TDEC immediately began a program to sample raw and finished water.
Public Drinking Water Sampling Between December 23, 2008, and January 5, 2009, Tetra Tech collected seven raw water samples and one duplicate sample from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. On December 30, 2008, EPAs SESD collected 10 potable water samples and 1 duplicate from the upstream Cumberland water treatment plant, the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants, and four samples and one duplicate from residential properties.
TDEC collected raw water samples at the intakes to the Kingston and Rockwood Water Treatment Plants on December 31, 2008, and began 28
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release collecting daily raw water samples from January 2, 2009, to January 20, TDEC: TN 2009. TDEC also took finished water samples at the treatment plants.                      Department of Environment &
TDEC sent the water samples to the state laboratory for analysis for the                  Conservation parameters listed in Table c below.                                                        MDL: method detection limit Table c. Parameters for analysis of raw and finished water at the Kingston and Rockwood Water Treatment Plants. Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Frequency of Analyte      Frequency of Analysis      Analyte Analysis Aluminum      Weekly                      Manganese        Daily Antimony      Weekly                      Mercury          Daily Arsenic      Daily                      Molybdenum      Weekly Barium        Daily                      Nickel          Weekly Beryllium    Daily                      Potassium        Weekly Cadmium      Daily                      Selenium        Daily Calcium      Weekly                      Silver          Weekly Calcium Daily                      Sodium          Weekly Hardness Daily through Chloride      Weekly                      Strontium        1/5/09, then Weekly Chromium      Daily                      Sulfate          Weekly Cobalt        Daily                      Thallium        Daily Copper        Weekly                      Total Alkalinity Daily Daily through Fluoride      Weekly                      Uranium          1/5/09, then Weekly Iron          Weekly                      Vanadium        Daily Lead          Daily                      Zinc            Daily Magnesium    Weekly TDEC collected another untreated water sample on January 22, 2009, before deciding to reduce the sampling frequency to once per week starting January 26, 2009. These weekly samples were analyzed for the same parameters as previously analyzed on a daily basis. Weekly samples will continue to be collected and analyzed. Staff of the Kingston water treatment plant continues to take daily samples to make sure their water meets all criteria for safe drinking water.
Public Drinking Water Results Results for sampling and analysis can be seen in Tables 33 through 36. Data were analyzed as follows. If a data point was listed as MDL (minimum detection limit) with a U designation, the data point was considered to be half of the MDL. If a data point was listed with a less than (<) character or a J designation, the data point concentration was treated as the number listed.
29
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Raw Water                                                                            MCL: maximum contaminant Raw water is the river water entering the water treatment plant, before it is        level treated. Water was tested every day between January 2 through January 22,            EEP:
2009. It has been tested weekly since January 26, 2009.                              Environmental Epidemiology Program At the Kingston water treatment plant intake, water sampling showed results EPA: U.S.
that either were below detection limits or met MCLs. These samples were              Environmental taken prior to processing in the water treatment plant. For the analytes with a      Protection Agency Secondary Drinking Water Standard, raw water entering the Kingston water treatment plant met all secondary standards with the exception of iron and          TDEC: TN Department of manganese. Iron and manganese are generally considered non-toxic metals              Environment &
and are removed by the water treatment process. Iron and manganese levels            Conservation were at levels normally present in the Tennessee River.
At the Rockwood water treatment plant, water sampling showed results that either were below detection levels or met MCLs. Additionally, for the analytes with a Secondary Drinking Water Standard, the Rockwood intake water met secondary standards.
Finished Water Finished water is the water that has been through treatment at the water treatment plant and is the water that is distributed to customers. For the analytes with MCL, water sampling showed results that either were below detection levels or met primary drinking water standards after processing at both the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. Additionally, for the elements with a secondary Drinking Water Standard, the finished water met all secondary standards.
Public Health Implications of Raw and Treated Public Drinking Water EEP used Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards as comparison values. Refer to the Background section for a discussion of drinking water standards. Primary Drinking Water Standards (MCLs) are enforceable.
Secondary Drinking Water Standards are not considered enforceable by EPA, but are considered enforceable by TDEC. They are recommendations for taste, odor, and other aesthetic properties of drinking water.
Public drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants is safe for consumption. There are no adverse public health implications from use of these public water supplies.
TDEC is continuing to perform weekly sampling and analyses to ensure the safety of the drinking water. EEP will continue to study the data to make sure that public health is protected.
30
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs Introduction to Groundwater Groundwater is a resource found under the Earths surface. Most groundwater comes from rain or melting snow soaking into the ground. Water fills the spaces within rock and soils, making an aquifer. About half of our nations drinking water comes from groundwater. Municipal water treatment provides clean surface or groundwater water to many households. Some families use private, household wells and springs as their source of fresh water drinking water and for cooking, and bathing.
Groundwater contains many naturally occurring dissolved chemicals and compounds, including dissolved solids, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, sodium, acids, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and minor and secondary elements to name just a few. Groundwater also contains many dissolved gases such as oxygen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Several microorganisms live in groundwater and include E-coli bacteria and Salmonella. Radionuclides also naturally occur in groundwater, but not typically at amounts that constitute a public health threat (Davis and DeWiest 1966).
Groundwaters depth from the surface, quality for drinking water, and chance of being polluted vary from place to place. Generally, the deeper the well is, the better the groundwater. The amount of new water flowing into the area also affects groundwater quality. Groundwater may contain some natural impurities or contaminants, even with no human activity or pollution.
Natural contaminants can come from many conditions in the watershed or in the ground. Water moving through underground rocks and soils may pick up magnesium, calcium and chlorides.
Some groundwater naturally contains dissolved elements such as arsenic, boron, selenium, or radon. Whether these natural contaminants may be health concerns depends on the amount of the substance present. In addition to natural contaminants, groundwater is often polluted by human activities such as:
improper use of fertilizers, animal manures, herbicides, insecticides, and pesticides improperly built or poorly located and/or maintained septic systems for household wastewater leaking or abandoned underground storage tanks and piping storm-water drains that discharge chemicals to groundwater improper disposal or storage of wastes chemical spills at local industrial sites Private drinking water wells are pipes that are put into the ground that act as a straw and allow access to water beneath the ground. Wells may be used by members of a single household or by more than one household. Wells are dug, driven, or drilled into the ground to capture water for drinking, cooking, bathing, waste disposal, and recreation. Water occurs beneath the ground in what is called an aquifer. An aquifer is a geologic formation that will provide useable quantities of groundwater to a well over a long period of time. Aquifers can exist over areas as small as one mile or less. Aquifers can also extend to hundreds of miles in extent. They can exist as little as several feet to hundreds of feet underground. Aquifers can also exist as areas where cracks or fractures occur in bedrock underground. Thus, there are many types of aquifers.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Springs are above ground exits of groundwater. Springs generally occur on the          TVA: TN Valley side of a hill, ridge, or rock exposure where the groundwater flows from a            Authority fracture or joint in the rock. Springs are abundant where there are rolling hills      VOC: volatile or rock outcrops. Many springs occur within and along creeks and rivers.              organic compound They create creeks, ponds, or wet-weather conveyances of water. Springs are EPA: U.S.
the most easily accessible source of ground water for rural families. Because          Environmental they are on the surface, springs are also the easiest water source to become          Protection Agency polluted by the activities outlined above.
TDEC: TN About 15 percent of Americans have their own sources of drinking water, such          Department of Environment &
as wells, cisterns, and springs (EPA 2009a). Unlike public drinking water              Conservation systems serving many people, water quality from private wells and springs is rarely checked. Individual well owners have primary responsibility for the safety of the water drawn from their wells. The governments Drinking Water Standards do not apply to private water sources.
For this part of the public health assessment, we are concerning ourselves with metals that might be related to the TVA ash release that may have been introduced into groundwater from the coal ash release.
Some homes may have filtering or water-softening devices installed in the piping from their water well. Any filtering device may assist in filtering out some of the metals that may be attached to very small sand- or clay-sized particles that could be present in drinking water. Typically, some portion of naturally occurring metals is dissolved in the groundwater and is unable to be filtered out.
Routes of Exposure The route of exposure for this section is the use of groundwater as a source of potable water. Since the contaminants from the coal ash are metals, with no VOCs, the only applicable route of exposure is ingestion of the water. No coal ash related chemicals would get into the air from showering, cooking, or washing dishes. Within a four-mile radius of the ash release, about 120 households have private water wells or springs that they use as a source of potable water. EPA and TDEC received permission from 113 households to sample their well or spring water to make sure that coal ash has not affected their water supply.
Environmental Sampling of Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs EPA sampled a small number of private wells immediately after the coal ash release. Shortly after the coal ash release, TDEC implemented a private water well and spring sampling program. The program focused on testing private groundwater sources within a four-mile radius of the coal ash release to identify which households had water wells or springs, if they used them for household use, and if they would like them to be sampled. For those households who provided access to their wells and springs, EPA and TDEC 32
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release sampled the groundwater for alkalinity, hardness, and fourteen different                mg/L: milligram metals. See Figure 8 for locations of the sampling.                                    per liter EPA: U.S.
Alkalinity and hardness results are not discussed in this public health                Environmental assessment because they are only a rough indicator of water quality and are not        Protection Agency very useful for determining human health effects. However, their TDEC: TN concentration can indicate the presence of a solution with abundant metals that        Department of could enter the groundwater of an area. Households received explanations of            Environment &
Conservation alkalinity and hardness with their results. Alkalinity is a reliable measure of the amount of carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO31-) ions in most natural          TDH:
Tennessee waters. Most carbonate and bicarbonate ions in groundwater are derived from            Department of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide in soils, and solution of              Health carbonate rocks. Alkalinity concentrations between 50 and 400 milligrams per            TVA: TN Valley Authority liter (mg/L) are most common. Water hardness is primarily the amount of KIF: Kingston calcium and magnesium, and to a lesser extent, iron in the water. Water                Fossil Plant hardness is measured by adding the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and converting this value to an equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in mg/L of water. Water hardness in most ground water is naturally occurring from weathering of limestone, sedimentary rock and calcium bearing minerals. Generally, water having a hardness of less than 60 mg/L is considered soft while water with a hardness of 120 to less than 180 mg/L is considered hard. Water having hardness values more than 180 mg/L is considered very hard and has a high amount of dissolved minerals.
For the EPA and TDEC groundwater studies, an outdoor spigot or an indoor faucet was the source of water for sample collection from household drinking water wells. For springs, containers were dipped into the spring water and allowed to fill slowly. The water sample was collected in laboratory-supplied containers. It then was placed on ice until delivery to the laboratory where the testing would be performed. All samples were transported to the laboratory using all standard, appropriate, and secure measures for transporting environmental samples. The testing laboratory analyzed the samples using standard methods developed by the EPA for testing of drinking water (EPA 1994). Well and spring samples collected by EPA and TDEC were tested initially by an independent laboratory, Microbac Laboratories, Inc. of Maryville, Tennessee (State of Tennessee laboratory Certification Identification Number TN02017). The majority of well water sampled by TDEC was analyzed by the TDHs analytical laboratory.
EPA and TDEC sampled wells and springs closer to the TVA KIF first because EPA and TDEC wanted to identify any potential release to groundwater from the KIF coal ash release as early as possible. Wells and springs farther from the KIF and up to the four-mile radius were sampled later. Water well and spring sampling began on December 30, 2008, and ended on March 12, 2009.
EPA and TDEC sampled 113 privately owned water wells and springs.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Water                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Results of Sampling Private Drinking Water Wells and Springs                          EEP:
Environmental EEP used Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards as comparison                Epidemiology values, even though these standards are not enforceable for private wells and        Program springs. Refer to the Background section for a discussion of drinking water          KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant standards.
TDEC: TN Department of Results indicated that there were several metals present in water wells and          Environment &
springs within a four-mile radius of the KIF. Table 37 shows the results of          Conservation TDECs water sampling. Metals identified in water well and spring samples            EPA: U.S.
all occur naturally within the groundwater in this area of Tennessee. EPA,            Environmental Protection TDEC, and EEP compared the amount of each metal in the private well and              Agency spring water to EPA Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards. EPA              MCL: maximum and TDEC have set MCLs for arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium,                      contaminant level chromium, cobalt, mercury, selenium, and thallium. EPA has established a secondary Drinking Water Standard for manganese. No standards or guidelines exist for strontium or vanadium; their concentrations were compared to EPAs Regional Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants for Superfund Sites (RSL 2009).
All metals detected were less than MCLs, secondary Drinking Water Guidelines, or EPA Region 3 screening table values, except for one well with an elevated manganese level. Manganeses secondary Drinking Water Guideline was not derived for health reasons, but for aesthetic reasons in drinking water (the water may taste bad or stain clothing).
Public Health Implications of Sampling Results in Groundwater The coal ash release has not impacted water from private drinking water wells and springs within four miles of the coal ash release. TDEC talked with the owner of the well with an elevated level of manganese about ways to reduce the manganese level.
Groundwater is not static. Its chemistry can and does change over time as does the rate at which it moves. Pumping of wells can influence groundwater flow rates and the publics use of land can influence its chemical make-up. It sometimes takes days, months, or years for an outside influence to show up in the groundwater of an area. Metals concentrations in groundwater are mainly a reflection of the mineral content of the soils and rocks through which the groundwater moves. The amounts of metals present in groundwater near the KIF may or may not change.
TDEC has implemented a program to sample designated private drinking water wells surrounding the coal ash release. They will sample these wells two times per year to ensure the safety of the groundwater. EEP will continue to study the data from this sampling as they are made available.
Private well and spring water monitoring may be necessary for several years in order to assure there is no impact from the coal ash release.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Air                                                                                  EEP:
Environmental EEP will discuss air sampling and analysis performed by each government              Epidemiology Program agency. Within the air discussion for each agency, environmental sampling TVA: TN Valley and analytical results will be discussed. Discussions about other air issues will    Authority be included as necessary. This section is organized as outlined:                      EPA: U.S.
Environmental
-  Introduction to Airborne Coal Ash                                                Protection
-  Routes of Exposure                                                                Agency
-  Summary of Air Monitoring                                                        TDEC: TN Department of
-  TVA                                                                              Environment &
o Sampling                                                                        Conservation o Analytical Results                                                              NAAQS: National Ambient Air
-  EPA                                                                              Quality Standards o Sampling                                                                        ppm: parts per o Analytical Results                                                              million
-  TDEC                                                                              mg/m&#xb3;: milligram o Sampling                                                                        per cubic meter of air o Analytical Results g/m&#xb3;: microgram
-  Discussion of Metals and Their Health Comparison Values                          per cubic meter of
-  Public Health Implications of the Airborne Coal Ash                              air
-  Dust Introduction to Airborne Coal Ash The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards: primary and secondary standards. Primary standards are air pollution limits set to protect public health, including the health of sensitive populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards are air pollution limits set to protect public welfare. These secondary standards include protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.
The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has set NAAQS for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. Units of measure for the air standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), or micrograms per cubic meter of air (&#xb5;g/m3). In this report, we will most commonly use units of g/m&#xb3; as a standard unit of measure.
The criteria air pollutant of concern for the TVA coal ash release is particulate matter. Particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter are called fine particles.
These particles are so small they can be seen only with an electron microscope. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion:
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Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release including motor vehicle exhaust, power plant emissions, residential wood                PM2.5: particles burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.            in air with a diameter equal Particles between 2.5 (PM2.5) and 10 microns (PM10) in diameter are referred            to or less than 2.5 microns to as coarse particles by some agencies. Sources of coarse particles include PM10: particles crushing or grinding operations, and dust stirred up by vehicles traveling on          in air with a roads. Nomenclature for particulate matter varies between agencies. Some                diameter equal to or less than agencies call PM2.5, ultra fine particles, and PM10, fine particles.                    10 microns NAAQS:
Particles less than 10 microns in diameter can cause or aggravate a number of          National health problems and have been linked with illnesses and deaths from heart or            Ambient Air Quality lung disease. These health effects have been associated with both short-term            Standards exposures and long-term exposures. Short-term exposures are over about a 24-            g/m&#xb3;:
hour period, but may be shorter. Long-term exposures are exposures that last            microgram per for years. Sensitive groups for particle pollution include people with heart or        cubic meter of air lung disease, older adults, and children.
WHO: World Health When exposed to particulate air pollution, people with heart disease may                Organization experience chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Particle        PM50: particles pollution has also been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks.          in air with a diameter equal When exposed to particles, people with existing lung disease may not be able to        to or less than breathe as deeply or vigorously as they normally would. They may experience            50 microns symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Healthy people also may              PM4: particles experience these effects, although they are unlikely to experience more serious        in air with a diameter equal effects. Particle pollution also can increase susceptibility to respiratory            to or less than 4 infections and can aggravate existing respiratory diseases, such as asthma and          microns chronic bronchitis, causing more use of medications and more doctor visits              KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant (EPA 2009b).
TVA: TN Valley Authority The primary and secondary NAAQS for particulate pollution are the same. The standard for PM2.5 is 15.0 g/m3 for an annual arithmetic average and 35
&#xb5;g/m3 for a 24-hour average. The standard for PM10 is 150 &#xb5;g/m3 as a 24-hour average. There is no annual arithmetic average for PM10.
The World Health Organization (WHO) established a Working Group on Air Quality Guidelines in October 2005 that recommended concentrations of PM 10 and PM2.5 that would be protective of human health. Their guidelines are 25 g/m&#xb3; PM2.5 and 50 g/m&#xb3; PM10 as 24-hour averages.
A large percentage of coal fly ash is associated with particles larger than 2.5 microns. Typically, only about 1 to 7 percent of coal fly ash is associated with the PM2.5 fraction (Shoji et al. 2002, Meij and te Winkle 2001). Meij and te Winkle found that, in the Netherlands, coal fly ash generated from firing of coal blended from all over the world contains 55% PM50, 20% PM10, 5% PM4, and 1% PM2.5. Current ash generation at KIF results from burning a 50%/50%
blend of Central Appalachian / Powder River Basin coal (personal communication, Steven C. Strunk, TVA, March 17, 2009). The fly ash in dredge cell was the product of burning different coal types over the years.
Analyses by TVA of this fly ash averaged 32.7% PM10 and 8.5% PM2.5.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Particle or droplet size will determine whether air pollution can enter the            NIOSH: National respiratory tract and where it is most likely to deposit. Inhaled particles            Institute of smaller than 10 microns in diameter have some probability of penetrating to            Occupational Safety and and being deposited deep in the lungs in the gas exchange (alveolar) region.          Health There is at least a 50% probability that particles smaller than 4 microns in          OSHA:
diameter will reach the gas-exchange region. The National Institute of                Occupational Safety and Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines respirable particles as                Health particles that have aerodynamic diameters less than approximately 10 microns          Administration (NIOSH 2002). Particles that are capable of being deposited in the gas                ACGIH:
American exchange region of the lungs are considered respirable particles.                      Conference of Industrial Because of the above size distribution, less than about 30% of airborne coal ash      Hygienists would be respirable. This means that less than 30% of airborne coal ash would          EPA: U.S.
be able to reach the tracheobronchial tree that distributes the inhaled air to the    Environmental Protection exchange airways in the lungs. The metals analyses based on total suspended            Agency particulates will overstate the concentration of metals that could be respired.        g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per Research into the chemical and toxicological nature of coal fly ash indicates          cubic meter of air that the ash can be considered a nuisance dust (Meij and te Winkel 2001; Meij          PM2.5: particles in air with a 2000). The ash does not appear to have greater potency to cause pulmonary              diameter equal effects than other ambient particulates (Smith et al. 2006).                          to or less than 2.5 microns The material safety data sheet for class F fly ash indicates that coal fly ash is    PM10: particles about 60% silicon dioxide or silica for short. Silica is a solid and can be            in air with a diameter equal measured in air. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)              to or less than 10 and the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have set                  microns occupational standards to protect workers from exposure to silica in air in            NAAQS:
National Ambient industrial situations. EPA is using a standard set by ACGIH to protect people          Air Quality working on the site of the coal ash release. This standard is 25 g/m&#xb3; of              Standards respirable silica as an 8-hour time-weighted average. There is no standard for        TVA: TN Valley Authority silica in ambient air. Public health should be protected from inhalation of silica at the coal ash release if PM2.5 and PM10 NAAQS are met in the monitors                TDEC: TN Department of surrounding the coal release site.                                                    Environment &
Conservation Routes of Exposure The route of exposure is breathing ambient air. If coal ash dust or metals constituents became airborne, adverse health effects would be possible for those people living near the site of the coal ash release. Three hundred twenty-four residences, with about 700 individuals, are located within 1.5 miles of the coal ash release. If the coal ash should become airborne, the coal ash dust and metals constituents could impact all of these people.
Summary of Air Monitoring TVA, EPA, and TDEC have all performed air monitoring near the coal ash release. Each agency has done different types of air monitoring, at different times and at different locations. Table d below summarizes the monitoring 37
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release activities by type, parameter, location, and date. See Figures 9 and 10 for                            TVA: TN Valley locations of TVA and TDEC monitors and Figure 11 for locations of EPA                                  Authority monitors. TVA numbered their locations as PS05-PS09, and EPA numbered                                  TDEC: TN their locations as P1-P9. Details of air monitoring will be discussed by agency                        Department of Environment &
and type of monitoring.                                                                                Conservation Table d. Summary of air monitoring activities. Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash                        EPA: U.S.
release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                                          Environmental Protection Agency  Type                Parameters        Location                  Dates Agency EPA      Fixed              Total Particulate KIF property              Dec. 27, 2008 - Jan. 10, 2009                        PM2.5: particles Fixed              PM2.5            P1                        Dec. 30 & 31, 2008          in air with a Portable - rotating                  P2 - P5 in immediate                                  diameter equal between sites                        vicinity of the ash spill                              to or less than Portable - rotating PM2.5            P6, P7, P8, P8.2, P9 in  Dec. 30 & 31, 2008          2.5 microns between sites                        residential areas surrounding the ash                                    PM10: particles spill                                                  in air with a Fixed              PM10              P1                        Jan. 1 - 10, 2009            diameter equal Portable - rotating                  P2 - P5 in immediate                                  to or less than between sites                        vicinity of the ash spill                              10 microns Portable - rotating PM10              P6, P7, P8, P8.2, P9 in  Jan. 1 - 10, 2009            TEOM: Tapered between sites                        residential areas                                      Element surrounding the ash                                    Oscillating spill                                                  Microbalance TVA      TEOM                PM2.5            On TVA property          Dec. 31, 2008 - Feb. 4, FRM                PM2.5 + metals                              2009                        FRM: Federal PM10 + metals                                                            Reference Method Temporary,          Total metals      5 locations surrounding  Jan. 1 - Mar. 10, 2009      TISCH: a brand stationary          using industrial  the ash spill; PS05-                                  name hygiene method    PS09 FRM                PM2.5            PS05, PS06, PS07,        By March 1, 2009 -          Hi-Vol: a high PS08, PS09                Present                      volume ambient FRM                PM10              PS07, PS09                By March 1, 2009 -          air sampler Present TSP: Total Portable, real-    PM10              Many locations            Dec. 28, 2008 - Present suspended time, 1 - 3 minute                    throughout the particles samples                              community TDEC    FRM (since 1999)    PM2.5            Harriman High School      Long-term ambient            KIF: Kingston TEOM (since        PM2.5                                      monitoring station          Fossil Plant 2005)
TISCH Hi Vol        PM10, daily      PS07                      Jan. 19, 2009 - Present TISCH TSP          Metals, daily    PS07                      Jan. 19, 2009 - Present TVA Sampling Mobile Laboratory On-Site Monitor TVA's mobile laboratory operated on-site at KIF from December 31, 2008, to February 4, 2009. The mobile monitor measured both PM2.5 and PM10.
PM2.5 was measured with two different instruments: a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) monitor and a Federal Reference Method (FRM) sampler. The TEOM monitor measured PM2.5 continuously and recorded the hourly average concentration. The FRM instrument contained a filter that collected airborne particles for 24 hours before it was sent to a laboratory for analysis. Filters in the sampler were changed at noon each day.
TVA also measured the metals content in the filters from the FRM PM2.5 38
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release monitor for the same time period. The mobile laboratory was dismantled in              PM10: particles early February to allow the area to be prepared for on-site storage of dredged        in air with a coal ash. Individual metals in PM10 air particulate samples were collected            diameter equal to or less than with a high volume sampler using quartz filters which were analyzed by X-ray          10 microns fluorescence. See Table 38 for details.                                                TVA: TN Valley Authority TVA Temporary Stationary Monitors                                                      CTEH: Center for Toxicology During the initial ash coal spill response, TVAs ambient air monitoring              and Environmental contractor, Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health (CTEH), used                Health, a temporary stationary monitors to collect 24-hour samples each day from five            contractor for TVA locations surrounding the coal ash spill area. Monitors were identified as PS05 TDEC: TN through PS09. Monitor PS05 was located on Swan Pond Road; PS06 was                    Department of located on Bershire Lane; PS07 was collocated with TDEC monitors on                    Environment &
Conservation Lakeshore Drive; PS08 was on Emory River Road; PS09 was on Windswept Lane. Figures 9 and 10 show the locations of the monitors.                            FRM: Federal Reference Method The temporary monitors collected samples of all particulates for total metals PM2.5: particles analysis. They collected and analyzed for crystalline silica, total dust, and          in air with a respirable dust that was 4 microns in diameter or less. Air monitoring results        diameter equal to or less than were available online for December 28, 2008, through March 10, 2009, on                2.5 microns TVAs website (TVA 2009). Results from their total metals testing can be              NAAQS:
found in Table 39.                                                                    National Ambient Air Quality Standards TVA Stationary Long-Term Monitors TEOM: Tapered TVA now has five FRM PM2.5 and two FRM PM10 stationary long-term                      Element Oscillating monitors surrounding the site at the same locations as the temporary monitors.        Microbalance FRM PM2.5 monitors are positioned at locations PS05, PS06, PS07, PS08, and PS09. FRM PM10 monitors are positioned at locations PS07 and PS09. Most of these monitors began collecting data on February 12, 2009, and all of the new monitors were in operation by March 2009. Sampling and analysis will continue for the duration of coal ash recovery activities with samples being collected every third day or sixth day.
Sampling results for these monitors can be found online at TVAs website.
Based on the air monitoring results of total metals up to April 2009, which did not indicate elevated levels of metals, TVA will only analyze the filters for arsenic.
FRM monitors use filter-based methods that generally produce data of good accuracy and precision. Data from FRM monitors are used for comparison with NAAQS values. However, the data are not available for some time after the measurement is made. This means that FRM data cannot be used to calculate the Air Quality Index or make rapid decisions about air quality.
Continuous monitors, such as the TEOM monitor, have the advantage of providing near real-time data.
39
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Real-time measurements TVA: TN Valley Authority In addition, private contractors for TVA have taken several thousand real-time CTEH: Center air samples for PM10 every day since December 28, 2008. The real-time                  for Toxicology measurements were taken initially by the contractor, CTEH, and continue to be          and Environmental taken every day by the contractor, Shaw Environmental. Particulate levels are          Health, a measured at predetermined locations with a portable monitor to measure                  contractor for TVA particulate levels for a brief time - from 1 to 3 minutes. It is not possible to PM2.5: particles use a single 1 to 3 minute average to characterize either an hourly average or a        in air with a 24-hour average. However, having consistent daily elevated observations                diameter equal to or less than taken at the same time in the same location could indicate that an area may be          2.5 microns seeing elevated hourly concentrations and possible elevated daily levels. See NAAQS:
Figure 10 for representative daily sampling locations.                                  National Ambient Air Quality TVA Analytical Results                                                                  Standards g/m&#xb3;:
All TVA air monitoring results are summarized in Table f at the end of this            microgram per cubic meter of air TVA analytical results section.
PM10: particles in air with a Mobile Laboratory On-Site Monitor                                                      diameter equal to or less than 10 See Table 38 for a summary of the analytical results.                                  microns TVAs PM2.5 analyses from their mobile laboratory from December 31, 2008, through February 3, 2009, were below the NAAQS level of 35 g/m&#xb3; as a 24-hour average.
In the 35 PM2.5 samples, no cadmium, chromium, or thallium was detected.
Arsenic was detected once, lead was detected in seven samples, selenium was detected in 17 samples, and vanadium was detected in two samples. These metals were detected at concentrations less than health comparison values.
There are no published health comparison values for thallium or vanadium in air.
In TVAs PM10 samples, no cadmium, lead, thallium, or vanadium was detected in the 35 samples. Arsenic was detected in three of 35 samples, chromium was detected in 19 of 35 samples, and selenium was detected in four of 35 samples. Arsenic was above the health comparison value of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3; in each of the three samples. The concentrations of arsenic found in PM10 on January 3, January 15, and January 31, 2009, were 0.0042 g/m&#xb3;,
0.0031 g/m&#xb3;, and 0.0040 g/m&#xb3;, respectively.
Chromium was above the health comparison value range of 0.001 to 0.003 g/m&#xb3; in 14 of the 19 samples in which chromium was detected, with a maximum concentration of 0.0109 g/m&#xb3; on January 14, 2009. The average concentration of the samples in which chromium was detected at 0.0039 g/m&#xb3;,
slightly above the health comparison value range of 0.001 to 0.003 g/m&#xb3;.
Selenium in PM10 was below its health comparison value of 20 g/m&#xb3; in all four samples in which it was detected.
40
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release TVA Temporary Stationary Monitors                                                            TVA: TN Valley Authority The temporary monitors collected samples for total metals (industrial hygiene EEP:
method) from December 28, 2008, through March 10, 2009, by collecting all                    Environmental particulates on filters. Most samples had non-detectable concentrations of                  Epidemiology Program metals. The details of analytical results for those metals detected at g/m&#xb3;:
concentrations above the minimum detection limit are presented in Table 39.                  microgram per The detection limits for arsenic and chromium were above the health                          cubic meter of air comparison values used by EEP. The health comparison values are 0.0023 NAAQS:
g/m&#xb3; for arsenic and the range from 0.001 to 0.003 g/m&#xb3; for chromium.                      National Ambient Air Four samples had detectable levels of lead on January 17, February 7, February              Quality Standards 13, and February 24, 2009. Details are described in Table e below. These concentrations were below the NAAQS of 0.15 g/m&#xb3; for lead.                                  PM2.5:
particles in air with a diameter Table e. Air concentrations of lead detected above minimum detection limits                equal to or less at temporary stationary monitors. Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash release,                  than 2.5 Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                                        microns Date                          Location            Concentration, g/m&#xb3; PM10: particles 1/13/2009                      PS07                      0.051 in air with a 2/07/2009                      PS06                      0.026                            diameter equal 2/13/2009                      PS08                      0.025                            to or less than 2/24/2009                      PS06                      0.026                            10 microns Cadmium was detected at 0.01 g/m&#xb3; on January 26, 2009, at PS09. This value was above the health comparison value of 0.0056 g/m&#xb3;. These results represent total metals, including those that are not inhalable or respirable.
Because the concentration of cadmium represents particulate matter of all sizes and the health comparison value is for particles of inhalable and respirable size, the health risk is likely overestimated. In addition, only one sample of 69 had any detectable cadmium.
Aluminum, copper, manganese, and zinc were detected occasionally above the minimum detection limits. No levels of these metals were above health comparison values.
TVA Stationary Long-Term Monitors TVAs stationary long-term monitors measured PM2.5 at five locations and PM10 at two locations surrounding the ash release. TVA also analyzed the PM2.5 and PM10 for arsenic and thallium. From February 12, 2009, through February 24, 2009, no arsenic or thallium was detected in PM2.5 or PM10. On February 27, 2009, arsenic and thallium were below detection limits at sampling stations PS07 and PS08, but were not analyzed at sampling stations PS05, PS06, or PS09. On March 2, 2009, arsenic and thallium were below detection limits at sampling station 7, but were not analyzed at the other sampling stations. From March 5 to March 23, 2009, analysis was not done for arsenic and thallium.
From February 12 to March 23, 2009, the detection limit for arsenic was above the health comparison value of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;. This means that from February 41
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release 12 to March 23, 2009, the actual concentration of arsenic could have been              TVA: TN Valley greater than the health comparison value. Beginning on March 26, 2009, the            Authority detection limit for arsenic was well below the health comparison value. No            NAAQS:
arsenic or thallium was detected from March 26 through May 13, 2009. Results          National Ambient Air can be seen on TVAs website (TVA 2009).                                              Quality Standards All particulate measurements were below the NAAQS limits.                              CTEH: Center for Toxicology Real-Time Results                                                                      and Environmental Health, a From December 28, 2008, through May 31, 2009, CTEH took 47,908 real-time              contractor for air samples for PM10 with hand-held meters. The current contractor is                  TVA continuing to take samples every day. Of these samples, 216 (0.4%) samples            PM10: particles in air with a were greater than 100 g/m&#xb3; and 60 (0.1%) samples were greater than 150                diameter equal g/m&#xb3;. Notations in the comment section of the CTEH spreadsheet containing            to or less than 10 microns these data points were used in elucidating the possible cause of the increased readings. Possible causes included fires in fireplaces, from burning of brush, or      g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per forest fires, and dust from the quarry and trucks from the quarry traveling to the    cubic meter of site of the coal ash release. Fires of some sort were noted in the comments            air section for 47% of readings greater than 100 g/m&#xb3;. Truck traffic or visible dust was noted for 8% of readings greater than 100 g/m&#xb3;.
These data were used in an attempt to correlate higher real-time concentrations and residents concerns and complaints. See the section on Public Health Implications of the Airborne Coal Ash in this section and the section on Community Concerns.
See Table f. below for a summary of TVAs analytical results.
42
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                              PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Table f. TVA air monitoring data, beginning December 31, 2008. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.                                                              TVA: TN Valley Authority Date        Type of Monitor        Results PM2.5: particles 12/31/2008  PM2.5 at mobile        Less than NAAQS for PM2.5 of 35 g/m&#xb3;. PM2.5              in air with a
  - 2/3/2009  laboratory            was about 28 g/m&#xb3; on 1 day in January. All other        diameter equal to measurements were < 25 g/m&#xb3;.                            or less than 2.5 microns No detection of cadmium, chromium, or thallium.
Arsenic detected once, lead detected 7 times,            g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per selenium detected 17 times - all below health cubic meter of air comparison values.
Vanadium detected twice - no health comparison            NAAQS:
National Ambient value.                                                    Air Quality 12/31/2008  PM10 at mobile        No detection of cadmium, lead, thallium, or              Standards
  - 2/3/2009  laboratory            vanadium.                                                PM10: particles Arsenic was detected 3 times, at concentrations          in air with a above health comparison values, but within the range      diameter equal to or less than 10 found in ambient air in the U.S.                          microns Chromium was detected 19 times, at concentrations FRM: Federal above health comparison values in 14 of 19 samples, Reference but within the range found in ambient air in the U.S. Method The health comparison value is based on hexavalent chromium; 13% of chromium in coal ash is hexavalent chromium.
Selenium detected 4 times at levels below health comparison values.
1/1 -        Temporary total        Most samples had non-detectable metals.
3/10/2009    metals monitors at 5 locations (these      The detection limits for arsenic and chromium were samples represent      above the health comparison values. The total metals, not just concentrations found were within ranges found in respirable metals)    U.S. air.
Lead was detected 4 times out of 69 samples at concentrations below the health comparison value.
Cadmium was detected one time out of 69 samples at a concentration above the health comparison value.
2/12/2009    5 Stationary FRM PM    All PM2.5 and PM10 were below NAAQS
  - Present    2.5 monitors          concentrations. PM10 on 2/18/09 was 53.1 g/m&#xb3; at PS09. All others were below 50.0 g/m&#xb3;. All PM2.5 were below 25 g/m&#xb3;.
Samples were analyzed for arsenic and thallium. All arsenic and thallium analysis showed no detections or were not analyzed for. The detection limit for arsenic is above the health comparison value.
Concentrations of arsenic were within the ranges found in U.S. air.
12/28/2008  Portable real-time    47,908 were taken samples between January 1 and
  - Present    PM10 monitors          May 31, 2009. 0.1% were above 150 g/m&#xb3;, the 24-hour average NAAQS concentration.
43
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release EPA EPA: U.S.
Environmental Sampling                                                                              Protection Agency From December 27, 2008, through January 10, 2009, EPA used Tetra Tech to              Tetra Tech:
conduct coal ash perimeter and community particulate air monitoring                  Superfund Technical activities. Tetra Tech performed particulate air monitoring to assess whether        Assessment and air particulate concentrations were exceeding the criteria for worker safety as      Response Team (START) well as community protection. Tetra Tech conducted air monitoring                    contractor for activities at a total of ten locations on and off site. Each air monitoring          EPA Region 4 location, designated P1 to P8, P8.2, and P9, is depicted on Figure 11.                KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant On December 27, 2008, Tetra Tech staged a fixed total particulate monitor on          PM2.5: particles KIF property near on-going response activities along Swan Pond Road. They            in air with a diameter equal to recorded particulate concentrations in the area immediately around                    or less than 2.5 disturbance of the released coal ash. This air monitor was operated for              microns approximately three to nine hours each day from December 27, 2008, through            PM10: particles in air with a January 10, 2009.                                                                    diameter equal to or less than 10 From December 30, 2008, through January 10, 2009, Tetra Tech monitored                microns particulate concentrations at nine additional locations. Five locations were in      TVA: TN Valley Authority the immediate vicinity of the release on the Kingston Fossil Plant property (P1- P5), and five others were in surrounding residential areas near the              OSHA:
Occupational release (P6, P7, P8, P8.2, and P9) (Tetra Tech 2009).                                Safety and Health From December 30 to 31, 2008, monitoring was performed using portable                Administration PM2.5 monitors. From January 1 to 10, 2009, Tetra Tech replaced the                  mg/kg: milligram per kilogram PM2.5 monitors with portable PM10 monitors to validate comparable data NAAQS:
collected by TVA. During the entire twelve-day monitoring period, up to              National Ambient two particulate monitors were deployed each day. One air monitor was                  Air Quality Standards placed at a fixed location for a continuous monitoring period. The second air monitor was rotated to all nine monitoring locations throughout the day.              g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per Each location was monitored for approximately 10 minutes, and each                    cubic meter of air location was monitored several times throughout the day.                              WHO: World Health Analytical Results                                                                    Organization Continuous air monitoring for total particulates at the fixed location (P1) on-site from December 27 to 31, 2008, indicated the average total particulate concentrations were below the OSHA permissible exposure limit of 5.0 mg/kg for nuisance dust.
Air monitoring with a portable particulate monitor equipped with a PM2.5 filter from December 30 to December 31, 2009, indicated particulate concentrations at locations on and off site (P2 to P9) were below the 24-hour average NAAQS for PM2.5 of 35 g/m&#xb3; and the WHO guideline of 25 g/m&#xb3;.
The concentrations ranged from 5 to 9.9 g/m&#xb3;.
44
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Continuous air monitoring was performed at the fixed location (P1) on TVA                                TVA: TN Valley property near the spill site during on-going disturbance of the coal ash.                                Authority Monitoring was done with a particulate monitor equipped with a PM10 filter                              PM10: particles from January 1 to 10, 2009. Results indicated that the average particulate                              in air with a diameter equal to concentrations were below the NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3;. From January                                  or less than 10 5 to 8, 2009, and on January 10, 2009, work activities at this location caused                          microns instantaneous maximum particulate concentrations to exceed 150 g/m&#xb3;.                                    NAAQS:
National Ambient However, the average particulate concentration based on a time-weighted                                  Air Quality average did not exceed the NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3;. The time-                                        Standards weighted average concentrations ranged from 6.1 to 55.6 g/m&#xb3;. Only one                                  g/m&#xb3;:
measurement was above the WHO guidance for PM10 of 50 g/m&#xb3; as a 24-                                    microgram per cubic meter of air hour average.
WHO: World Health Tetra Tech performed air monitoring onsite (P2 - P5) with a portable monitor                            Organization equipped with a PM10 filter from January 1 to 10, 2009. Average particulate                              Tetra Tech:
concentrations were below the NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m3. The on-site                                  Superfund Technical average concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 76.2 g/m&#xb3;.                                                    Assessment and Response Team Tetra Tech performed air monitoring off-site (P6 - P9) with a portable monitor                          (START) contractor for equipped with a PM10.0 filter from January 1 to 10, 2009. Average particulate                            EPA Region 4 concentrations were below the NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m3. The off-site                                  EPA: U.S.
average concentrations ranged from 9.8 to 49.4 g/m3.                                                    Environmental Protection Table g below summarizes the analytical results of EPAs air testing.                                    Agency OSHA:
Table g. Summary of EPA air monitoring data. December 27, 2008, through January 10, 2009.              Occupational KIF Coal Ash Spill (TetraTech 2009).                                                                  Safety and Date                Type of Monitor                    Result                                  Health Administration EPA    12/27 -                                                Range: 0 to 10 g/m&#xb3;; < OSHA limit Fixed total particulates at P1 12/31/2008                                            of 5.0 mg/kg for nuisance dust          PM2.5: particles Range: 5 to 9.9 g/m&#xb3;; < NAAQS for      in air with a 12/30 -            Portable PM2.5 at P2 - P9 on-PM2.5 of 35 g/m&#xb3; and WHO                diameter equal to 12/31/2008          and off-site guideline for PM2.5 of 25 g/m&#xb3;          or less than 2.5 Range: 6.1 to 55.6 g/m&#xb3;                microns Fixed PM10 at P1 on-site,          Average concentration less than 35 1/1 - 1/10/2009 continuous                        g/m&#xb3;; less than NAAQS for PM10 of 3
150 g/m Instantaneous maximum concentrations greater than NAAQS 1/5 - 1/8/2009 &
Fixed PM10 at P1 on-site          for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3;; time-1/10/2009 weighted average ranged from 6.1 to 55.6 g/m&#xb3; Average concentration < NAAQS for Portable PM10 onsite at P1-P5 1/1 - 1/10/2009                                        PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3; on-site Range: 7.5 to 76.2 g/m&#xb3; Average concentration < NAAQS for Portable PM10 off-site at P6-P9    PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3; and WHO 1/1 - 1/10/2009 off-site                          guideline of 50 g/m&#xb3; Range: 9.8 to 49.4 g/m&#xb3; 45
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release TDECs Air Data                                                                        TDEC: TN Department of Sampling                                                                                Environment &
Conservation TDEC Division of Air Pollution Control (APC) began daily sampling and                  APC: Division of Air Pollution analysis for PM10 and for TSP plus metals on January 19, 2009, after EPA                Control provided APC a continuous TEOM monitor for PM10 collection and a TISCH PM10: particles Hi-Vol monitor for collection of TSP to be analyzed for metals. The TEOM                in air with a and TSP monitors are co-located with TVAs FRM PM2.5 and PM10 monitors                  diameter equal to or less than 10 at TVA location PS07. APC operates two monitors in Harriman, a PM2.5                    microns TEOM installed in 2005 and a PM2.5 FRM installed in 1999. See Figures 9                TSP: Total and 10 for locations of monitoring activities. APC considers location PS07 to          suspended particles represent the location where the highest levels of particulate matter would EPA: U.S.
consistently be found.                                                                  Environmental Protection APC is measuring the metals in total suspended particles (TSP). TSP refers to          Agency all particulates in air - those too large to be inhaled, those that can be inhaled      TEOM: Tapered but not respired, and respirable particles. APC chose this method to ensure            Element Oscillating that they had enough particulate matter for accurate metals analyses. The level        Microbalance of respirable particles is lower than the levels of TSP. Because the metals are        TISCH: a brand measured in all particulates (TSP), the concentration of metals that are                name available for respiration (about 30 percent of the ash) may be overstated in            Hi-Vol: a high volume ambient TDECs sampling and analysis of TSP for metals.                                        air sampler TDEC Analytical Results                                                                TVA: TN Valley Authority TDEC began daily monitoring for PM10 and TSP on January 19, 2009, at                    PM2.5: particles in air with a PS07. Beryllium, cadmium, chromium, thallium, vanadium, and mercury                    diameter equal to were not detected in any samples taken from January 19, 2009, through April            or less than 2.5 microns 19, 2009. Arsenic was detected in five of 16 samples. The samples taken on FRM: Federal February 24 and April 19, 2009 were estimated to be 0.0025 g/m&#xb3; and 0.0029            Reference g/m&#xb3;, respectively. These concentrations were slightly above the health                Method comparison value of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;. The other 3 samples were less than the                g/m&#xb3;: microgram health comparison value. Selenium was detected at very low concentrations in            per cubic meter of air eight of 16 samples at levels ranging from 0.001 to 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;. The health NAAQS:
comparison value is 20 g/m&#xb3;. See Table 40 for details. PM10 measurements              National Ambient were all below the NAAQS of 150 g/m&#xb3; and the WHO guideline for of 50                  Air Quality Standards g/m&#xb3; as 24-hour averages from January 19 through May 31, 2009.
EEP:
Environmental PM2.5 measurements at the monitor at Harriman High School have been                    Epidemiology below the NAAQS of 35 g/m&#xb3; and have no shown no effects from the coal                  ATSDR: Agency ash release.                                                                            for Toxic Substances &
Disease Registry Toxicology of Breathing Metals and Their Health Comparison Values As discussed in the section on Health Comparison Values in the Discussion, EEP chose ATSDR or EPA health comparison values when they were available. Table h below presents health comparison values for metals in air.
These values were used in this public health assessment and by TDECs APC 46
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release (Bashor 2009) and were chosen to be protective of public health for airborne                      KIF: Kingston coal ash at the KIF ash site. Metals detected above their respective health                      Fossil Plant comparison values in air and those comparison values needing explanation will                    g/m&#xb3;: microgram be discussed in Appendix B.                                                                      per cubic meter of air Table h. Health comparison values to be used for metals in ambient air. Kingston                EPA: U.S.
Fossil Plant coal ash release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                              Environmental Georgia 2008 annual average range,                                        3    Protection Metal              3                                      Health Comparison Value, g/m        Agency g/m ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Aluminum      NA                                          NA                                  Substances &
Arsenic        0 - 0.001                                  0.0023 (ca) 1                        Disease Registry Barium        NA                                          NA                                  EMEG: ATSDR 1                      environmental Beryllium      0.025 - 0.026                              0.0042 (ca)                          media evaluation Cadmium        0.0001 - 0.0003                            0.0056 (ca) 1                        guide Chromium      0.001 - 0.003                              0.002 2                              MRL: ATSDR minimal risk level Lead          0.0029 - 0.1                                0.15 3 mg/kg: milligram Manganese      0.003 - 0.011                              0.04 4                              per kilogram Selenium      0                                          20 1                                PM2.5: particles in air with a Thallium      NA                                          NA                                  diameter equal to Vanadium      NA                                          NA                                  or less than 2.5 microns NA = not available 1
EPA Region IV guidance, non-carcinogens are adjusted for a hazard index of 1 and              PM10: particles carcinogens are adjusted for 1 in a 100,000 risk of excess cancer                              in air with a 2
value of 0.00083 g/m3 for a 1x10-5 increased cancer risk and is for chromium VI; suggest    diameter equal to using the background range for the state of Georgia                                            or less than 10 3                                                                                              microns National Ambient Air Quality Standard, rolling 3 month average 4
ATSDR chronic EMEG / MRL for inhalation exposure Public Health Implications of the Airborne Coal Ash PM2.5, PM10, and Metals No government agencies tested ambient air samples between December 22 and December 27, 2008. Therefore, it is impossible to make definitive statements about the air quality near the coal ash release before December 27, 2009.
The ambient temperature varied between a low of 12 &deg;F on December 22, 2008, to a high of 66 &deg;F on December 27, 2008. A trace amount of rain fell on December 23, 2008. Rain fell in the amount of 0.45 inches on December 24 and on December 26, 2008, and 0.31 inches on December 28, 2008. The ash was wet when it spilled from the holding pond. Wet weather conditions on three days after the release would have kept the coal ash from drying out and getting into the air. Average wind speeds ranged from 0.4 to 3.7 miles per hour from December 22 through December 27, 2008. Raw data from the PM2.5 monitor at Harriman High School about two miles away did not show an increase in PM2.5 concentrations at the end of December 2008. The average PM2.5 concentration in Harriman was 8.9 g/m&#xb3; on December 2008, 47
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release with range of 4.1 to 16.9 g/m&#xb3;. Concentrations PM2.5 in Harriman on                                                    g/m&#xb3;:
December 23, 26, and 29, 2008, were 9.6, 8.6, and 5.7 g/m&#xb3;, respectively.                                              microgram per cubic meter of All sampling results following the coal ash release are summarized in Table i.                                          air The results will be discussed after the table.                                                                          TVA: TN Valley Authority Table i. Air monitoring data summary. December 27, 2008, through May 31, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane            PM2.5: particles County, Tennessee.                                                                                                    in air with a diameter equal Agency        Date                Type of Monitor                Result                                              to or less than 2.5 microns TVA          12/31/2008 -        PM2.5 at mobile laboratory      Less than NAAQS for PM2.5 of 35 g/m&#xb3;. PM2.5        NAAQS:
2/3/2009                                            was about 28 g/m&#xb3; on 1 day in January. All other    National Ambient measurements were < 25 g/m&#xb3;.                        Air Quality Standards No detection of cadmium, chromium, or thallium.
PM10: particles Arsenic detected once, lead detected 7 times, in air with a selenium detected 17 times out of 35 samples- all diameter equal below health comparison values.
to or less than Vanadium detected twice - no health comparison      10 microns value.                                              FRM: Federal Reference 12/31/2008 -        PM10 at mobile laboratory      No detection of cadmium, lead, thallium, or          Method 2/3/2009                                            vanadium.
Arsenic detected 3 times, at concentrations above health comparison values, but within the range found in ambient air in the U.S.
Chromium detected 19 times, at concentrations above health comparison values in 14 of 19 samples, but within the range found in ambient air in the U.S. The health comparison value is based on hexavalent chromium; 13% of chromium in coal ash is hexavalent chromium.
Selenium detected 4 times at levels below health comparison values.
1/1 - 3/10/2009    Temporary stationary total      Most samples had non-detectable metals, The metals monitors at 5 locations. detection limits for arsenic and chromium were These samples represent total  above the health comparison values. The metals, not just respirable    concentrations were within ranges found in U.S. air.
metals.
Lead was detected 3 times at concentrations below the health comparison value.
Cadmium was detected once at a concentration above the health comparison value.
2/12/2009 - May    5 Stationary FRM PM2.5          All PM2.5 and PM10 were below NAAQS 13, 2009            monitors                        concentrations. PM10 on 2/18/09 was 53.1 g/m&#xb3; at PS09. All others were below 50.0 g/m&#xb3;. All PM2.5 were below 25 g/m&#xb3;.
Samples were analyzed for arsenic and thallium.
All arsenic and thallium analyses showed no detections or were not analyzed for. The detection limit for arsenic was above the health comparison value, but within the ranges found in U.S. air.
12/28/2008 -        Portable real-time PM10        47,908 samples between 12/28/2008 and Present            monitors                        5/31/2009. 0.1% were above 150 g/m&#xb3;.
48
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Table i continued. Air monitoring data summary. December 27, 2008, through May 31, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.                                                                                              EPA: U.S.
Environmental Agency          Date              Type of Monitor                  Result                                            Protection Agency EPA            12/27 -                                            Range: 0 to 10 g/m&#xb3;; < OSHA limit of 5.0 mg/kg  g/m&#xb3;: microgram Fixed total particulates at P1 12/31/2008                                          for nuisance dust                                per cubic meter of air Range: 5 to 9.9 g/m&#xb3;; < NAAQS for PM2.5 of 12/30 -                                                                                              OSHA:
Portable PM2.5 at P2 - P9        35 g/m&#xb3; and WHO guideline for PM2.5 of 25 12/31/2008                                                                                            Occupational g/m&#xb3; Safety and Health Administration Range: 6.1 to 55.6 g/m&#xb3;; average 1/1 - 1/10/2009    Fixed PM10 at P1                concentrations < 35 g/m&#xb3; and less than NAAQS    PM2.5: particles for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3;                            in air with a diameter equal to Instantaneous maximum concentrations greater      or less than 2.5 1/5 - 1/8/2009 Fixed PM10 at P1                than NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3;; time-          microns and 1/10/2009 weighted average ranged from 6.1 to 55.6 g/m&#xb3; NAAQS: National Ambient Air Range: 7.5 to 76.2 g/m&#xb3;; average concentration 1/1 - 1/10/2009    Portable PM10 onsite (P2-P5)                                                      Quality Standards
                                                                      < NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3; WHO: World Range: 9.8 to 49.5 g/m&#xb3;; average concentration  Health 1/1 - 1/10/2009    Portable PM10 off-site (P6-P9)  < NAAQS for PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3; and WHO            Organization guideline of 50 g/m&#xb3; PM10: particles in air with a TDEC                                                                All results are 40 g/m&#xb3; or less, < NAAQS for 1/29/2009 -                                                                                          diameter equal to TEOM PM10                        PM10 of 150 g/m&#xb3; and WHO guideline of 50 5/31/2009                                                                                            or less than 10 g/m&#xb3; microns 1/29 -            TSP for metals                  Beryllium, cadmium, chromium, thallium,          TDEC: TN 4/19/2009                                          vanadium, and mercury were not detected in any    Department of samples.                                          Environment &
Conservation Arsenic was detected in 5 samples.
Concentrations in 3 samples were less than the    TEOM: Tapered health comparison value of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;. Two      Element samples were detected at 0.0025 and 0.0029        Oscillating g/m&#xb3;, slightly above the health comparison      Microbalance value.
TSP: Total suspended particles All measurements for PM2.5 and PM10 at the mobile laboratory, from TVAs TVA: TN Valley temporary stationary monitors, from TVAs stationary long-term monitors,                                                Authority and from TDECs monitors at sampling station 7 are well within the NAAQS                                                EEP:
for PM2.5 and PM10, as well as below the WHO guideline. Only one                                                        Environmental Epidemiology measurement of PM10 by TVA at one location was above the WHO guideline                                                  Program of 50 g/m&#xb3;. Research into the chemical and toxicological nature of coal fly ash indicates that the ash can be considered a nuisance dust (Meij and te Winkel 2001; Meij 2000). The ash does not appear to have greater potency to cause pulmonary effects than those of other ambient particulates (Smith et al.
2006).
PM2.5 is respirable and can reach deep into the lungs. No metals were detected in TVAs PM2.5 analyses for metals from December 31, 2008, through February 3, 2009, at the mobile laboratory site. EEP did not have exact detection limits for PM2.5 metals analyses at the mobile laboratory, but they were below 0.005 g/m&#xb3; for arsenic and chromium. No arsenic or 49
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release thallium was detected in PM2.5 samples from the new stationary long-term              PM2.5: particles monitors from February 12, 2009, through March 2, 2009.                              in air with a diameter equal to TVAs metals analysis results in samples from the mobile laboratory site              or less than 2.5 microns showed some detectable levels of metals in PM10. Arsenic was detected three TVA: TN Valley times out of 35 samples between December 31, 2008, and February 3, 2009, at          Authority levels slightly above the health comparison value of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;, but within        PM10: particles the range found in the U.S (0.00022 g/m&#xb3; to 0.011 g/m&#xb3;). No arsenic was            in air with a diameter equal to detected in PM10 samples from TVAs stationary long-term monitors.                    or less than 10 TDECs analyses for arsenic in PM10 detected arsenic in three samples. Only          microns one of these samples was slightly over the health comparison value.                  g/m&#xb3;: microgram per cubic meter of In PM10 samples collected at TVAs mobile laboratory, chromium was                    air detected at levels above the health comparison value of 0.001 g/m&#xb3; to 0.003          TDEC: TN Department of g/m&#xb3; in 14 of 19 samples. The average concentration was only slightly above          Environment &
the health comparison value and was within the range found at sites                  Conservation throughout the U.S. that monitor for metals in air (0.00036 g/m&#xb3; to 0.011            KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant g/m&#xb3;, with a weighted average of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;). The maximum concentration detected was 0.01 g/m&#xb3;, representing total chromium.                  APC: Division of Air Pollution Hexavalent chromium is much more toxic than trivalent chromium, and the              Control health comparison value is based on hexavalent chromium toxicity. The coal            APC: Division of ash at KIF contains approximately 13% hexavalent chromium. The maximum                Air Pollution Control concentration of total chromium would be equivalent to a maximum TSP: Total concentration of 0.0003 g/m&#xb3; of hexavalent chromium. APC had not detected            suspended chromium in any of its TSP samples as of April 1, 2009. Between June 6 and            particles August 17, 2009, APC detected chromium in seven samples, all at levels less          NAAQS: National Ambient Air than the health comparison value. TVAs mobile laboratory was on TVA                  Quality Standards property immediately adjacent to active disturbance of the released ash, while APCs TSP samples were collected at sampling site PS07 in the community.
Selenium was detected by TVA in PM2.5 and PM10 samples at the mobile laboratory site and by TDEC in eight of 16 TSP samples. All measurements were well below the health comparison value of 20 g/m&#xb3;.
TVA measured total metals in their samples from their temporary stationary monitors. They detected lead in three of 69 samples, all below the NAAQS limit of 0.15 g/m&#xb3;. Cadmium was detected in one sample, at a level above the health comparison value of 0.0056 g/m&#xb3;. The detection limits for arsenic and chromium were above the health comparison values. The actual concentrations of arsenic and chromium could have been greater than their health comparison values. These samples were for total metals, not just metals in PM2.5 or PM10.
Although some metals were detected in some samples, the overall results indicate that metals in airborne ash should not adversely affect public health.
This reinforces the statements in the peer-reviewed literature that indicate that coal fly ash is a nuisance dust (Meij and te Winkel 2001; Meij 2000; Smith et al. 2006).
50
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release All particulate measurements for both PM2.5 and PM10 by FRM and TEOM                      PM2.5: particles monitoring surrounding the site are below the National Ambient Air Quality                in air with a diameter equal to Standards and WHO guidelines and should have no adverse effect on public                  or less than 2.5 health.                                                                                    microns PM10: particles Real-time Sampling                                                                        in air with a diameter equal to EEP reviewed CTEH spreadsheets containing air quality measurements of 1 to                or less than 10 microns 3 minute samples of PM10. For measurements greater than 100 g/m&#xb3;, EEP FRM: Federal analyzed and mapped results of real-time measurements. Notations in the                    Reference comments section of the spreadsheets gave some insight into the cause of the              Method higher real-time measurements. Of the 47,908 measurements from January 2                  TEOM: Tapered Element through May 31, 2009, 216 samples measured greater than or equal to 100                    Oscillating g/m&#xb3; as of May 31, 2009, (0.45% of the total measurements). Of these, 47                  Microbalance (22%) had no dust or odor to explain the cause of the higher readings. Table j            WHO: World below summarizes the data by presumed cause of the higher PM10 readings.                  Health Organization Table j. Notations for real-time PM10 measurement that were equal to or                EEP:
greater than 100 g/m&#xb3;. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.                Environmental January 2, 2009, through March 31, 2009.                                                Epidemiology Program Notation summary                                      Number  Percentage Visible fire, active fireplace, or wood burning odor    115        53                  CTEH: Center for Toxicology and No visible dust or odor                                47          22                  Environmental Hazy, foggy, or high humidity conditions                34          16                  Health, a contractor for Visible dust / truck traffic                            18          8                  TVA In a work area                                          4          2 g/m&#xb3;: microgram Other                                                    4          2                  per cubic meter of More than 1 notation included with some sample results                                  air NAAQS: National It is not possible to predict 24-hour average concentrations of PM10 from                  Ambient Air Quality Standards these real-time measurements, but it is certainly possible that at some locations TVA: TN Valley PM10 was at levels greater than the NAAQS limits 24-hour average                          Authority concentration of 150 g/m&#xb3;. The increased PM10 real-time measurements appear to be due to a number of sources. It is unlikely that the increased PM10 measurements are due to airborne coal fly ash. However, 22% of the increased PM10 measurements had no obvious cause. Monitors surrounding the coal ash release indicate that air quality was and is meeting all particulate standards.
Dust Although PM10, PM2.5, and metals analysis indicate that air is meeting National Ambient Air Quality Standards, there is a huge amount of coal ash filling the Emory River and inlets near homes. TVA has implemented dust suppression activities, including washing wheels and underbodies of trucks working at the site of the ash release. TVA spread grass seed, fertilizer, and straw over the centralized areas of displaced ash via an aerial, helicopter application. Cold weather prevented germination of the winter rye grass seed.
The remaining, undisturbed portion of the ash dredge cell was covered with a vinyl acrylic emulsion blend liquid dust suppression agent. Again, cold 51
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Air                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release weather and high winds diminished the effectiveness of these measures. TVA TVA: TN Valley proceeded to cover the area with straw to prevent fugitive dusting. Spraying of      Authority the liquid dust suppression agent will continue as necessary to suppress dust.        TDH: Tennessee The perimeter of the displaced ash was also treated with the vinyl acrylic            Department of Health emulsion.
TDEC: TN Department of For areas of ash that will remain undisturbed for longer periods of time, TVA        Environment &
plans to apply either the vinyl acrylic emulsion blend liquid dust suppression        Conservation agent or erosion control mulch as needed. When weather conditions optimize, TVA will further seed and fertilize if it becomes necessary. A stepped wall on the northern portion borders the remaining, undisturbed portion of the ash dredge cell. TVA plans to excavate the stepped wall and construct a flatter
(~3:1) slope of ash in its place. This slope will be treated with the erosion control mulch.
To rebuild destroyed roads and to build dikes to contain the ash in the river, activity at the local quarry has increased dramatically. Frequently, trucks pass by homes carrying stone to the site and returning to the quarry. TDH, TDEC, and TVA have received complaints about dust on Quarry Road and on other routes that the quarry trucks travel. While TVA has implemented dust control measures along the roads, such as using a combination of water trucks and sweeper/vacuum trucks to minimize dusting on the roads, dust still seems to present a problem for homeowners along the truck route. TDEC continues to work with the quarry owners and the truck owners to implement further dust suppression measures.
See the section, Community Concerns, for more discussion of this topic.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Radiation Exposure                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Radiation Exposure                                                                                EEP:
Environmental EEP asked for assistance from ATSDR on radiological issues. They responded                        Epidemiology Program with a technical assistance document. The text below is taken from that ATSDR: Agency document (ATSDR 2009).                                                                            for Toxic Substances &
According to the TVA (TVA 2009), the Kingston Fossil Plant burns about                            Disease Registry 14,000 tons of coal per day to generate about 10 billion kilowatt-hours                            TVA: TN Valley annually. For this production, coal is burned at high temperatures, approaching                    Authority 1700&deg;C, and the majority of the minerals in the coal are fused in an ash with                      &deg;C: degrees Centigrade.
glass-like properties. Included in these typical ash compounds are naturally                      Centigrade is the occurring radioactive materials that are present in the coal. A small amount of                    same thing as Celsius.
minerals and the organic components are consumed during the burn (Stranden                        226 Ra: radium 1997, Zielinski 1998). At the Kingston location, the resulting ashes and                          with an atomic sludges are stored on site in containment areas.                                                  weight of 226 and containing 88 protons and Coal ash contains both metals and naturally occurring radioactive elements.                        138 neutrons Although the actual composition of the coal and its combustion materials may                      228 Ra: radium be dependent on the place of origin, coal typically contains aluminum, silicon,                    with an atomic boron, arsenic, selenium, iron, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, and strontium                        weight of 228 and containing (Stranden 1985, Vengosh 2009, Gabbard 2009). The radioactive substances                            88 protons and typically include the naturally occurring uranium isotopes and their associated                    140 neutrons decay products including radium 226 (226Ra) and naturally occurring thorium                        TDEC: TN Department of and its decay products including radium 228 (228Ra). Of these radionuclides,                      Environment &
those with the greatest potential of human impact are the radium isotopes                          Conservation radium 226 and radium 228. Both uranium and thorium have extremely long half-lives. As they transform into their respective decay products, those products also undergo decay. The decay product activity increases over time as the uranium or thorium decay until the activities of the decay products equal the activity of the uranium or thorium. This is called secular equilibrium.
Some radioactive isotopes can be difficult to measure because of interference from other non-related radioactive isotopes. For example, both Radium 226 and Radium 228 fall into this category. Secular equilibrium, however, allows for alternate methods to be used to identify these radioisotopes1.
The data supplied to ATSDR by the TDEC included a sampling report from Duke University (Vengosh 2009). Duke analyzed three ash samples identified as TVA A, TVA B, and TVA C from the spill area. These data are given in Table 41. The results show that the concentration of both radium 226 and radium 228 are essentially identical in the three TVA ash samples.
One can also compare the Duke studies to other reports of radioactivity in coal ash. In a study of coal ash from coal plants in Germany, the concentrations of 1
The concentration of Ra 226 can be determined by the concentration lead 214 (Pb 214). In a similar manner, the concentration of Radium 228 can be ascertained by the concentration of its decay product actinium 228 (Ac 228).
53
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Radiation Exposure                                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release radium 226 and radium 228 were 6.5 pCi/g and 3.5 pCi/g, respectively                                  pCi/g:
(Stranden 1985). A similar study of coal ash from a Kentucky coal plant, as                            picocuries per reported by Zielinski and Budahn, had an average radium 226 concentration of                          gram approximately 4.7 pCi/g; whereas, the average concentration of radium 228 was                          TDEC: TN Department of approximately 3.4 pCi/g2. Therefore, the Duke results are similar to other                            Environment &
internationally reported levels of radionuclides in coal ash.                                          Conservation 214 Pb: lead with TDEC collected 10 ash samples and 13 soil samples from impacted properties.                            an atomic number of 214 Two additional samples were collected from a nearby landfill. They also                                and containing collected two background soil samples at a local park about six miles from                            82 protons and 132 neutrons downtown Kingston and at an embayment of Caney Creek, a tributary to the                              214 Tennessee River. All samples were collected in January 2009 and analyzed for                              Bi: bismuth with an atomic radium 226 and radium 228 via decay products. The decay products measured                              weight of 214 by the TDEC, although different from those used by Duke University, are                                and containing 80 protons and based on the same principle, that is, secular equilibrium. TDEC measured both                          134 neutrons lead 214 (214Pb) and bismuth 214 (214Bi) for radium 226. For radium 228, they                          228 Ac: actinium measured actinium 228 (228Ac), lead 212 (212Pb), thallium 208 (208Tl), and                            with an atomic weight of 228 bismuth 212 (212Bi). The results of these analyses by TDEC are shown in Table                          and containing
: 42.                                                                                                    89 protons and 138 neutrons ATSDR compared the results from both the TDEC and Duke University using                                212 Pb: lead with an atomic weight a t-test with unequal variances. This test is commonly used to determine if the                        of 212 and average of two groups of data are significantly different. The result of this                          containing 82 protons and 130 analysis showed there was no significant difference between the two sets of                            neutrons data. That is, the data collected by the state as compared to the data collected                      208 Tl: thallium by Duke University are essentially identical.                                                          with an atomic weight of 208 To evaluate whether the radium radioactivity is a public health concern,                              and containing 81 protons and ATSDR uses regulatory limits that were originally developed for uranium mill                          127 neutrons tailing sites (40 CFR 192) as screening values. These regulations require that                          212 Bi: bismuth the radioactivity concentration of Radium 226 in the top 5 centimeters of soil                        with an atomic weight of 212 should not exceed 5 pCi/g above background. EPAs Office of Solid Waste                                and containing and Emergency Response has also adopted a similar directive (i.e., 5 pCi/g                            80 protons and 132 neutrons above background), but their limit is based upon the combined Ra 226 and Ra ATSDR: Agency 228 radioactivity concentration or total radium.                                                    for Toxic Substances &
The estimated total radium in the TDEC samples is approximately 3.2 pCi/g                              Disease Registry above background. The Duke University results indicate an average total                                CFR: Code of radium concentration of about 7 pCi/g. After correcting for background levels                          Federal Regulations (using Tennessee background data) and taking into account the potential loss of radon gas2, the Duke University value is about 4.3 pCi/g above background.                            EPA: U.S.
Environmental Therefore, the radium in the environment resulting from the ash spill do not                          Protection Agency exceed a health based criteria of 5 pCi/g.
TVA: TN Valley Naturally occurring radioactive material present in the coal fly ash was released                      Authority to the surrounding environment following the failure of the TVA containment 2
When radium decays, it forms radon gas that can escape from the soil. The radon that does not escape, decays to particulates that remain in the soil. The radon escape from coal is not significant because of the coal matrix.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Radiation Exposure                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release structure. The radioactive materials of concern include both radium 226 and                      pCi/g:
radium 228. Although the concentration of these materials exceed the average                    picocuries per background concentrations, the levels are below the health-based directive of 5                  gram pCi/g above background in the top 5 centimeters as used both by EPA and                          EPA: U.S.
Environmental ATSDR. This directive was set to ensure the exposure to gamma radiation did                      Protection not exceed the background ambient radiation by more than 20 microroentgens3                      Agency per hour.                                                                                        ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances &
EEP appreciates the technical assistance of ATSDRs health physicists in the                    Disease Registry investigation of the radiological properties of the coal ash. Based on the                      EEP:
evaluation of the available data that show levels of radioactivity are below the                Environmental health-based limits and a review of existing Federal regulations, ATSDR                          Epidemiology Program concludes that the concentration of radioactive material in the coal ash is not expected to harm peoples health in the area of the coal ash release.
3 The roentgen is a unit used to measure exposure. This can only be used for gamma radiation and X-rays in air. A microroentgen is one millionth of a roentgen.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Summary of Public Health Implications    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Summary of Public Health Implications TVA: TN Valley Authority TVA, EPA, and TDEC have all taken environmental samples for a variety of                EPA: U.S.
reasons. All agencies sampled the ash to find out what is in it. They did TCLP          Environmental Protection analysis to make sure it was not a hazardous waste as defined by EPA. TDEC              Agency sampled the municipal drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood Water TDEC: TN Treatment Plants every day, and they continue to sample every week. TDEC                Department of samples the river water going into the plants and the water going out for              Environment &
Conservation distribution to customers to make sure that the water is not affected by the coal TCLP: toxicity ash. EPA and TDEC sampled well water and spring water to find out if the                characteristic metals in the coal ash had gotten into the groundwater. TDEC will continue to          leaching procedure take samples of the groundwater. TVA, EPA, and TDEC have done exhaustive PM10: particles sampling of the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers to find out how the coal            in air with a ash is affecting the Watts Bar Reservoir. They continue to sample the rivers.          diameter equal to or less than TVA, EPA, and TDEC have sampled the air for PM10, PM2.5, and metals in                  10 microns the air at monitors surrounding the coal ash release. TVA and TDEC continue            PM2.5: particles to take air samples. TVA continues to take daily instantaneous air readings at          in air with a many locations in the wider community.                                                  diameter equal to or less than 2.5 microns Based on the sampling results by all agencies, TDH is confident that:
TDH:
Tennessee No harm to health should have occurred from touching the coal ash.              Department of People had an opportunity to be exposed to the coal ash for about one          Health month before TVA either relocated families or fenced off the coal ash.
While coal ash might cause skin irritation, the irritation will stop as soon as the coal ash is washed off.
Although arsenic was found at concentrations above health comparison values for chronic exposure to children, no harm is expected from a child accidentally eating the coal ash. Chronic health effects from exposure to arsenic require exposures more long term than the type of exposure experienced in this setting. The period of exposure to the coal ash was very short. Small children had little opportunity for direct contact with the coal ash because of the cold, wet weather and the fencing of the ash to prevent contact, as well as the diligence of parents in keeping their children away from the coal ash. The exposure frequency and exposure duration were not long enough to cause harm to the health of children or adults.
Except in the immediate vicinity of the coal ash release, the coal ash or the metals in the coal ash have not affected surface water in the Watts Bar Reservoir. TVA and TDEC have an advisory for use of the Emory River in the area near the coal ash release. The Army Corps of Engineers and the Coast Guard are patrolling this area to prevent any harm to people. The Emory River from mile marker 1.5 to mile marker 3 is closed to river traffic until February 15, 2010.
Municipal drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants has not shown any contamination from the coal ash 56
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Summary of Public Health Implications  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release release since sampling began on December 23, 2008. TDEC is TDEC: TN continuing to monitor the drinking water.                                      Department of Private well and spring water within 4 miles of the coal ash release have      Environment &
Conservation not shown any contamination from the coal ash. TDEC will continue to PM10: particles take periodic samples of private well water in the area.                      in air with a Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 have consistently been below EPA              diameter equal to or less than regulatory limits since air sampling began on December 31, 2008.              10 microns Metals in air have consistently been within background levels of metals        PM2.5: particles in the U.S. or below any health comparison values.                            in air with a diameter equal EEP could not determine whether breathing dust near the quarry and            to or less than along the routes of the quarry trucks has or will harm peoples health.        2.5 microns Concentrations of radiation are below the regulatory limits that are          EPA: U.S.
Environmental protective of public health.                                                  Protection Agency The only way people could have been exposed to the coal ash from late                  EEP:
December 2008 through the middle of January 2009 was through direct contact            Environmental Epidemiology with the coal ash or by accidentally eating some of the coal ash.                      Program Exposure to particulate matter in air could result in harm to health if the coal      TVA: TN Valley Authority ash were to become airborne. TVA, EPA, and TDEC are working to make sure that does not happen. Examples of measures that TVA is taking include:
Appling Flexterra/hydroseed to coal ash where activity is not occurring Spraying of water on coal ash where activity is occurring Washing of cars leaving the site Establishing a central drop off point for delivery of materials that is off site.
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Public Comment - NGO Response                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Non-Governmental Organizations Response to the Coal Ash Release                      EEP:
Environmental EEP relies on other government agencies and their contractors for most data.          Epidemiology Program EEP is not limited in which data it can use. If data are available, we will try to UMD: United use them. However, since we are making decisions about public health, it is          Mountain imperative that we understand: where the data came from; how samples were            Defense collected; how samples were protected; and the quality assurance and quality          EIP:
control measures taken when samples were collected and when the samples              Environmental Integrity Project were analyzed.
ASU:
Appalachian EEP is aware of environmental sampling and analysis efforts by the following          State University non-governmental organizations:                                                      EPA: U.S.
Environmental Duke University                                                              Protection Agency United Mountain Defense (UMD) and the Environmental Integrity Project (EIP)
Appalachian State University (ASU), Appalachian Voices, and the Waterkeeper Alliances Upper Watauga Riverkeeper Program Appalachian State University, Appalachian Voices, and the Tennessee Aquarium Each of these non-governmental data sets will be discussed.
Duke University Staff and students at Duke University, led by Dr. Avner Vengosh, collected sixteen surface water samples on January 9-10, 2009, from four upstream river locations, four locations in the cove, and eight downstream river locations.
They also collected four groundwater samples and three solid ash samples.
The water samples were analyzed for 21 inorganics, as well as for general chemistry. The solid ash samples were analyzed for radionuclides. The data were accepted for publication on April 17, 2009, by the journal, Environmental Science and Technology, and published online on May 4 as an article that needed immediate release (Ruhl et al. 2009). Water sampling followed U.S.
Geological Survey protocol. The Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences laboratory at Duke University conducted the analyses. Inorganic elemental concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on a VG Plasmaquad 3 at the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences at Duke University. No information was given on the procedures for determining leachability of metals from the coal ash. Not enough information was provided in the report to determine whether the analytical methods conform to EPA standard methodology. Further, no information on quality assurance or quality control procedures was provided in the report.
The report by Ruhl et.al stated that, Results show that the tributary that was dammed by the coal ash spill and turned into a standing pond (the Cove in the area of Swan Pond Circle Road) has relatively high levels of leachable 58
 
Public Comment - NGO Response                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release coal ash contaminants (LCAC), including arsenic, calcium, magnesium,                  LCAC:
aluminum, strontium, manganese, lithium, and boron. Some of these elements            Leachable Coal are highly enriched in coals, and are known to be highly soluble in aquatic          Ash Contaminants systems. Among the LCACs, arsenic stands out with concentration of up to 86
                                                                                      &#xb5;g/L:
g/L in the Cove area.                                                              micrograms per liter Sampling by EPA, TVA, and TDEC confirm that the coal ash contains higher              EPA: U.S.
than background levels of arsenic and that arsenic was elevated near the coal        Environmental Protection ash release in the month after the coal ash release. In a February 5, 2009,          Agency meeting held by TDEC with Dr. Vengosh, TDH, and EPA, Dr. Vengosh                      TVA: TN Valley explained that he used a research procedure that used hydrofluoric acid for          Authority leachability rather than the EPA standard method that has proven to be                TDEC: TN accurate and reliable. TCLP analyses of ash by governmental agencies                  Department of Environment &
indicated that very little leaching occurred when the ash was analyzed by            Conservation standard EPA TCLP methods. These methods are the only acceptable                      TCLP: toxicity procedure for TCLP analysis for environmental regulatory agencies. The                characteristic leaching research method for leachability will cause more metals to go into solution          procedure than would happen in natural water systems. It appears that the analyses as          TDH: Tennessee reported used non-standard methodology for leaching of metals and that the            Department of definition of what constitutes leachability is inconsistent with normal EPA          Health usage of the word.                                                                    PM2.5: particles in air with a diameter equal to Radiological data from the report (Ruhl et al. 2009) were discussed in the            or less than 2.5 section above, Radiation Exposure. The radiological data for coal ash in the          microns Duke University report are essentially the same as data measurements of coal          PM10: particles in air with a ash taken by TDEC.                                                                    diameter equal to or less than 10 The report by Ruhl et al. expresses concern that wind-blown resuspension of          microns fly ash could pose a threat to human health. TDEC and TDH agree that the              TSP: Total particulate matter in airborne ash could harm peoples health if it became            suspended particles airborne. TDH does not believe that metals in the fly would cause harm to ASU:
peoples health; however, TDEC and TVA continue to measure metals in                  Appalachian particulate matter to make sure that public health is protected. Controls have        State University been put into place to prevent resuspension of ash particles. In addition, air monitors surrounding the coal ash release are in place, measuring PM2.5, PM10, and metals content of PM10 and TSP.
Appalachian State University, Appalachian Voices, the Tennessee Aquarium, and Wake Forest University ASU, Appalachian Voices, and the Tennessee Aquarium jointly collected water, sediment, and fish samples from seven locations in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers on January 8-9, 2009. The surface water samples were analyzed for 17 heavy metals (total and dissolved). ASUs laboratory conducted the analyses, following standard EPA methodology for sampling and analysis and for quality assurance and quality control procedures. The sampling, analysis, and results are detailed in a Preliminary Summary Report (Babyak et al. 2009).
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Public Comment - NGO Response                                      PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Water was sampled and analyzed from the Emory River at miles 3.3, 2.2, 1.6, MCL: maximum and 0.1, the Clinch River at miles 4.6, 3.3, and from the Tennessee River at        contaminant mile 567. Total metals analysis for arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, and              level selenium showed that levels at Emory River mile 2.2 (at the coal ash release        TVA: TN Valley Authority site) were elevated when compared to water quality standards. Arsenic, EPA: U.S.
barium, and cadmium were above MCLs. Lead was above the action level for            Environmental drinking water, and selenium was above the Tennessee Water Quality Criteria          Protection Agency for fish and aquatic life (continuous concentration), but below the MCL. Other sampling sites did not show any elevations of total metals. Dissolved metals        TDEC: TN Department of were not elevated in any samples.                                                    Environment &
Conservation These results agree with the results of TVA, EPA, TDEC, and Duke University          UMD: United sampling and analysis for the Emory River at the site of the ash release and in      Mountain Defense upstream and downstream locations.
EIP:
Environmental The preliminary report emphasizes elevated selenium concentrations in river          Integrity Project sediment and harm to fish. Environmental regulatory agencies are concerned with the health of the ecosystems and fish in the Emory River. The EPA Science Review Panel and the US Army Corps of Engineers have generated two reports on selenium impacts at the coal ash release site. However, as stated earlier, this public health assessment will focus only on human health.
Because no one is drinking this water or using this water for recreation, there are no public health concerns at this time.
United Mountain Defense and the Environmental Integrity Project UMD and EIP collected 24 river water samples from 23 locations on December 30-31, 2008, and on January 4, 2009. The locations consisted of 14 surface water samples from the Emory and Clinch Rivers, five residential well samples, one pond sample, and three upriver surface water samples. The water samples were analyzed for 30 (total) metals commonly found in coal ash as well as general chemistry. UMD/EIP reported that the sampling followed required EPA methods and procedures and the analyses were conducted by EPA-certified laboratories. The laboratory for UMD / EIP used EPA method SW-846 6010B to measure total metals, which is appropriate. Standard analytical quality assurance and quality control procedures were followed.
UMD and EIP also collected solid samples; however, no information about the sample collection and analytical methods were available for the solid samples collected.
The report on the UMD website only listed those samples which had metals concentrations greater than MCLs. The raw data are, also, available on the UMD website. Table l below summarizes the exceedances, with the MCLs and the TDEC Water Quality Criteria as references. If duplicate samples were analyzed, the average concentration was reported in Table k.
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Public Comment - NGO Response                                                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release g/L: microgram Table k. United Mountain Defense and Environmental Integrity Project Data.                    per liter. 1000 Kingston Fossil Plant, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                      g are in 1 milligram Sample site                  Date          Analyte Result, g/L      Analyte MCL, g/L Emory River, 1.3                                                                              MCL: maximum miles upstream of                          Arsenic = 37.2            Arsenic = 10            contaminant December 30, 2008                                                        level the collapsed                              Lead = 16.8              Lead = 15 embankment (A)                                                                                UMD: United Emory River,                                                                                  Mountain Lakeshore Drive      December 30, 2008      Arsenic = 84.0            Arsenic = 10            Defense inlet (B)                                                                                      EIP:
Arsenic = 273 average Arsenic = 10                Environmental Emory River, Beryllium = 5.2          Beryllium = 4            Integrity Project Lakeshore Drive      January 4, 2009 Lead = 36 average        Lead = 15 inlet (B)                                                                                      EPA: U.S.
Antimony = 6.5            Antimony = 6            Environmental Ash pore water                                                                                Protection Arsenic = 478            Arsenic = 10 Emory River,                                                                                  Agency December 30, 2008      Beryllium = 14.8          Beryllium = 4 Lakeshore Drive Lead = 91.8              Lead = 15                TDEC: TN inlet (C)                                                                                      Department of Clinch River, 3                                                                                Environment &
miles                                                                                          Conservation downstream of January 4, 2009        Arsenic = 94 average      Arsenic = 10            EEP:
the collapsed Environmental embankment                                                                                    Epidemiology (AB)                                                                                          Program Clinch River, 4.5 miles downstream of January 4, 2009        Arsenic = 20 average      Arsenic = 10 the collapsed embankment (AD)
Ash pore water Swan Pond Road Arsenic = 310 average Arsenic = 10 inlet, 0.43 miles January 4, 2009        Beryllium = 4.3          Beryllium = 4 from the Lead = 49 average        Lead = 15 collapsed embankment (AF)
( ) = UMD/EIP sample number All other sampling results were below MCLs or water quality criteria.
UMDs and EIPs 14 river surface water samples were collected from the Emory and Clinch Rivers or inlets feeding those rivers in the coal ash release-impacted area or downstream of the release. UMDs and EIPs sampling results appear consistent with the EPA and TDEC sampling and analysis that found arsenic in the ash and in the sludge. Results, also, confirm that the coal ash has not affected groundwater.
TDEC did not detect any levels of arsenic above 10 g/L in the Clinch River.
They detected elevated arsenic in the Emory River only at miles 1.7 and 2.1, in the area of the coal ash release. UMD/EIP detected the highest concentrations in ash pore water. The U.S. Geological Survey defines pore water as the water filling the spaces between grains of sediment. EEP is unsure how UMD/EIP took the samples.
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Public Comment - NGO Response                                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Because no one is drinking this water or using this water for recreation, there ASU:
are no public health concerns at this time. In addition, the Emory River at the        Appalachian site of the coal ash release for river traffic and recreation.                          State University WAUWRP:
Waterkeeper Appalachian State University and the Waterkeeper Alliance's Upper                      Alliances Upper Watauga Riverkeeper Program                                                            Watauga Riverkeeper Program ASU, Appalachian Voices, and the Waterkeeper Alliances Upper Watauga EPA: U.S.
Riverkeeper Program (WAUWRP) jointly collected three water and one                      Environmental sediment sample from the Emory River on December 27, 2008. They reported                Protection Agency that standard EPA methods were used to collect and analyze each field sample UMD: United in triplicate for 17 heavy metals. The Environmental Toxicology and                    Mountain Chemistry laboratories at ASU conducted the analyses. The preliminary                  Defense results were publicly available from UMDs website (ASU - WAUWRP                        EEP:
2009). There is no report accompanying the data, and details of sampling and            Environmental Epidemiology analysis are not included.                                                              Program mg/L: milligram EEP could not determine if the results of analysis of water samples were for            per liter total metals or for dissolved metals, although EEP assumed that the results are g/L: microgram for total metals. Average arsenic concentration at the barge boom 0.51 miles            per liter. 1000 downstream of the site of the coal ash release was reported as 3.062 mg/L (or          g are in 1 milligram 3,062 g/L). This concentration is many times the arsenic concentration found by TVA and TDEC.                                                                        TVA: TN Valley Authority The site of the coal ash release is around mile 2 of the Emory River. TVA              TDEC: TN Department of detected total arsenic above the drinking water limit in the Emory River at            Environment &
miles 1.75 and 2.1 the day of the ash release and one day in early January, at          Conservation concentrations less than 80 g/L on those days. On other days, concentrations of total arsenic were below the drinking water limit of 10 g/L at these locations. EPA detected an estimated concentration of 208 mg/L of arsenic at Emory River mile 1.9 and a concentration of 1,490 g/L of arsenic on December 23, 2008. TDEC detected arsenic in the Emory River above the drinking water limit of 10 g/L on a few occasions. TDECs analysis showed that arsenic concentrations ranged from non-detectable concentrations to a high of 43 g/L near the coal ash release site.
These results are not surprising for samples at the site of the coal ash release.
Because no one is drinking this water or using this water for recreation, there are no public health concerns at this time. In addition, the Emory River at the site of the coal ash release for river traffic and recreation.
Waterkeeper Alliances took water samples in the "ash berg" zone, with very high turbidity. Emergency operations were ongoing at the time of their sampling event and may have stirred up the ash in the area where samples were taken. This might account for much of the difference between TDEC and Waterkeeper Alliances results.
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Public Comment - Syndromic Surveillance                                PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Syndromic Surveillance Hospital patient visit patterns are routinely monitored by the State of Tennessees regional health departments for the purpose of identifying potential disease outbreaks or notable changes in population health status. This is called syndromic surveillance. These syndromic surveillance systems measure the number of people seeking care at participating facilities, and record the types of symptoms experienced by patients. Over time, these data illustrate patient visit patterns that enable public health officials to identify fluctuations that indicate population health events.
Similarly, health officials gain an understanding of what is typical or expected in a region for a given time period. Seasonal patterns of illness, such as regular increases in respiratory illness during influenza season, are often observed using syndromic surveillance systems. Syndromic surveillance systems are aimed at identifying unexpected health issues and remain in place as early warning systems.
The East Tennessee Regional Health Office maintains a syndromic surveillance system in cooperation with area medical facilities. Public health officials examined patient visit patterns from the fall/winter months of 2007-2008 and compared them to those from the fall/winter of 2008-2009 for Roane County. The aim was to learn if hospital patient visit patterns during the period after the spill differed from the same time period the previous year.
For both 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, respiratory illness patterns increased during the winter months compared to spring/summer months. In 2008-2009, an increase occurred during the weeks surrounding late December 2008. This change was consistent with national data collected from other regions and appeared to be unrelated to the coal ash release. Gastroenteritis (stomach-related) related visits increased in mid-December 2008 and showed elevated activity into early January 2009. As this illness activity began before the coal ash release, it cannot be due to the coal ash release.
Overall, the East Tennessee Regional Health Office syndromic surveillance system did not show a change in the population health status of Roane County residents following the coal ash release.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Community Health Survey                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Community Health Survey                                                                  TDH:
Tennessee Although initial environmental test results had been reassuring from a human            Department of Health health perspective, TDH wished to determine whether significant or unexpected CDC: Centers exposures or adverse health effects were being experienced by persons in the            for Disease community are the result of the coal ash release. Environmental health concerns          Control and Prevention associated with the spill prompted TDH to initiate steps for a community-based assessment.                                                                              NCEH:
National Center for TDH and the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) National                  Environmental Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) performed an EpiAid, the field phase              Health of a community health survey, interviewing community members residing in the area of the ash release. TDH designed the questionnaire for use in this emergency response situation. TDH identified households within a 1.5 mile radius of the coal ash spill. The 1.5 mile radius around the release encompassed all the residents who would routinely travel on the affected roads. Each accessible house within this geographic area was approached by a team and invited to participate in the voluntary survey. Using a standardized questionnaire, participating adult residents and parents of child residents were interviewed. Fact sheets about exposure and protecting themselves from ash and TDH contact information sheets inviting assessment participation were left at each unoccupied house. Follow-up visits and phone interviews were scheduled to accommodate participant needs.
From January 8-13, 2009, teams of two to three public health staff visited 324 residences within a 1.5 mile radius of the spill. Staff interviewed 368 participants representing 170 households. Results are summarized in Table l below.
The most noticeable finding was that 52% of people reported stress and anxiety after the coal ash release.
Most people (60%) did not report any change in health status since the coal ash release. Twenty-seven percent of respondents reported worsening of cough, 25% worsening of headaches, 14 % reported worsening of wheezing, and 14%
reported shortness of breath.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Community Health Survey                                        PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Table l. Summary of results of the community health survey. Kingston Fossil Plant, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                                                                        EEP:
Environmental Ages                                                                                                      Epidemiology
        <18 years                                      24%                                                  Program 18-64 years                                    59%                                                  ArcGIS: ArcGIS is a group of 65 years                                      17%
geographical Coal ash in yard                                    47%                                                  information system software Involved with cleanup                                4%                                                  that is used for Shoes or clothing in contact with coal ash          33%                                                  mapping and statistical Direct skin contact with coal ash                    13%                                                  analysis of data that is Consumption of local fish                            1%                                                  geographically Aware of public health messages                      83%                                                  related.
Washing hands after touching coal ash                66%
Increased drinking of bottled water after the spill  9% before to 25% after Increase in spending no time outdoors                5% before to 18% after Stress and anxiety                                  52%
History of:
Asthma                                          18%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease          9%
Heart attack                                    5%
Health Status since coal ash release No change                                      60%
Worsening of 1 or more symptoms                40%
Worsening of symptoms among respondents since the coal ash release:
Cough                                          27%
Headache                                        25%
Wheezing                                        14%
Shortness of breath                            14%
Next, EEP determined whether or not each of these symptoms were clustered and, if so, at what distance the clustering is most significant using the Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Morans I) tool in ArcGIS. A geographic information system integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically related information.
ArcGIS is a group of geographical information system software that is used for mapping and statistical analysis of data that are geographically related.
See Tables m and n below for significant and non-significant results of the spatial autocorrelation results. Spatial autocorrelation and the Global Morans I is based on the concept that everything is related to everything else, but nearby things are more related than far away things. It indicates whether particular values are likely to occur in one location or are equally likely to occur in any location. EEP used the Hot Spot analysis tool in ArcGIS to identify the location of clusters. It is important to note, however, that EEP was dealing with very 65
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Community Health Survey                          PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release small numbers (less than 30 in each polygon). Very small numbers make any statistical analyses less reliable.
A value for Morans I that is close to zero means that the distribution is random, with no apparent pattern. A value for I that is positive means that similar values are clustered. A value for I that is close to +1 indicates complete clustering. A value for I that is negative means similar values are dispersed. A value of I that is close to -1 indicates complete dispersion.
At a confidence level of 0.05 (95%), a Z-score less than -1.96 or greater than +1.96 indicates a statistically significant result. A Z-score in between -1.96 and +1.96, indicates a statistically non-significant result.
Table m. Statistically significant clustering of symptoms, community health survey results. Kingston Fossil Plant, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Before                                        After Symptom Morans I    Z-Score    Conclusion Morans I Z-Score Conclusion Clustered Anxiety      Not          Not        Not 0.35    3.7        Less than 1% likelihood pattern due and Stress    Available    Available Available to chance.
Clustered Shortness
                -0.15        -1.77      Dispersed    0.15    1.98      Less than 1% likelihood pattern due of breath to chance.
Clustered Vomiting      0            0.29        Random      0.27    3.53      Less than 1% likelihood pattern due to chance.
Table n. Statistically non-significant clustering of symptoms, community health survey results.
Kingston Fossil Plant, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Before                                        After Symptom Morans I        Z-Score        Conclusion  Morans I      Z-Score        Conclusion Clustered 5-10%
Cough          0.01            0.52            Random      0.14            1.87            likelihood pattern due to chance Diarrhea        -0.18            -1.76          Dispersed    0.08            1.09            Random Headache        0.03            0.81            Random      0.01            0.34            Random Nausea          -0.14            -1.55          Random      0.09            1.17            Random Wheezing        -0.16            -1.82          Dispersed    0.02            0.48            Random See Figures 12, 13, and 14 for pictorial representations of the analyses.
These results indicate that, for anxiety and stress and for vomiting, the after scores are highly significant. The result for shortness of breath is statistically significant. Further evaluation would be needed to determine if the result for shortness of breath were clinically significant.
EEP investigated whether the after symptoms had different spatial distributions than the before symptoms using a Directional Distribution (Standard Ellipse) tool in ArcGIS. This tool allowed EEP to create what are called standard ellipses, which show the distribution of symptoms as well as whether there is a directional trend or orientation in that distribution. This tool can be used to compare distributions (in this case, symptoms), examine distributions from 66
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Community Health Survey                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release different time periods, and show the compactness and orientation of distributions. If distributions closely resemble a circle, then there is not a strong orientation to the occurrence of the symptom. A large circle means the cases are widespread whereas a small circle means the cases are more localized (concentrated). The orientation of the circle/eclipse indicates the direction in which the cases are occurring. See Appendix C for more details about spatial analysis methodology.
Anxiety was clustered after the ash release; no questions were asked about anxiety before the ash release. Hot spots for anxiety occurred on the northwest side of the ash release area where there was much property damage. Anxiety and stress were tightly oriented around areas that were directly affected by the coal ash release, where the road was destroyed and where boats and boat docks were damaged or destroyed.
Shortness of breath was more localized after the ash release, although it was still rather widespread. Shortness of breath was clustered, with less than a 1% likelihood pattern due to chance. Hot spots for shortness of breath occurred along the southwest / northeast axis of the ash release area. The orientation of symptoms of shortness of breath changed somewhat after the coal ash release, moving closer to the spill. However, the shortness of breath was not strongly related to location and was still rather widespread.
Vomiting was more localized after the ash release and was clustered, with less than a 1%
likelihood pattern due to chance. Hot spots for vomiting occurred in a very tight cluster to the northwest of the spill. Because of the tight clustering, vomiting could have been a result of a viral outbreak, which is common in winter, rather than a result of the ash release.
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Public Comment - Discussion: Physician Education                  PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release Physician Education                                                                  TVA: TN Valley Authority In response to the TVA Kingston coal ash release and following the community          TDH:
health assessment, TDH hosted an informational meeting for local physicians          Tennessee Department of and other healthcare providers. Invitations were sent by fax to approximately        Health 100 medical practices and clinics. This represented over 250 healthcare              EEP:
providers from Roane County and the surrounding area. Three meetings were            Environmental conducted on January 21 and 22, 2009. Presentations were given by the Deputy          Epidemiology Program State Epidemiologist of TDH and an Environmental Epidemiologist of EEP.
Information covered included:
Environmental testing plan and test results Exposure routes and risks associated with coal ash Syndromic surveillance results Community health survey Recommendations that testing of people was not necessary Public health recommendations Contact information for medical toxicologists.
Attendees comprised a cross section of medical expertise. The following specialties and organizations were represented:
Roane County Family Practices Individual General Practices Individual Internal Medicine Practices Roane Eye Center Kingston Family Practice Cumberland Neurology Group Oak Ridge Pediatric Clinic Chiropractic Health Center Roane County Medical Center including Chief Executive Officer, Directors of Nursing, Laboratory, Respiratory Care, Pathology, and Infection Control Roane County Public Health East Tennessee Regional Health Office Roane County Emergency Medical Staff Roane County Emergency Management Agency Providers were urged to report any coal ash exposures or disease they considered associated with the coal ash release to TDH.
Follow up Because TDH had received no reports of illness associated with the coal ash from healthcare providers, follow-up visits were done on March 17 and 18, 2009. The Deputy State Epidemiologist interviewed 24 healthcare providers in and around Roane County. The interviews included pediatric and family 68
 
Public Comment - Discussion: Physician Education                    PHA: KIF Coal Ash Release practice groups, emergency departments, and pulmonologists. No medical provider reported any illnesses that they could attribute to exposure to coal ash. Many medical providers reported they had seen a few patients with respiratory symptoms who were concerned that the symptoms might be related to the coal ash. Most medical providers commented that they could not determine if the symptoms were the result of infection, allergies, dust, or some combination. One physician, who lives in the affected area, said, "people have not stopped coughing since the spill" and expressed concern. Several providers had patients who asked for heavy metal screening. Some of the providers reassured patients about the low risk of exposure and the patients decided not to proceed with heavy metal screening. Some healthcare providers ordered heavy metal screening; none of these medical providers reported any positive heavy metal screens.
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Public Comment - Community Concerns                              PHA: KIF Ash Release Community Concerns                                                                    TVA: TN Valley Authority TVA Community Involvement Center                                                      TDH:
Tennessee TVA set up a Community Involvement Center in Kingston. People can go to              Department of Health the center in person or can telephone with any concerns about the ash release.
EEP:
As of June 22, 2009, 213 households had registered in writing at the center.          Environmental TDH has also received calls from citizens concerned about the ash release.            Epidemiology Many of the same people called the TVA Community Involvement Center and              ArcGIS: ArcGIS TDH with the same comments. Of these contacts, 36% had general health                is a group of geographical questions or concerns, 38% had respiratory complaints, 5% had complaints              information about rashes and itching, 7% had complaints about headaches and migraines,            system software that is used for and 5% had other health issues. Respiratory complaints included complaints            mapping and about colds, sinus conditions, congestion, cough, nosebleeds, asthma,                statistical analysis of data emphysema, respiratory allergies, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.          that is Some contacts were concerned about the air, water, or recreation. Of these            geographically related.
contacts, 13% were concerned about the air, 6% were concerned with wells or springs, 10% were concerned about municipal water, and 15% were concerned            g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per about recreational use of the water. There were other non-health related              cubic meter of reasons for why people contacted the Center.                                          air These complaints were mapped in an attempt to determine if there was a pattern that suggested any particular exposure. See Figure 15 for a map of community concerns.
EEP used a Directional Distribution (Standard Ellipse) tool in ArcGIS to see if the complaints about dust and respiratory symptoms and real-time air measurements greater than 150 g/m&#xb3; were related to the truck routes. This tool allowed EEP to create what are called standard ellipses, which show the distribution of features as well as whether there is a directional trend or orientation in that distribution. This tool can be used to compare distributions, examine distributions from different time periods, and show compactness and orientation of distributions. If distributions closely resemble a circle, then there is not a strong orientation to the occurrence of the variable. A large circle means the variables are widespread whereas a small circle means the variables are more localized (concentrated). The orientation of the ellipse indicates the direction in which the cases are occurring. See Figure 16 for the results and Appendix C for more details about the methodology.
Respiratory concerns were much more widespread as indicated by the large size of the ellipse, and have the same orientation as the dust concerns that appear to run along the truck route from the quarry. It also appears as though there is a relationship between respiratory complaints and the truck route.
The ellipse representing clustering of real-time air samples greater than 150 g/m&#xb3; indicates that higher real-time readings are more compactly clustered than the cluster for respiratory symptoms. The ellipse for higher real-time 70
 
Public Comment - Community Concerns                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release readings is not oriented with the quarry. See Figure 16 for the location of the            g/m&#xb3;:
ellipses.                                                                                  microgram per cubic meter of Analysis of 47,908 real-time air sampling results, with 216 results greater than          air 100 g/m&#xb3;, reveals that 53% of results greater than 100 g/m&#xb3; are related to              UMD: United Mountain fires and that 22% have an unknown cause. See Table o below. Only about                    Defense 8% of higher readings can be attributed to visible dust or truck/car traffic.              EPA: U.S.
Environmental Table o. Summary of notations for instantaneous reading >100 g/m&#xb3;. Kingston            Protection Fossil Plant, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.                                        Agency Notation summary                  Number >100 g/m&#xb3;    Percent TDEC: TN Visible fire, active fireplace, or wood-burning odor        115              53        Department of No visible dust or odor                                      47              22        Environment &
Hazy, foggy, or high humidity conditions                    34              16        Conservation Visible dust/ truck traffic                                  18              8 TDH:
In a work area                                                4              2        Tennessee Other                                                        4              2        Department of More than 1 notation was included with some sample results                              Health TVA: TN Valley Other Concerns                                                                            Authority ORAU: Oak Immediately after the ash release a non-governmental agency, United Mountain              Ridge Associated Defense (UMD), began working in the community. UMD is an organization                      Universities that works to stop mountain top removal coal mining. UMD provided bottled                  VUMC:
water to residents even though all sampling for municipal drinking water and              Vanderbilt University well water have continuously met all EPA and TDEC regulations. UMD also                    Medical Center worked to have 30 members of the community tested for heavy metals at a Tennessee company called Internal Balance. Internal Balance advocates wellness and detoxification strategies. TDH did not recommend metals testing because the community is not exposed to elevated levels of metals from coal ash.
Some community members who were tested for heavy metals are concerned about abnormal results they received, but have had no medical follow up.
Some health care providers in the area are uncomfortable interpreting these test results. Several community members have reported abnormal laboratory results for porphyrins testing done through UMD. People are concerned about their health, about exposures, and about proper diagnosis and treatment.
TVA has contracted with Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) to provide services to individuals with health concerns relating to the coal ash release. ORAU has subcontracted with the Tennessee Poison Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) to provide expertise in medical toxicology to area health care providers and to individuals. ORAU and VUMC medical toxicologists have prepared a protocol for acceptance into the medical program and for appropriate testing of individuals. TVA will pay the costs associated with these examinations. In addition, if an individuals health has been adversely impacted by exposure to the released coal ash, TVA will pay for treatment (personal communication, Joseph J. Hoagland, TVA, September 9, 2009).
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Public Comment - Community Concerns                          PHA: KIF Ash Release ORAU and VUMC will not share individual medical records with TVA or              ORAU: Oak TDH without specific authorization from an individual patient. However,          Ridge Associated ORAU will provide information on any health trends related to exposure to the    Universities coal ash with TVA and TDH.
VUMC:
Vanderbilt University Medical Center TVA: TN Valley Authority TDH:
Tennessee Department of Health 72
 
Public Comment - Conclusions                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release Conclusions
: 1.      When the coal ash was released from the failed retention wall of one of the coal ash storage ponds, people in the path of the ash could have been harmed by the magnitude and suddenness of the ash release. If the release had occurred during a summer day when people were on the river or riverbanks, many people could have been harmed or killed.
An enormous amount of ash quickly filled the Emory River and two coves, moving one house from its foundation and causing two other homes to be uninhabitable. The force of the release ruptured a gas line and disrupted power, causing the evacuation of the neighborhood along Swan Pond Road and Emory River Drive. A train derailed when it ran into a portion of the huge pile of coal ash. People driving home during the night found that Swan Pond Circle Road was impassable due to the ash. Fortunately, no one on the road or river was buried by the coal ash release.
: 2.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that it is unlikely that harm occurred to people from touching the coal ash when they had to climb out of their damaged houses on the morning of December 22, 2008, and to those who returned to retrieve personal property.
Even though touching the coal ash could cause local skin irritation, the metals in the coal ash are not likely to get into peoples bodies from touching the ash.
: 3.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to the communitys health is expected from touching the coal ash. This includes children who might touch the ash while playing.
Even though touching the coal ash could cause local skin irritation, the metals in the ash are not likely to get into peoples bodies from merely touching the coal ash. The ash has been fenced, clearly marking the areas with coal ash. The opportunity for people, especially children, to touch the ash is currently minimal.
: 4.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to peoples health is expected from accidentally eating a small amount of coal ash.
The concentrations of metals in the coal ash, except arsenic, are below levels known to cause harm if eaten. Because exposure to the coal ash was brief and the arsenic in the coal ash is not completely available for absorption, no harm to health is expected even if the coal ash were accidentally eaten. The ash has been fenced, clearly marking the areas with coal ash.
: 5.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using the Emory River at the site of the coal ash release (near Emory River mile 2) could result in harm to residents or trespassers from physical hazards associated with cleanup efforts and from the volume of ash present, if residents or trespassers entered the area.
The Tennessee Valley Aauthority is using heavy machinery to build dikes and weirs to contain the ash and to remove the ash. The boundary between land and water is blurred because of the ash, leading to a physical hazard to anyone walking in the area.
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Public Comment - Conclusions                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release
: 6.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using municipal drinking water from the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants will not harm peoples health because the raw and finished water have continuously met drinking water standards.
The Environmental Protection Agencys contractor tested raw and finished drinking water for the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants every day between December 23, 2008, and January 5, 2009. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation tested the water every day between January 2 and January 22, 2009, and continues to sample the water weekly. At no time, has the raw or finished water contained metals above primary drinking water standards. The water intake for the Kingston water treatment plant is about 6 miles downstream of the ash release site. The water intake for the Rockwood water treatment plant is about 23 miles downstream of the ash release.
: 7.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that using well or spring water within four miles of the coal ash release will not harm peoples health from exposure to coal ash or metals in the coal ash because no evidence has been found for groundwater contamination by coal ash.
Between December 30, 2008, and March 12, 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Department of Health sampled and analyzed water from 102 privately owned wells and springs within a four-mile radius of the ash spill. None of the water tested had any contaminants above the national or state primary drinking water limits called Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). There is no indication from groundwater sampling and analysis that coal ash has contaminated the groundwater.
: 8.      The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to peoples health should result from recreational use of the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers outside the area of the lower Emory River down to the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, as specified in the recreational advisory and river closure. Previous fish advisories should be followed.
Sampling and analysis for metals associated with coal ash indicated that metals in all other areas of the Emory River and the Clinch River have remained below any health comparison values. Concentrations of total suspended solids have remained low in all areas of the Emory and Clinch Rivers except at the site of the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority will continue to sample and analyze surface water in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers. If any at any time, violations of water quality are detected, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of people using the rivers for recreation.
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency advise avoiding consumption of striped bass and limiting consumption of catfish and sauger. The pollutants of concern are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury from historical activities not related to the Tennessee Valley Authority.
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Public Comment - Conclusions                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release
: 9.      The Tennessee Department of Health cannot conclude whether breathing coal ash from December 22, 2008, through December 27, 2008, harmed peoples health. However, any dust that may have been inhaled could have aggravated symptoms in sensitive populations, that is, people with asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
No agencies took air samples in this period. However, the Tennessee Department of Health believes that it is unlikely that the coal ash dried out enough to become airborne because it was wet when it was released and because rain helped to keep the ash from drying out.
10a. The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that breathing ambient air near the coal ash release is not expected to harm peoples health as long as adequate dust suppression measures are in place.
10b. The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that no harm to peoples health is expected from occasionally breathing coal ash if it should become airborne for short periods of time.
10c. If dust suppression measures should fail and particulate matter is present in concentrations greater than National Ambient Air Quality Standards due to the coal ash becoming airborne for periods longer than one day, the Tennessee Department of Health concludes that particulate matter from airborne coal ash could harm peoples health, especially for those persons with pre-existing respiratory or heart conditions. Such harm could include upper airway irritation and aggravation of pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
Sampling and analysis of particulate matter by all agencies indicated that particulate matter, less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10), in ambient air surrounding the coal ash release met all National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Coal ash is considered a nuisance dust because of the size range of the particulate matter.
Metals in the ash are not at high enough concentrations to cause harm if they are breathed. If the coal ash were breathed in for longer periods or more frequently, the particulate matter in the airborne coal ash would cause the same harm as breathing in other dusts (such as dust from a ball field or farm land). Examples of such harm are upper airway irritation and aggravation of pre-existing problems such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
The Tennessee Valley Authoritys air monitors did not often detect metals in total particulate matter. Most measurements were below health comparison values. Arsenic and chromium detected by the Tennessee Valley Authority in total particulates on-site were within the range found in the United States for metals on particulate matter.
Sampling and analysis of ambient air off-site were done by using temporary monitors that sampled total particulate matter, not just respirable or inhalable particulates. One sample taken on January 26, 2009, had cadmium in total particulates above the health comparison value. This sample represents just one sampling result within results for five sampling stations with daily sampling from January 1 through March 10, 2009 (345 samples).
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Public Comment - Conclusions                                                PHA: KIF Ash Release Metals in total suspended particulates measured by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation were all below health comparison values, except for two samples of arsenic that were slightly above the health comparison value. These two detections of arsenic should have no impact on public health because the concentrations of arsenic detected were extremely low. In addition, metals measured in total suspended particulates include metals of all sizes of particulate matter, not just particulate matter that is respirable.
: 11. The Tennessee Department of Health cannot conclude whether breathing dust near the quarry and along the routes of the quarry trucks has or will harm peoples health. Such dust can be irritating to upper airways and can aggravate pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
Of the 47,909 real-time measurements of particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM10) in the community near the ash release, 0.1% were above 150 micrograms per cubic meter, the 24-hour average National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Many of these samples were taken near the quarry and along the quarry truck routes. Because the samples were collected during a short time period, three to five minutes, we cannot make any predictions about the 24-hour average concentrations. We can say that the quarry dust does not typically contain heavy metals like the coal ash.
Quarry dust contains chemicals present in limestone, such as calcium, magnesium, and carbonates. Such dust can be irritating to upper airways and can aggravate pre-existing conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and other respiratory conditions.
: 12. The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that the small amount of radiation from the coal ash is not expected to harm peoples health.
The radioactive materials of concern in coal ash include both radium-226 and radium-228. Although the concentration of these materials in the coal ash exceeded the average regional background soil concentrations, the levels are below the health-based regulatory limit used by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This regulatory limit was set to protect the health of people, including the health of sensitive populations.
: 13. The Tennessee Department of Health supports the efforts of the non-governmental organizations to collect environmental data in the days after the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Health concludes that data collected by non-governmental organizations were of limited usefulness in establishing the long-term public health implications of the coal ash release. However, the non-governmental organizations data confirm data collected by governmental agencies.
Data from all agencies agree that arsenic in the coal ash was at levels above health comparison values, that arsenic in the Emory River at the site of the ash release was elevated immediately following the release. They also agree that groundwater in the vicinity of the coal ash release was not impacted by the coal ash. Non-governmental organizations, as well as the Tennessee Departments of Health and Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, expressed concern about the potential for harm to health from breathing airborne coal ash. See Conclusion 10 for more about this.
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Public Comment - Conclusions                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release The data provided by non-governmental organizations about selenium in certain fish were not replicated by Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservations, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agencys, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys sampling and analysis. However, it has signaled the need for further investigation by government agencies. The Environmental Protection Agencys Science Review Panel and the U.S. Corps of Engineers have generated two reports on selenium impacts at the site of the coal ash release.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) collected most of the data in the days just after the coal ash release and in areas near the release. In some cases, the Tennessee Department of Health could not determine the exact sampling and analysis techniques or quality control and quality assurance measures. We appreciate this additional data and the concern about the environment and the health of Tennesseans by the non-governmental organizations. By working together, all governmental and non-governmental agencies can protect the environment and the health of the people who live in the area of the coal ash release.
Sampling and analysis of groundwater, surface drinking water, well water, and air continues by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. This continuing sampling will allow the Tennessee Department of Health and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to ensure that the health of the public near the coal ash release continues to be protected.
: 14. Based on the Community Health Survey, the Tennessee Department of Health concludes that many residents living in the area of the coal ash spill experienced stress and anxiety.
Some residents reported respiratory symptoms after the ash release.
Analysis of questions from the Community Health Survey indicated that 52 percent of the persons who answered questions for the survey experienced stress and anxiety.
Symptoms of stress and anxiety are natural and to be expected since the coal ash release destroyed homes, disrupted lives, and drastically changed the landscape. Since the coal release occurred just before Christmas, even more stress was added to the lives of the people living near the coal ash release. Forty percent of the persons who answered questions for the survey reported a change in health status since the spill, primarily either worsening of cough or headaches, wheezing, or shortness of breath.
: 15. Community members living near the quarry and along the routes that quarry trucks traveled made complaints specific to dust at the Tennessee Valley Authoritys Community Involvement Center. Complaints about respiratory symptoms were widespread and were not oriented toward either the site of the coal ash release or the route of the quarry trucks.
The Tennessee Department of Health analyzed written complaints to the Tennessee Valley Authoritys Community Involvement Center related to health concerns. The Tennessee Department of Health performed geographical analysis that indicated that dust concerns were strongly oriented to the location of the quarry and to routes traveled by the quarry trucks. Geographical analysis indicated that respiratory concerns were not geographically related to either the quarry or the coal ash release site.
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Public Comment - Conclusions                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release
: 16. The Tennessee Department of Health concluded that monitoring peoples blood or urine for metals would not be helpful.
Based on environmental test results, the Tennessee Department of Health does not expect harm to health from touching, eating, drinking, or breathing the metals in coal fly ash.
No harm is expected from breathing the air as long as adequate dust suppression measures are in place.
The Future The Tennessee Department of Health understands that people are concerned about whether the coal ash may be a health hazard in the future. The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to consult with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to make sure that future sampling will be adequate in all respects to make determinations about the health of the people living near the coal ash release. The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to follow all sampling and analysis activities and will inform the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency immediately if any results might be a cause of health concern. The Tennessee Department of Health, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the Tennessee Valley Authority, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and the Tennessee Poison Center will continue to work together to ensure that public health is protected during the long cleanup process.
The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to keep people informed about any new issues or any new findings through the Environmental Epidemiology Programs website, reports, community meetings, and press releases.
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Public Comment - Recommendations                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release Recommendations
: 1.      The Roane County Office of Emergency Services and Homeland Security acted immediately to protect people. The Tennessee Valley Authority, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency, and the Tennessee Department of Health began to assist through a unified command structure. Although the command center was demobilized in January 2009, the response from state and federal agencies has continued, and will continue until the area is returned to the conditions existing before the coal ash release.
The Tennessee Department of Health and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will continue to widely publicize the following message: If you do contact the ash, then practice good hygiene, especially washing your hands before eating or smoking. Wash thoroughly, including your hands, clothes and shoes if you, your children, or pets come in contact with the ash. Basically, wash the same way you would after mud exposure. Remember, the metals are bound to the ash. Occasional exposures for brief periods of time should not harm peoples health.
This coal ash release highlights the continued need for industries and federal, state, and local officials to work closely together to develop comprehensive emergency response plans and capabilities in communities where acute environmental incidents are possible.
: 2.      People whose homes were destroyed have been relocated. In addition, the Tennessee Valley Authority has relocated most of the families whose property was near the affected portions of the Emory River and coves.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to work cooperatively to clean up the ash as quickly as possible while protecting the people in the community from touching, accidentally eating, drinking, or breathing the coal ash.
: 3.      The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue working in cooperation with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community from touching the coal ash.
: 4.      The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue working in cooperation with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community from eating the coal ash.
: 5.      The Tennessee Valley Authority is working in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation to clean up the coal ash while protecting the people in the community. While cleanup is underway, heavy machinery will be present. The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to actively patrol the area so that unauthorized persons cannot enter the area.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the Tennessee Departments of Health and Environmental Conservation and the Tennessee Valley 79
 
Public Comment - Recommendations                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release Authority, issued a Recreational Advisory for Watts Bar Reservoir in June 2009. This advisory states, in part: The public is cautioned to avoid recreational use of the lower Emory River in the vicinity of the ash release down to the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, which includes adjacent coves, inlets, islands, and sand bars. Small vessel traffic is currently channeled through a well-marked navigational lane, but swimming, jet skiing, water skiing and tubing are not advised at this time in these areas. In addition to construction related risks, contact with submerged or floating ash should be avoided, and if ash is contacted it should be washed off with soap and water. Chronic exposure by incidental ingestion and inhalation should also be avoided.
On August 11, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority, closed the Emory River from mile marker 1.5 to mile marker 3. The river will be closed to river traffic through February 15, 2010.
: 6.      The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to sample and analyze raw and finished water at the Kingston and Rockwood water treatment plants. If any at any time, violations of water quality are detected, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of the communities using the municipal water.
: 7.      The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to take samples of groundwater from private wells and springs for analysis periodically to make sure that the coal ash is not affecting groundwater. If elevated concentrations of any of the metals from the coal ash are found in groundwater, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation will take immediate action to protect the health of the community. If site conditions at the Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash release should change, then the groundwater sampling timeframe should be re-evaluated.
: 8.      The Tennessee Valley Authority should continue to clean up the site of the coal ash release as fast as possible while, at the same time, protecting both public health and the health of the river and its aquatic life. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to monitor the Emory and Clinch Rivers to make sure they remain safe for recreational activities. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation are sampling fish to make sure the coal ash does not affect them and indirectly harm people who eat the fish.
Cleanup of the coal ash release is being conducted in a way that will not disturb historical contamination of the river sediments with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury.
: 9.      Since no air measurements were obtained during the time period between December 22 and December 27, 2008, it is not possible to know what the air conditions were during this time. All emergency operations were aimed at protecting the public from released coal ash and dealing with emergency situations created by derailed trains, ruptured gas lines, destroyed homes, and destroyed roads. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation began taking air samples by December 27, 2008.
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Public Comment - Recommendations                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release
: 10. The Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to measure particulate matter and metals in particulate matter in the air near the release until the coal ash release is cleaned up.
The Tennessee Department of Health, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority will ensure that a system is in place to warn people if the air quality is likely to fail to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
: 11.      If the rock dust from the quarry was a health problem, it was because it is particulate in nature. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to work with the quarry and with the Tennessee Valley Authority to lessen the dust at the quarry and along the truck routes.
: 12.      No additional public health actions are needed related to radiation from the released coal ash.
: 13. None at this time.
: 14. The Tennessee Department of Health has continually encouraged people to see their primary care provider for any health concerns. People are encouraged to contact the Oak Ridge Associated Universities to sign up for health screenings if they are concerned that their health has been harmed by the coal ash release. The health screenings will be done by medical toxicologists from the Tennessee Poison Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The Department of Mental Health and the Tennessee Valley Authority worked with Ridgeview Community Mental Health Center in Oak Ridge and Harriman to provide services to people affected by the coal ash release.
: 15.      The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation should continue to work with the quarry to control dust. TVA has implemented many dust control measure at the site of the coal ahs release and for trucks leaving the site. Dust controls will continue to be required of trucks driving on county roads.
The Tennessee Department of Health has continually encouraged people to see their primary care provider for any health concerns. People are encouraged to contact the Oak Ridge Associated Universities to sign up for health screenings if they are concerned that their health has been harmed by the coal ash release. The health screenings will be done by medical toxicologists from the Tennessee Poison Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
: 16. If people chose to have metals testing and they are concerned about their results, they should talk with their primary care provider or talk with a medical toxicologist at the clinics set up in the area by Oak Ridge Associated Universities and the Tennessee Poison Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
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Public Comment - Public Health Action Plan                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Public Health Action Plan The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to work with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority to analyze data for its public health implications.
The Tennessee Department of Health will continue to work with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority to involve the community in the process and to educate the community about the public health implications of the ash release and the cleanup.
The Tennessee Department of Healths Environmental Epidemiology Program will continue to work with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, if requested, as additional studies are conducted at the Tennessee Valley Authoritys Kingston Fossil Plant and as the cleanup of the ash release continues.
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Public Comment - Authors, Technical Advisors, Reviewers                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Authors, Technical Advisors, Reviewers Authors Bonnie Bashor, MS, Director of Environmental Epidemiology Joseph George; MS, Health Assessor Melissa Kranz, MPH, Environmental Epidemiologist David Borowski, MS, Health Assessor/Assistant Director of Environmental Epidemiology Tennessee Department of Health (TDH)
Division of Communicable and Environmental Disease Services (CEDS)
Environmental Epidemiology Program (EEP) 1st Floor Cordell Hull Building 425 5th Avenue North Nashville TN 37243 ATSDR Technical Project Officer LCDR Trent LeCoultre, MSEH, REHS Cooperative Agreement and Program Evaluation Branch Reviewers Tennessee Department of Health Veronica Gunn, MD, Chief Medical Officer Timothy F. Jones, MD, State Epidemiologist David Kirschke, MD, Deputy State Epidemiologist Rebecca Gorham, Environmental Epidemiology Program Judy Manners, Environmental Epidemiology Program Brad Parman, East Tennessee Regional Office Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Ruben Crosslin, Division of Radiological Health Paul E. Davis, PE, Director, Division of Water Pollution Control Tom Moss, PG, Acting Director, Division of Water Supply Robert Alexander, Division of Water Pollution Control Robert Brawner, Division of Air Pollution Control Barbara Scott, Division of Water Pollution Control, on-site coordinator Tennessee Emergency Management Agency Elgan Usrey, Assistant Director, Preparedness Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 83
 
Public Comment - Authors, Technical Advisors, Reviewers                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Tennessee Poison Center, Vanderbilt Medical Center Donna Seger, MD, Executive Director & Medical Director John G. Benitez, MD, MPH, Toxicology Attending Physician & Managing Director Saralyn Reid Williams, MD Toxicology Attending Physician & Fellowship Director Oak Ridge Associated Universities Donna Cragle, Ph.D., Vice President & Director, Occupational Exposure & Worker Health Gregory Nichols, Research Associate U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 4 Craig Zeller, Kingston Ash Spill Recovery Project, Remedial Project Manager, Leo Francendese, Kingston Ash Spill Recovery Project, On-Scene Coordinator Tim Frederick, MPH, Superfund Division Tennessee Valley Authority Joseph J. Hoagland, PhD, Vice President, Environmental Science Technology & Policy Neil E. Carriker, PhD, Project Manager, Special Projects, Office of Environment & Research Dennis H. Yankee, Kingston Environmental Manager, Environmental Permitting &
Compliance 84
 
Public Comment - References                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Ash Release References (ATSDR 2007) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2007. Toxicological profile for Arsenic. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services.
(ATSDR 2008a) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2008. Draft Toxicological profile for Chromium. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services.
(ATSDR 2008b) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 2008. Draft Toxicological profile for Manganese. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services.
(ATSDR 2009) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Health Assessment and Consultation Site and Radiologic Assessment Branch. Technical Assistance to the Tennessee Department of Health: Radiological Evaluation, Kingston fly ash spill, Kingston, Roane County, Tennessee, March 2009.
(ASU - WAUWRP 2009) Report of Appalachian State University and the Waterkeeper Alliances Upper Watauga Riverkeeper Program. The report can be found at URL:
(http://www.unitedmountaindefense.org/.
(Babyak et. al 2009) Babyak C, George A, Lemly D, Lisenby D, Payne, B, and Tuberty S.
Preliminary summary report from water, sediment and fish samples collected at the TVA ash spill by Appalachian State University, Appalachian Voices, Tennessee Aquarium and Wake Forest University. This report can be found at URL:
www.appvoices.org/index.php?/site/av_news/tva_ash_spill_results/.
Cancer Facts & Figures 2009. American Cancer Society. Atlanta 2009.
(Davis and DeWiest 1966) Davis SN and DeWiest RJM. 1966. Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
(DeRosa 2002) De Rosa CT, Holler JS, Mehlman MA. 2002. Advances in modern environmental toxicology, Volume XXVI: Impact of hazardous chemicals on public health, policy, and service. International Toxicology Books, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey.
(EPA 1991) Clay DR. OSWER Directive 9355.0-30. Role of the baseline risk assessment in Superfund remedy selection decisions.
(EPA 1994) Methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples. Supplement I.
EPA/600/R-94/111. May 1994.
(EPA 2005) Guidelines for carcinogenic risk assessment. EPA/6301/P-03/001F. Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 2005.
(EPA 2009) Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category: Final Detailed Study Report. EPA 821-R-09-008. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2009.
(EPA 2009a) Private drinking water wells. URL: http://www.epa.gov/privatewells/index2.html.
(EPA 2009b) Air Quality Index: Particle Pollution, URL accessed on March 19, 2009, http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibroch.aqi#13.
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Public Comment - References                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Ash Release (EPA 2009c) AirNow. URL:http://www.epa.gov/air/data/.
(EPA 2009d) Regulatory limits for radium.
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/conmedia/soil/cleanup.htm (Gabbard 2009) Gabbard, A. Coal Combustion: Nuclear Resource or Danger.
http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html, accessed on February 25, 2009).
(Head 2006) Head C. Memorandum, Management of Soils Containing Arsenic on TN Department of Transportation Right-of-Way Sites, to Mike Apple and Jim Haynes. July 20, 2006.
(IRIS 2009). EPAs Integrated Risk Information System. URL: www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/.
(Meij 2000) Meij R. Composition and particle size of and exposure to coal fly ash. J. Aerosol Sci. Vol. 31, Suppl 1, pp. S 676-S677, 2000.
(Meij and te Winkle 2001) Meij R and te Winkel H. Health aspects of coal fly ash. 2001 International Ash Utilization Symposium, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Paper #21.
(NIOSH 2002) NIOSH Hazard Review: Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-129 April 2002.
(ORAU 2009) Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Kingston Ash Release. URL:
http://tva.gov/kingston/orau/index.htm.
(RSL 2009) EPA Region 3 Mid-Atlantic States Risk Screening Level Tables. URL:
http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm (Ruhl et. al 2009) Ruhl L, Vengosh A, Dwyer, GS, Hsu-Kim H, Deonarine A, Bergin M, Kravchenko J. Survey of the Potential Environmental and Health Impacts in the Immediate Aftermath of the Coal Ash Spill in Kingston, Tennessee. Environ. Sci. Technol., Article ASAP.
DOI 10.1021/es900714p. Publication Date (WEB): 04 May 2009.
(Shoji et. al 2002) Shoji T, Huggins FE, and Huffman GP. XAFS spectroscopy analysis of selected elements in fine particulate matter derived from coal combustion. Energy & Fuels 2002, 16, 325-329.
(Smith et. al 2006) Smith KR, Veranth JM, Kodavanti UP, Aust AE, and Pinderton KE. Acute pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled coal fly ash in rates: comparison to ambient environmental particles. Toxicological Sciences 93(2), 390-399 (2006).
(Stranden 1985) Stranden, E. Sources of exposure to technologically enhanced natural radiation.
Science of the Total Environment, 45: p. 27-45, 1985.
(Tetra Tech 2009) Tetra Tech EM Inc., Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team Region 4. Final CERCLA Emergency Response Report, Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash 86
 
Public Comment - References                                  Public Health Assessment: KIF Ash Release Response. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee. EPA Contract No. EP-W-05-054 TDD NO.
TTEMI-05-001-0084. Revision 0. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Emergency Response and Removal Branch.
(TDEC 2008) Rules of Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Tennessee Water Quality Control Board, Division of Water Quality Control. Chapter 1200-4-3, General Water Quality Criteria. June 2008 (Revised).
(TVA 2009) Tennessee Valley Authority website. URL: http://www.tva.gov/sites/kingston.htm (Zielinski et. al 1998). Zielinski, R.A. and J.R. Budahn, Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash:
improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry. Fuel, 77(4): p. 259-267, 1998.
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Public Comment - Figures        PHA: KIF Ash Release Figures 88
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                        PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 1. Aerial image of Kingston area prior to the ash slide. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
89
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 2. Aerial image of Kingston ash slide. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee. December 23, 2008.
90
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 3. Overview of the river systems near the KIF coal ash release, with water intakes. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
91
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 4. Soil and ash sampling locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
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Public Comment - Figures                                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 5. Tennessee Valley Authority surface water sampling locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
93
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                                                        PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 6. Environmental Protection Agency surface water sampling locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
94
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 7. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation surface water sampling locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
95
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 8. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation well and spring groundwater sampling locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
96
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 9. TVA Air monitoring locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
97
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 10. TVA and TDEC Air monitoring locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
98
 
Public Comment - Figures                                                                        PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 11. EPA Air monitoring locations. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
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Public Comment - Figures                                                                                                PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 12. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for anxiety after the ash release. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
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Public Comment - Figures                                                                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 13. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for shortness of breath experience before and after the ash release. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
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Public Comment - Figures                                                                                              PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 14. Hot spot analysis and directional distribution for vomiting experienced before and after the ash release. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
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Public Comment - Figures                                                                                          PHA: KIF Ash Release Figure 15. Locations of all health or dust complaints with the    Figure 16. Directional distribution of dust and respiratory quarry truck routes. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane          complaints. KIF coal ash spill, Harriman, Roane County, County, Tennessee.                                                Tennessee 103
 
Public Comment - Tables        PHA KIF Ash Release Tables 104
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                  PHA KIF Ash Release Table 1: TVA Ponded Fly Ash Analyses from Dredge Cell, February 5, 2002. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Concentration of Concentration, Metal                                            TCLP Extract,        Health Comparison Values, Soil mg/kg mg/L Soil, mg/kg        TCLP, mg/L 7 1
Aluminum                      21,000                  -----            50,000                -----
2 Antimony                  < MDL (10.0)                  -----              20 4              -----
0.43 (EPA 6010B)                1 Arsenic                          61                                        20                  5 0.46 (EPA 7060A) 1 Barium                          430                    1.5              10,000                100 1
Beryllium                      1.7                    -----              100                -----
2                        2              1 Cadmium                  < MDL (0.5)            < MDL (0.005)              10                  1 2
Chromium                        27              < MDL (0.05)            200 4, 5              5 4
Cobalt                          18                    -----              500                -----
4 Copper                          54                    -----              500                -----
9 Iron                          21,000                  -----            55,000                -----
2 Lead                            23              < MDL (0.05)            400 6                5 Lithium                          48                    -----              NA                -----
7 Magnesium                      1,800                    -----            EHN                  -----
4 Manganese                        96                    -----            3,000                -----
Mercury, RCRA                                                                4, 10 0.16                    -----            20                  0.2 total 4
Molybdenum                      2.0                    -----              300                -----
4 Nickel                          34                    -----            1,000                -----
2                                        1 Selenium                  < MDL (10.0)                0.0219              300                  1 2                      2                4 Silver                    < MDL (1.0)            < MDL (0.01)            300                  5 3
Strontium                      330                    -----          100,000                -----
2 Thallium                  < MDL (10.0)                  -----            5-79                -----
2 Tin                      < MDL (5.0)                  -----              NA                -----
Titanium                        720                    -----              NA                -----
8 Vanadium                        86                    -----            2,000                -----
1 Zinc                            75                    -----            20,000                -----
NA = not available 1
ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 MDL = method detection level 2
ATSDR EMEG, child, intermediate exposure (14 - 364 days) 3 EPA RMEG, child, derived from the Reference Dose (lifetime) 4 Hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
EHN = Essential human nutrient, 7
Standard found in 40 CFR 261.24 8
Risk Assessment Information System 9
Mercuric chloride 105
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                    PHA KIF Ash Release Table 2. Analytical results, TVA ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals. Ash results in milligrams per kilogram soil (mg/kg) or ash. TCLP results in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Health Comparison TVA Values 7
Standard        Soil            TCLP Mean          Minimum        Maximum Deviation      (mg/kg)            (mg/L) 1 Aluminum                26,500          10,100        45,200          9,080      50,000              -----
3 Antimony                  0.0            0.0            0.0          0.0          20                -----
Arsenic                  67.6            22.7          166            31          20 1              -----
Arsenic, TCLP              0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0          -----              5 1
Barium                    794            114          1,410          348        10,000              -----
Barium, TCLP              2.32            0.87          3.63          0.66          -----            100 1
Beryllium                5.98            1.73            9.6          1.76        100                -----
1 Cadmium                    0.0            0.0            0.0          0.0          10            MDL = 1.42 Cadmium, TCLP            0.056          0.013          0.152          0.048          -----              1 6
Calcium                  13,300          1,500        30,900        10,100        EHN                -----
3, 4 Chromium, total          44.8            22.9            66            10.9        200                -----
Chromium, 0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0          -----              5 TCLP 3
Cobalt                    21.1            13.1          29.7          4.3          500                -----
3 Copper                    68.7            19.8          102            19.5        500                -----
8 Iron                    20,020          9,840        39,700          5,330      55,000              -----
5 Lead                      27.7            10.7            46            8.1          400                -----
Lead, TCLP                0.066          0.066          0.066      not available      -----              5 6
Magnesium                3,120            740          6,230          1,910        EHN                -----
3 Manganese                  102              46            698            94        3,000              -----
3, 9 Mercury                  0.172          0.0136          0.209          0.033        20                -----
Mercury, TCLP              0.0              0.0            0.0            0.0          -----            0.2 3
Nickel                      41              19            64            10        1,000              -----
1 Selenium                  6.9            2.6            17.8          3.5          300                -----
Selenium, TCLP            0.101          0.101          0.101      not available      -----              1 3
Silver                    0.0            0.0            0.0          0.0          300                -----
Silver, TCLP              0.0            0.0            0.0            0.0          -----              5 8
Thallium                  3.1            2.6            3.8          0.5        5-7                -----
1 Zinc                        58              24            91            17        20,000              -----
1 ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 ATSDR EMEG, child, intermediate exposure (14 - 364 days) 3 ATSDR RMEG, child, derived from the Reference Dose (lifetime) 4 Health Comparison Value for hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
EHN = Essential human nutrient 7
Standard found in 40 CFR 261.24 8
Risk Assessment Information System 9
Mercuric chloride 106
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                    PHA KIF Ash Release Table 3. Analytical results, EPA soil sampling. Soil results in milligrams per kilogram ash (mg/kg). Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Health EPA                            Comparison Values Standard          Soil Mean          Minimum        Maximum Deviation      (mg/kg) 1 Aluminum                  9,683          2,170        22,600        5,767        50,000 2
Antimony                    0.7              0            1.9          0.5            20 1
Arsenic                      12            1.1            34            10            20 1
Barium                      56              18            174            44        10,000 1
Beryllium                  0.3              0            0.7          0.2          100 1
Cadmium                    0.1              0            0.4          0.1            10 3
Calcium                    1,321            348          2,310          612          EHN 2, 4 Chromium, total              26            4.2            87            23          200 2
Cobalt                      8.9            2.3            34            10          500 2
Copper                      14            4.3            36          8.4          500 6
Iron                      20,622          2,800        40,800        12,384        55,000 5
Lead                        28            6.6            72            21          400 3
Magnesium                  862            240          2,530          707          EHN 2
Manganese                  701              61          4,160        1,051        3,000 2, 7 Mercury                    0.04              0            0.2          0.06          20 2
Nickel                      10              0            24          6.3          1,000 1
Selenium                    2.5            1.0            4.3          1.0          300 2
Silver                        0              0              0            0          300 6
Thallium                      0              0              0            0          5-7 2
Vanadium                    31            5.0            82            25          200 1
Zinc                        38              18            84            20        20,000 1
ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 ATSDR RMEG, child, derived from the EPA Reference Dose (lifetime) 3 EHN = Essential human nutrient 4
Health Comparison Value for hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
Risk Assessment Information System 7
Mercuric chloride 107
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                    PHA KIF Ash Release Table 4. Analytical results, EPA ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals. Ash results in milligrams per kilogram ash (mg/kg). TCLP results in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Health Comparison EPA Values 6
Standard        Soil            TCLP Mean          Minimum        Maximum Deviation      (mg/kg)            (mg/L) 1 Aluminum                16,712          10,500        28,900        7,290        50,000              -----
2 Antimony                  1.2            0.9            1.6          0.2          20                -----
Arsenic                    61              45            81          13            20 1              -----
Arsenic, TCLP            0.03              0            0.1          0.05          -----              5 1
Barium                    368            179            864          295        10,000              -----
Barium, TCLP              1.4            0.7            4.7          1.5          -----            100 1
Beryllium                  1.4            0.1            6.3          2.0          100                -----
1 Cadmium                    0.8            0.6            1.2          0.2          10                -----
Cadmium, TCLP                0              0              0            0            -----              1 3
Calcium                  8262            2190          19,500        7,120          EHN                -----
2, 4 Chromium, total            27              18            41          8.8        200                -----
Chromium, 0.01              0            0.05          0.02          -----              5 TCLP 2
Cobalt                      12            7.9            19            4.4          500                -----
2 Copper                      46              30            69          15          500                -----
7 Iron                    13,961          9,590        19,300        2,954        55,000              -----
5 Lead                        25              15            57          13          400                -----
Lead, TCLP                0.01              0            0.05          0.02          -----              5 3
Magnesium                1,861            713          4,300        1,415          EHN                -----
2 Manganese                  141              46            447          140          3,000              -----
2, 8 Mercury                    0.1            0.06          0.12          0.02          20                -----
Mercury, TCLP                0              0              0            0            -----            0.2 2
Nickel                      24              17            32          6.0        1,000              -----
1 Selenium                  5.9            3.1            7.2          1.3          300                -----
Selenium, TCLP              0              0              0            0            -----              1 2
Silver                    2.1            0.0            3.5          1.5          300                -----
Silver, TCLP                0              0              0            0            -----              5 7
Thallium                  0.5              0            4.4          1.5          5-7                -----
2 Vanadium                    70              45            121          29          200                -----
1 Zinc                        40              24            56          11        20,000              -----
1 ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 ATSDR RMEG, child, derived from the EPA Reference Dose (lifetime) 3 Essential human nutrient 4
Health Comparison Value for hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
Standard found in 40 CFR 261.24 7
Risk Assessment Information System 8
Mercuric chloride 108
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                      PHA KIF Ash Release Table 5. Analytical results, TDEC soil sampling. Soil results in milligrams per kilogram soil (mg/kg).
Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Health TDEC                                  Comparison Values Standard            Soil Mean            Minimum          Maximum Deviation          (mg/kg) 1 Aluminum                      8,419            1,300          17,000          4031            50,000 2
Antimony                        0                0                0              0              20 1
Arsenic                          2                0              6.4            2.4              20 1
Barium                          79                21              180              52            10,000 1
Beryllium                        0                0              1.1            0.3              100 1
Cadmium                          0                0              0.7            0.2              10 2
Calcium                      1,378              210            3,700            913              EHN 2, 4 Chromium, total                15                8              33            8.4            200 2
Cobalt                          9              0.9              29            7.4              500 2
Copper                          11                0              120            29              500 6
Iron                        16,050            4,000          41,000          9,251            55,000 5
Lead                            14              4.4              33            8.1              400 3
Magnesium                    2,530              300            19,000          4,695              EHN 2
Manganese                      879                52            2,900            877            3,000 2, 7 Mercury                          0                0                0              0              20 2
Nickel                          6                0              22            7.0            1,000 1
Selenium                        1                0              5.3            1.5              300 2
Silver                          0                0                0              0              300 6
Thallium                        7              2.3              18            4.7              5-7 Uranium                        0.7              0.4              0.9            0.19              NA 2
Vanadium                        21                15              28            4.6              200 1
Zinc                            31              9.7              57            15            20,000 NA = not available 1
ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 ATSDR RMEG, child, derived from the EPA Reference Dose (lifetime) 3 Essential human nutrient 4
Health Comparison Value for hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
EPA Region III Regional Screening Table 7
Mercuric chloride These samples were taken to determine if coal ash had impacted natural soil at residences affected by the coal ash release. Since no impact of coal ash on natural soil was demonstrated, these values could be considered background values for soil in this area, although some concentrations are somewhat different from TDECs statistical summary of inorganics in their soil background survey.
109
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                  PHA KIF Ash Release Table 6. Analytical results, TDEC ash sampling, with TCLP results for applicable metals. Ash results in milligrams per kilogram ash (mg/kg). TCLP results in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Health Comparison TDEC Values 6
Standard        Soil            TCLP Mean          Minimum        Maximum Deviation      (mg/kg)          (mg/L) 1 Aluminum                14,267          1000          22,000        6,939        50,000              -----
2 Antimony                    0              0              0            0            20              -----
Arsenic                    78              56            100          14            20 1            -----
Arsenic, TCLP            0.18            0.002          0.15        -----                            5 1
Barium                    287            180            330          47        10,000              -----
Barium, TCLP              0.05            0.05            1.4          -----                          100 1
Beryllium                    3            1.5            3.6          0.7          100              -----
1 Cadmium                  0.03              0            0.2          0.1          10              -----
Cadmium, TCLP            0.001              0          0.009        -----                            1 2
Calcium                  3,308          2,000          4,600        783          EHN              -----
2, 4 Chromium, total            23              16            31          4.6        200                -----
Chromium, 0.001              0          0.004        -----                            5 TCLP 2
Cobalt                      12            6.7            18          3.6          500              -----
2 Copper                      43              25            58          10          500              -----
7 Iron                    13,000          10,000        21,000        3,027        55,000              -----
5 Lead                        18            9.8            29          6.3          400              -----
Lead, TCLP                  0              0              0                                            5 3
Magnesium                1,153            730          1,600        291          EHN              -----
2 Manganese                  102              56            260          54          3,000              -----
2, 8 Mercury                      0              0              0            0          20                -----
Mercury, TCLP                0              0              0          -----                          0.2 2
Nickel                      21              13            32          6.7        1,000              -----
1 Selenium                  0.2              0            2.2          0.7          300              -----
Selenium, TCLP            0.003              0          0.012        -----                            1 2
Silver                      0              0              0            0          300              -----
Silver, TCLP                0              0          0.001        -----                            5 7
Thallium                  0.15              0            1.8          0.5          5-7              -----
Uranium                  2.89            2.3            3.8          0.59          NA              -----
2 Vanadium                    70              42            94          16          200              -----
1 Zinc                        37              25            54          10        20,000              -----
1 ATSDR EMEG, child, chronic exposure (365 days) 2 ATSDR RMEG, child, derived from the EPA Reference Dose (lifetime) 3 Essential human nutrient 4
Health Comparison Value for hexavalent chromium, the most toxic form 5
Residential soil cleanup level based on interagency agreement between EPA and ATSDR 6
Standard found in 40 CFR 261.24 7
Risk Assessment Information System 8
Mercuric chloride 110
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND      0.003    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.63    ND      0.003    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.036      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      0.004  ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.209    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.042      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.229    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.054      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.812    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.037      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.444    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.046      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved  0.156    ND      0.007    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      0.004  ND Total        7.56    ND      0.014    ND          ND      0.006    0.004    0.01    0.068      NA    0.009    ND      ND      ND    NA      0.025  ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      0.003    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        5.47    ND      0.005    ND          ND      0.004    0.003  0.006    0.084      NA    0.007    ND      ND      ND    NA      0.013  ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      0.002    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        1.42    ND      0.002    ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.063      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      0.005  ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.816    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.053      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.418    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.040      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.276    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.036      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.2175    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.035      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 111
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total      0.344    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.041      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.168    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.037      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.317    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.046      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.31    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.047      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.229    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.031      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.26    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.032      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.184    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.029      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.1625    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.043      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.151    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.036      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.010      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.163    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.033      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.010      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.195    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.035      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.023      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total      0.622    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.055      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 7.1 applicable Total      0.196    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.040      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 112
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium Zinc 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.1 applicable Total      0.118    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND            0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009                                                                          NA Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND            0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.4 applicable Total      0.136    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.039      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.5 applicable Total      0.241    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.039      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.7 applicable Total        0.19    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.031      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.5 applicable Total        0.2      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.037      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6
applicable Total      0.131    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.032      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.1 applicable Total      0.122    ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.039      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 7.3 applicable Total      0.205    ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND            0.035      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 113
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium Zinc 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.6 applicable Total      0.123    ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND            0.042      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      0.002        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.008      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND    56.7    NA    ND Total      0.756    ND      0.007    0.002        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.044      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND                    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.012      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 12.3 applicable Total      0.689    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.006      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.93 applicable Total      0.212    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.034      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0063      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.5 applicable Total      0.284    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0327      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.003      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.6 applicable Total        0.13    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.040      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.035      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 55.1 applicable Total        2.58    ND      0.008    ND          ND      0.003      ND      NA    0.063      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            0.010  ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.007      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.7 applicable Total      0.239    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.014      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 114
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Not 11.4 applicable Total      0.365    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.013      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9
applicable Total      0.322    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.035      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.009      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 11 applicable Total      0.137    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    0.15    0.001    0.001    0.001        ND      0.001    0.001    NA    0.010      ND    0.002    0.001    0.001  0.001          0.001  0.014 Not 9.8 applicable Total      0.562    0.001    0.002    0.001        ND      ND      0.001    NA    0.038      ND    0.002    0.001    0.001  0.001          0.002  0.014 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.014      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.1 applicable Total      0.381    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      NA        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.6 applicable Total      0.118    NA        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.012      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 0.5 applicable Total      0.565    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      NA    0.041      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.006      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 13.1 applicable Total      0.278    ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.028      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND        ND      ND    0.003      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 115
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                              PHA KIF Ash Release Table 7. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 0.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium              Cadmium Chromium Cobalt  Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium Zinc Not 7.5 applicable Total            0.221        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.027    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 6.7 applicable Total            0.152        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.027    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 8.4 applicable Total            0.342        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.027    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 8.4 applicable Total            0.234        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.027    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total            0.181        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.022    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total            0.148        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.011    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.003    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Not 11.8 applicable Total            0.357        ND        ND          ND            ND    ND    ND      ND    0.036    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND            ND    ND Concentrations reported are the average of duplicates taken at each site.
ND = not detected NA = not available 116
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.536      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.051      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.534      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0489      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.661      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0409      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.476      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0449      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved    0.378      ND      0.0242    ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND    0.00302  ND      ND    NA    0.0231  ND Total        41.5    0.00347  0.0937  0.00614      0.01    0.0283    0.025  0.050    0.129      NA    0.042    0.02    0.02  0.00277  NA    0.114  0.08 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND      0.003    ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        2.59      ND      0.0039    ND        ND    0.00203    ND    0.003    0.0675      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA    0.00789  ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        1.11      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0608      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.98      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0591      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.35      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0414      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.22      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0383      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.34      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0396      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.268      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.037      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        ND22      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0358      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND Total        0.249      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0542      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND    ND 117
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Total        0.384      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0436      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.21      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0315      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        ND46      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0296      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.272      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0352      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        ND72      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0325      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.149      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.031      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0136      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.2      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0361      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00552      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.219      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0318      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0328      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.518      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0555      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0233      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND Total        0.569      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0539      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND    NA      ND      ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 8
Applicable Total        0.23      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0343      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 5.8 Applicable Total        0.129      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.032      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 7.4 Applicable Total        0.161      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0373      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    0.155      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 9.3 Applicable 118
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Total        0.277      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0387      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 7.6 Applicable Total        0.207      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.033      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 5.9 Applicable Total        0.236      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0322      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 6.3 Applicable Total        0.148      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0317      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 7.2 Applicable Total        0.234      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.034      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 9.8 Applicable Total        0.232      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0355      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND Not 9
Applicable Total        0.156      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0402      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0263      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND    80.6    NA      ND Total        0.812      ND      0.007    0.004      ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0459      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            NA      ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.011      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 11.9 Applicable Total        0.34      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0345      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.00767      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 8.4 Applicable Total        0.22      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0354      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00683      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 8.8 Applicable 119
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Total        0.208      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0348      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0146      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 9.5 Applicable Total        0.208      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0371      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0214      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 35.9 Applicable Total        1.59      ND      0.0043    ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.054      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND          0.00558  ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0169      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 11.4 Applicable Total        0.235      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0396      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.011      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 10.7 Applicable Total        0.319      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0353      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00951      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 9.3 Applicable Total        0.319      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0355      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.018      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 10.9 Applicable Total        0.23      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0362      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0122      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 13.9 Applicable Total        0.225      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.043      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    0.5      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0163      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 10.2 Applicable Total          0.5      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.038      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00949      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 7
Applicable Total        0.128      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0374      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0287      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 120
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 8. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. TVA Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date            Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Not 19.7 Applicable Total            0.561    ND    0.0021    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0456      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 12.3 Applicable Total            0.381    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0307      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0136      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 9.2 Applicable Total            0.3    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0333      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00605      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 14.6 Applicable Total            0.379    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0444      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00578      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 10.2 Applicable Total            0.428    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0323      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0117      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 8.8 Applicable Total            0.289    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.035      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 12.6 Applicable Total            0.398    ND    0.0026    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0298      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.005      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 6.8 Applicable Total            0.261    ND    0.00226    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0223      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.007      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND Not 21.4 Applicable Total            0.545    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0491      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND            ND      ND ND = not detected NA = not available 121
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.401      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0198      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.417      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0452      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.33      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0478      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.226      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.039      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.304      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0446      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved    0.351      ND      0.0216    ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND    0.00264    ND      ND      NA    0.0205  ND Total        57.8    0.00347    0.109    0.0076      0.01    0.0352    0.0321  0.065  0.175      NA    0.053    0.02    0.02  0.00316  NA    0.143  0.09 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA              ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.982      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0674      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.556      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0666      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.476      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0527      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.186      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0446      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.167      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0415      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.164      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND    0.0417      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 122
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total        0.166      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0373      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.124      ND      0.00325    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0407      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.295      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0632      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.236      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0481      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.215      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0332      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.215      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0322      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.156      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0331      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.182      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0495      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0274      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.029      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.156      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0284      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.49      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND              0.059      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0134      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.342      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0423      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/23/2009 123
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 7.7 applicable Total        0.174      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0354      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6
applicable Total        0.131      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0333      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.6 applicable Total        0.148      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0323      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.7 applicable Total        0.224      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0366      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.5 applicable Total        0.142      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0307      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.5 applicable Total        0.15      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0302      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.9 applicable Total        0.198      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0349      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 9.4 applicable Total        0.246      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0406      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 124
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.3 applicable Total        0.182      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0395      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.015      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.1 applicable Total        0.112      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0359      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0174      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND      42.4    NA    ND Total        0.474      ND      0.00335    0.004      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0386      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 11.6 applicable Total        0.232      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0404      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.13 applicable Total        0.153      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0387      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.1 applicable Total        0.131      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0374      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.5 applicable Total        ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0381      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00721      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 13 applicable Total        0.448      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0432      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00574      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                          11.1 125
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total        0.212      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0375      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.4 applicable Total        0.136      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0314      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0176      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.8 applicable Total        0.283      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.039      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved      0.5      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.026      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 11.6 applicable Total        0.77      ND        ND        ND        ND    0.00547    ND      NA    0.042      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.1 applicable Total        0.142      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.035      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00942      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.4 applicable Total        0.273      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0326      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00638      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.5 applicable Total        ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0363      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.00958      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 13.4 applicable Total        0.328      ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0404      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                          10.3 126
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 9. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0. December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release. Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium    Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total            0.119    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0359      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.017      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7
applicable Total            0.299    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0366      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 13.3 applicable Total              0.2      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0424      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.8 applicable Total            0.248    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0344      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.1 applicable Total              ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.024      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.1 applicable Total            0.126    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0216      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.2 applicable Total            0.152    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0288      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 20.1 applicable Total            0.432    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0513      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND ND = not detected NA = not available 127
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc 12/22/2008 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.689      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0443      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/23/2008 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.173      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.263      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0431      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.264      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0464      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.236      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0399      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.276      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0472      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.524      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0519      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.354      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0555      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.354      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0647      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.604      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0741      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.202      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0453      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.178      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0404      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.145      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0444      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.197      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0407      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 128
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.256      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0488      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.184      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0408      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.166      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0423      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.174      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0342      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.215      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0358      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.177      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0337      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.126      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0318      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total          0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0332      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.00592      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total          0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0273      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.152      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0307      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.00866      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.517      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA      0.0412      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA    0.00818      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.29      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA      0.0359      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.7 applicable Total        0.134      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.0313    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not                                                                                                                                          5.4 129
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc applicable Total          0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.032    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.8 applicable Total        0.15      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA    0.0312    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.6 applicable Total        0.208      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA    0.0323    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.9 applicable Total        0.138      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA    0.0292    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.7 applicable Total        0.163      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA    0.0311    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA      0.015    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total        0.109      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.02    NA    0.0344    0.0002  0.01    ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.9 applicable Total        0.198      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND    0.0345    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 7.6 applicable Total        0.168      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND    0.0375    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.4 applicable Total        0.11      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND    0.0354    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 130
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.015    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND      7.5    NA    ND Total        0.103      ND        ND      0.004      ND      ND      0.02    ND      0.0377    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10 applicable Total        0.19      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA      0.0397    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10 applicable Total        0.156      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0415    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.1 applicable Total        0.141      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA      0.0393    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.5 applicable Total          0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0336    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.00588    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.6 applicable Total        0.267      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0404    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.2 applicable Total        0.162      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0379    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8
applicable Total        0.136      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.032    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND        ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.2 applicable Total        0.207      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.0346    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 131
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date          Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.3 applicable Total        0.22      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0305    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved      0.5      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.3 applicable Total          0.5      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0351    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.6 applicable Total        0.225      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    NA    0.0316    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.9 applicable Total        0.122      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0395    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 11.2 applicable Total        0.224      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.038    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.9 applicable Total        0.172      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0336    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.3 applicable Total        0.131      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0346    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 12.9 applicable Total        0.262      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0381    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved      0.1      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.3 applicable 132
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 10. TVA surface water data, Clinch River mile 5.5, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kinston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc Total            0.162    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0305    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved          0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8
applicable Total            0.103    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      0.028    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved          0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.8 applicable Total              0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0276    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved          0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.6 applicable Total              0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0271    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved          0.1      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 14.3 applicable Total            0.265    ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND    0.0498    0.0002  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND ND = not detected NA = not available 133
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony    Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND      0.011  0.00546    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA  0.00604 ND Total        5.41      ND      0.0202  0.00316    ND    0.00546  0.00316  0.008    0.284      NA    0.0074    ND      ND      ND      NA  0.0213  ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.618      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0322    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.42      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0439    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.354      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0384    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.338      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0413    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved  0.191      ND      0.0273    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND  0.00335    ND      ND      NA  0.0262  ND Total        63.9  0.00364    0.132  0.00878    ND    0.0408    0.0356  0.073      0.2      NA    0.0586    ND      ND    0.00403    NA    0.162  0.1 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND      0.00218    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total                  ND      0.00254    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0412    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA  0.00476 ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.47      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0355    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.35      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0329    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.249      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0359    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.252      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0363    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.206      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0384    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 134
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony    Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total      0.235      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0382    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.45      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0341    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.383      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0843    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.207      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0496    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.377      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0335    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.312      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0333    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.23      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0304    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.165      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0332    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.184      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0307    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.00517    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.148      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0313    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.202      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0275    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0528    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.414      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0664    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0474    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.741      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.061      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/23/2009 135
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony    Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0216    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.4 applicable Total      0.347      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0362    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.2 applicable Total      0.124      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.031      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.9 applicable Total      0.274      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0321    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0275    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total      0.206      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0371    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6
applicable Total      0.168      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0306    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 4.5 applicable Total      0.186      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0279    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.1 applicable Total      0.121      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0296    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6
applicable Total      0.155      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0326    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 136
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony    Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 9.8 applicable Total      0.211      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND              0.039      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    0.23 Not 6.3 applicable Total      0.141      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0301    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.022    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      44.5    NA    ND Total      0.489      ND      0.00344    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0395    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.018    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.6 applicable Total      0.369      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0285    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0176    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.07 applicable Total        0.28      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0284    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.00618    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8
applicable Total        NA      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0342    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.9 applicable Total        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0306    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0254    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 29.1 applicable Total        1.14      ND      0.00241    ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.046      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0288    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                          14.3 137
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum Antimony    Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total      0.342      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0421    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0289    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.1 applicable Total                  ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0377    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        NA      NA      0.029      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.7 applicable Total      0.324      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0418    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0268    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.4 applicable Total      0.249      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0386    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0258    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.7 applicable Total      0.391      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0403    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0202    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total        0.29      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.04      ND    0.0012    ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0419    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6
applicable Total        NA      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0502    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA      0.0264    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.7 applicable Total      0.315      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0358    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0123    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                          9.4 138
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 11. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date            Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total          0.341    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0244    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0209    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 3.9 applicable Total          0.191    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0354    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0208    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.8 applicable Total          0.336    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0322    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0189    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 4.5 applicable Total          0.248    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0305    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.7 applicable Total          0.137    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0255    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.7 applicable Total          0.166    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0296    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.3 applicable Total          0.186    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0233    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 11.1 applicable Total          0.448    ND    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.0366    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND ND = not detected NA = not available 139
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 12. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.0, December 22, 2008, & Emory River mile 1.7, December 25, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Row Labels      Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc 12/22/2008 ERM1.0 Dissolved        ND        ND    0.0145    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA  0.00895    ND Total            16.1    0.00225  0.0386  0.00208    ND    0.0126  0.00774    0.02  0.277      NA    0.0181    ND      ND      ND      NA  0.0479  0.053 2/25/2009 ERM1.7 Dissolved        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA      ND Not 5.6 applicable Total            0.197      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND    0.0264    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA      ND ND = not detected NA = not available Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS  Vanadium  Zinc 12/22/2008 Dissolved        ND        ND    0.0151    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA  0.00989  ND Total            22.5    0.00236  0.0589  0.00256    ND      0.0164  0.0112    0.0242    0.235    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    0.0616  ND 12/23/2008 Dissolved        ND        ND    0.00725    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            2.97      ND    0.0124    ND      ND    0.00322    ND    0.00439    0.137    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    0.0123  ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.29      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      0.0253    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.65      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      0.0393    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.526      ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      0.0365    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 140
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead      Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total      0.436      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0393    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved  0.144      ND      0.0281    ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND  0.00512    ND      ND      NA  0.0265  ND Total        96    0.00313    0.189    ND        ND      0.0829  0.0546  0.104      0.558      NA    0.126    ND      ND    0.00491    NA    0.339  ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.714      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0427    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.485      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0406    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.325      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.036      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.42      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0374    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    0.1    0.002    0.002  0.002      0.001    0.002    0.002  0.002      0.005      NA    0.005  0.002    0.002  0.002    NA    0.004  0.05 Total        0.33    0.002    0.002  0.002      0.001    0.002    0.002  0.002    0.02955    NA    0.005  0.002    0.002  0.002    NA    0.004  0.05 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.204      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0313    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.202      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.02775    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.3      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0296    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.368      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0657    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.199      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.038      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.292      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0309    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/4/2009 141
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead      Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.21      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0321    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total        0.31      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0296    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.195      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0278    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.176      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0258    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0107    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.182      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0306    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.193      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0271    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0429    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.783      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0583    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0289    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND Total      0.462      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND                0.0414    NA      ND      ND      ND      ND      NA    ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0254    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.6 applicable Total      0.241      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0325    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 4.9 applicable Total      0.164      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0298    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0323    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 8.1 applicable Total      0.234      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0382    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 142
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead      Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0243    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 4.9 applicable Total      0.207      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0297    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0236    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.2 applicable Total      0.308      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0323    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5
applicable Total      0.125      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0269    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 5.8 applicable Total        0.14      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0275    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 7.9 applicable Total      0.257      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0312    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND          ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6.1 applicable Total      0.126      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0266    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0188    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND      52    NA    ND Total      0.534      ND      0.00293    ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0439    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0208    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.3 applicable Total      0.374      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0296    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0233    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                          5.07 143
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead      Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total      0.242      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0328    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0285    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.2 applicable Total      0.189      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0393    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.00732    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.6 applicable Total      0.145      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0306    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0224    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 32.2 applicable Total        1.08      ND      0.00228    ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0484    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0301    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 12.4 applicable Total      0.318      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0424    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0312    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.9 applicable Total        0.19      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0384    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0404    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.2 applicable Total      0.216      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0483    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0264    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 7.9 applicable Total      0.529      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.03795    ND    0.0015    ND      ND      ND            0.0012  ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0359    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                            7.9 144
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead      Manganese  Mercury  Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total      0.208      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0496    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0402    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 3.5 applicable Total        ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.049      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0372    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 20.1 applicable Total      0.446      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0509    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.014      ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 15 applicable Total      0.612      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0313    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0154    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.4 applicable Total      0.377      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0268    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0393    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.2 applicable Total      0.242      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0565    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0204    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 13.3 applicable Total        0.39      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0328    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0276    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 3.4 applicable Total      0.171      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0357    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved    ND        ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        0.0131    ND      ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not                                                                                                                                            6.3 145
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 13. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 1.75, December 22, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum Antimony Arsenic            Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt              Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc applicable Total            0.177        ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0362    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.7 applicable Total            0.188        ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0238    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 5.8 applicable Total            0.191        ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0222    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 21.3 applicable Total            0.805        ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0383    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Total            0.805        ND          ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0383    ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available 146
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date    Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.81    ND    0.00277    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0576      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.229    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0213      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.62    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0405      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.685    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0468      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.233    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0466      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      0.0193    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND    0.00233    ND      ND      NA    0.0131  ND Total        65.6  0.00279    0.131    ND        ND      0.0547    0.0344    0.0686  0.445      NA    0.0818      ND      ND    0.0033    NA    0.206  ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.63    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0381      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.322    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.038      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.284    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0388      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.134    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0444      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.104    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0473      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND      ND        NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.322    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.0628      NA      ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 147
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date    Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt    Lead Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.105    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0734      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.23    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0755      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.548    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.089      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.54    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0373      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.228    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0306      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0336      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.103    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0396      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0483      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    ND        NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.064      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0523      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.147    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0567      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND    0.00293    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0533      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.786    ND    0.00477    ND        ND        ND        ND            0.0646      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA  0.00545  ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0507      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total          1.6    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      0.0022            0.102      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.029      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.417    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0392      NA    ND        ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA    0.027      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 148
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date    Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt    Lead Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Not 4.8 applicable Total        0.243    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA    0.032      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0288      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 2.2 applicable Total        0.143    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0323      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0351      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 2.9 applicable Total        0.172    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0411      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0321      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 9.3 applicable Total        0.222    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0388      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0241      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 3.8 applicable Total        0.206    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0279      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0261      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 2.3 applicable Total        0.101    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0308      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0323      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 3.1 applicable Total        0.118    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0366      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0357      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 9
applicable Total        0.321    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0435      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0434      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 9.4 applicable 149
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date    Aluminum Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium  Chromium    Cobalt    Lead Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total        0.351    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0571      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0487      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not 6
applicable Total        0.121    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0581      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.017      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND      40.1    NA    ND Total        0.458    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0405      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0201      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 4.1 applicable Total        0.303    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0269      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND    0.026      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 4.4 applicable Total        0.246    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0328      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0356      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 4.3 applicable Total        0.281    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0421      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0392      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.6 applicable Total        0.217    ND    0.00279    ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0468      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0181      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 30.4 applicable Total        0.866    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA    0.044      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0399      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not 2.9 applicable Total        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        NA  0.0491      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND        ND        ND  0.0411      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 150
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                              PHA KIF Ash Release Table 14. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 2.0, December 29, 2008, and Emory River mile 2.1, December 23, 2008, - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony      Arsenic    Beryllium  Cadmium        Chromium        Cobalt    Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Not 8.2 applicable Total            0.187        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0534    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0213    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.1 applicable Total            0.286        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0329    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0297    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 3.6 applicable Total            0.131        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0393    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0316    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 6.2 applicable Total            0.136        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0453    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0267    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 3.6 applicable Total            ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0444    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND  0.00961    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 9.7 applicable Total            0.274        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0409    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0205    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 10.6 applicable Total            0.426        ND          ND        ND          ND              ND          ND        ND    0.0341    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available 151
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.229      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.027      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.298      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0268      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.575      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0403      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.502      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0471      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.134      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0477      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND      0.00477    ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        10.1      ND      0.0163    ND        ND    0.00854    0.00664  0.0122    0.278      NA    0.0146    ND    ND      ND        NA  0.0277  ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.669      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0427      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.301      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.038      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.34      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0355      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0478      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0752      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0749      NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    0.702      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND      ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 152
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0853      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.124      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0436      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.155      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0344      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    0.125      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0342      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.186      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0309      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0343      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.104      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0431      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0544      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      ND        NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0591      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0543      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.061      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0572      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.113      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0622      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/19/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0444      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.245      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0514      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.027      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND Total        0.206      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0372      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND        NA    ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0278      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.6 Total        0.169      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0331      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 153
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 2/25/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND              0.0321        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                2.4 Total        0.154      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0361        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0386        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                1.8 Total        0.137      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0429        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0337        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                5.2 Total        0.173      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0375    0.000245  ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0251        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND Not 4.3 applicable Total        0.214      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0306        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0278        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                1.8 Total        0.128      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0316        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0313        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                1.7 Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0352        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0382        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.6 Total        0.118      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0446        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0468        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.5 Total        0.135      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.058        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0543        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3 Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0633        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.015        ND      ND      ND    ND      ND      14.9    NA    ND 154
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total        0.324      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.033      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0245      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                5 Total        0.336      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0314      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0361      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                7.1 Total        0.303      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0414      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0371      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3 Total          0.2      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND              0.0461      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009                                                                            NA Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0442      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.8 Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0522      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0189      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 25.1 applicable Total        0.752      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      NA    0.0444      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.031      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                              10.7 Total        0.236      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.045      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0354      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                5.6 Total        0.228      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0423      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND      0.04        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.6 Total        0.213      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0471      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0422      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 8.9 applicable Total        0.174      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND    0.0532      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 155
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony  Arsenic  Beryllium  Cadmium Chromium  Cobalt    Lead  Manganese  Mercury  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 4/11/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        0.0014    NA      0.0415      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                3.3 Total        0.146      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      NA      0.052      ND    0.0011    ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0339      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                8.7 Total        0.261      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0416      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND    0.00859      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                18 Total        0.571      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0333      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0174      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                6.6 Total        0.254      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0288      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0402      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not 4.5 applicable Total        0.134      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0541      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0215      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                7.4 Total        0.296      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0337      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0281      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                4.1 Total        0.171      ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0387      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0442      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                2.9 Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0534      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0383      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                2.2 Total          ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0552      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved      ND        ND        ND      ND        ND      ND          ND      ND      0.0141      ND      ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 156
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 15. TVA surface water data, Emory River Mile 4.0, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum        Antimony    Arsenic    Beryllium  Cadmium      Chromium      Cobalt  Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc NA                                                                                                                                                                3.7 Total                ND            ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0436    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/5/2009 Dissolved            ND            ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.00947    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                              23.7 Total              0.786          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0522    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved            ND            ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0236    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND NA                                                                                                                                                                9.1 Total              0.314          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0371    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available 157
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese    Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc 1/26/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0428      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0594      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        0.28    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0316      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.214    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0247      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0255      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.108    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0348      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.034        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.116    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0426      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0383      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0367      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.252    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0387      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0335      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.102    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0352      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0191      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND Total      0.154    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0239      NA    ND      ND        ND      ND      NA        ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved    ND    0.00273    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0233      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 158
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese    Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc Not ND applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0239      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 2/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0297      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not ND applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0312      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved    ND    0.00318    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0326      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 10.3 applicable Total      0.347    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0403      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0184      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 2.5 applicable Total      0.161    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0219      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0213      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 1.1 applicable Total      0.134    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0226      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0245      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 1
applicable Total        ND    0.00599    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0274      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0297      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 1.2 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0319      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved    ND    0.00222    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0354      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 4.4 applicable Total      0.174    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0387      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0201      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 159
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese    Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc Not 1.6 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0237      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    ND      0.0188      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND Not 2.4 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0233      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    ND        ND        ND    ND      ND        ND      ND      12.9      NA    ND Total      0.229    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0326      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    ND      0.0179      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 4
applicable Total      0.221    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0282      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    ND      0.0203      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 2.6 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0251      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved    ND    0.00269    ND      ND        ND        ND    0.0039  NA      0.0379      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 1.6 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0376      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0467      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 2.9 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0551      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    ND      0.0147      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 23.7 applicable Total      0.798    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.0716      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND    NA      0.024      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 7.4 applicable 160
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese    Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc Total      0.258    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.039        ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0318      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 4.1 applicable Total      0.143    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0392      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0319      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 3.8 applicable Total      0.208    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0381      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0249      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 3.8 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.031        ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0319      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 3.2 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0396      ND    0.0012    ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/11/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0405      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 14.4 applicable Total      0.391    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0569      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0294      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 5.6 applicable Total      0.267    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0369      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.00827      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 19.9 applicable Total      0.474    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.0451      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0262      ND      ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 6.2 applicable 161
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum  Antimony Arsenic Beryllium  Cadmium  Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese    Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc Total        0.2    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0369      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0287      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 16.2 applicable Total        0.36    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0543      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0216      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 5.1 applicable Total      0.166    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0352      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0421      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 2.9 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0437      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0354      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 2
applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0441      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0313      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 2.3 applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0423      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0193      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 3
applicable Total        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0513      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 5/5/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0152      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 21.7 applicable Total      0.643    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0612      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved    ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0238      ND    ND      ND        ND      ND                ND    ND Not 6.3 applicable 162
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                  PHA KIF Ash Release Table 16. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 12.2, December 26, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date              Aluminum    Antimony Arsenic        Beryllium  Cadmium      Chromium    Cobalt    Lead    Manganese  Mercury Nickel  Selenium  Silver  Thallium  TSS    Vanadium Zinc Total              0.249        ND        ND          ND          ND            ND          ND      ND      0.0376      ND    ND        ND      ND      ND                ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available Table 17. TVA surface water data, Emory River mile 6.0, January 19 and 23, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum    Antimony      Arsenic    Beryllium    Cadmium      Chromium      Cobalt  Lead    Manganese  Nickel  Selenium Silver Thallium  Vanadium    Zinc 1/19/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        ND        ND Total          ND          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        ND      ND      0.0503    ND        ND    ND      ND        ND        ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved        ND          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        ND      ND        ND      ND        ND    ND      ND        ND        ND Total          ND          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        ND      ND      0.073    ND        ND    ND      ND        ND        ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected 163
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 18. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 563.5, January 12 - April 17, 2009. Results in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date                  Aluminum        Antimony      Arsenic  Beryllium    Cadmium        Chromium      Cobalt Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 1/12/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND    ND      NA    ND      ND    ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total                0.808            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.0862    NA    ND      ND    ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    NA    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    8.8 Total                0.36            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    NA  0.0365    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    NA    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    8.8 Total                0.284            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    NA    0.038    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.00533    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    8.2 Total                0.256            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.0307    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    7.6 Total                0.235            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.0322    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    8.8 Total                0.23            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.0318    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved              ND            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    6.6 Total                0.158            ND          ND        ND            ND            ND          ND    ND  0.0227    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available 164
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date    Aluminum  Antimony  Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium    Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 12/23/2008 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.242    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0446      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/26/2008 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.202    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0409      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 12/29/2008 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.221    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0477      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/2/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.191    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0377      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/6/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.185    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0451      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/7/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total          0.23    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0532      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/9/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.826    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.14        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/11/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total          0.5    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0939      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/12/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.759    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0837      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/19/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.238    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0437      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/21/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.228    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0369      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/23/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total        0.177    ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0399      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/26/2009 Dissolved      ND      ND        ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 165
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date      Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium    Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total            0.171    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0404      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/28/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.2    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0392      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/29/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.134    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0376      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 1/30/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.175    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0401      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/2/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.205    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0399      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/4/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.143    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0415      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/6/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.167    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0414      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/9/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.136    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0424      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/13/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.147    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      0.0451      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/16/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.00767      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.155    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.051      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/18/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.174    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND              0.0432      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/20/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA        ND        NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND Total            0.171    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.042      NA    ND      ND      ND      ND      NA      ND    ND 2/23/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA        ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.5 Total            0.152    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.045      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 166
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date      Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium    Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc 2/25/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.1 Total            0.133    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0413      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 2/28/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.7 Total            0.149    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0437      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/2/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  7 Total            0.164    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0503      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/4/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.7 Total            0.145    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0447      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/6/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.4 Total            0.217    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0451      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/9/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.8 Total            0.11    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0436      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/11/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.8 Total            0.188    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.042      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/14/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.9 Total            0.156    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0477      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/16/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND      5.9    NA    ND Total            0.113    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0371      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              NA    ND 3/18/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.1 167
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date      Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium    Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total            0.195    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0372      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/20/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0334      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/23/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND      0.00025  ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.4 Total            0.16    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0343      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/25/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  7.8 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0398      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/27/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.7 Total            0.167  0.00206    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0356      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 3/30/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  8 Total            0.128    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.04        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/1/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.5 Total            ND              ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0325      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/3/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  7.2 Total            ND    0.00307    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0335      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/6/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  8.3 Total            0.101    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      0.033      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/8/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                10.6 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0455      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/11/2009 168
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date      Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium    Chromium  Cobalt  Lead  Manganese  Mercury Nickel Selenium  Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  7.5 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0292      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/13/2009 Dissolved        ND    0.0025    ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  8 Total            0.119    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0353      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/15/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  7.4 Total            0.186    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      NA    0.0391      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/17/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.3 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0259      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/20/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  4.4 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0203      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/22/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.8 Total            0.131    ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0282      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/24/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.1 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0203      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/27/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  5.8 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0164      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 4/29/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.7 Total            ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND    0.0213      ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND 5/1/2009 Dissolved        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND        ND      ND      ND      ND        ND    ND      ND      ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                  6.4 169
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                              PHA KIF Ash Release Table 19. TVA surface water data, Tennessee River mile 568.5, December 23, 2008 - May 8, 2009. Units in mg/L. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date        Aluminum      Antimony      Arsenic    Beryllium  Cadmium        Chromium      Cobalt  Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium  TSS  Vanadium Zinc Total              ND            ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND 5/8/2009 Dissolved          ND            ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Not applicable                                                                                                                                                    6.1 Total              0.112          ND          ND        ND          ND            ND          ND      ND  0.0363    ND    ND      ND    ND      ND              ND    ND Concentrations reported are the reported value or the maximum value reported if duplicates were taken.
ND = not detected NA = not available 170
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 20. EPA dissolved metals surface water sampling, Emory River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in mg/L.
23-Dec-08                                                                12/28/2008                                  12/29/2008                                  1/2/2009 Dissolved Metals          ERM0.1          ERM1.9        ERM1.9dup          ERM2.1      ERM4.0      ERPL          ERER          ERERdup      ERM0.1        ERM1.75  ERM2.0  ERM2.0dup  ERM4.0  ERB Aluminum        0.164 J        NA            NA                NA          NA          0.152 J        0.0680 J      0.0643 J      0.0265 J      0.0439 J 0.0411 J 0.0420 J  0.0441 J 0.0336 Antimony        0.02 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U Arsenic          0.0116 J        NA            NA                NA          NA          0.05 U        0.05 U        0.05 U        0.05 U        0.05 U  0.05 U  0.05 U    0.05 U  0.005 U Barium          0.0345          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.0171 J      0.0205        0.0205        0.0240        0.0223  0.0219  0.0218    0.0226  0.0252 Berylliuim      0.01 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.0001 U Cadmium          0.005 U        NA            NA                NA          NA          0.005 U        0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U  0.005 U  0.005 U    0.005 U  0.0007 U Chromium        0.01 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.005 U Cobalt          0.02 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U Copper          0.00170 J      NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.002 U Iron            0.187          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.155          0.0832 J      0.0832 J      0.0376 J      0.0569 J 0.0598 J 0.0583 J  0.0621 J 39.8 J Lead            0.01 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.001 U Manganese        0.153          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.0155        0.0120 J      0.0120 J      0.0126 J      0.0221  0.0227  0.0238    0.0275  0.00569 Mercury          0.0002 U        NA            NA                NA          NA          0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U 0.0002 U 0.0002 U  0.00021  0.0002 U Nickel          0.02 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U  0.00109 J Selenium        0.00749 J      NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U Silver          0.01 U          NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.001 U Thallium        0.00774 J      NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.0047 J      0.0047 J      0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U  0.001 U Vanadium        0.00341 J      NA            NA                NA          NA          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U  0.005 U Zinc            0.00772 J      NA            NA                NA          NA          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U  0.0067 J  0.02 U  0.00252 J+
J= The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample.
J+ = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased high.
J- = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased low.
mg/L = milligrams per liter NA = The sample was not analyzed for this analyte.
U - The analyte was analyzed for, but was not detected at or above the detection limit shown.
171
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 21. EPA Total suspended solids and total metals surface water sampling, Emory River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in mg/L.
23-Dec-08                                                                12/28/2008                                  12/29/2008                                1/2/2009 ERM0.1        ERM1.9          ERM1.9dup      ERM2.1      ERM4.0      ERPL          ERER          ERERdup      ERM0.1        ERM1.75 ERM2.0    ERM2.0dup  ERM4.0  ERB Total Suspended        14,700        NA              NA              NA          NA          58            161            186          9            13      22        17        10      6J Solids Total Metals Aluminum          121            2.58            2.58            1.13        0.338        5.84          1.85          1.85          0.400        0.587  0.995    0.998      0.02 U  0.132 Antimony          0.00655 J      0.02 U          0.02 U          0.02 U      0.02 U      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U Arsenic          1.49          0.0208 J        0.0337 J        0.05 U      0.05 U      0.00629 J 0.0106 J          0.0106 J      0.05 U        0.05 U  0.05 U    0.05 U    0.05 U  0.005 U Barium            1.47          0.0643          0.0643          0.0405      0.0304      0.0389        0.0434        0.0434        0.0320        0.0328  0.0377    0.0375    0.0325  0.0293 Berylliuim        0.0119        0.01 U          0.01 U          0.01 U      0.01 U      0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.001 U Cadmium          0.0155        0.005 U          0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U      0.005 U 0.005 U  0.005 U    0.005 U  0.0007 U Chromium          0.127          0.01 U          0.01 U          0.01 U      0.01 U      0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.005 U Cobalt            0.0768        0.02 U          0.02 U          0.02 U      0.02 U      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U Copper            0.225          0.00406 J        0.00508 J      0.01 U      0.01 U      0.00536 J 0.00331 J 0.00331 J              0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U    0.00198 J  0.01 U  0.000819 J Iron              67.0          1.37            1.77            0.660        0.262        6.22          1.49          1.49          0.323        0.414  0.643    0.625      0.397    0.195 Lead              0.0754        0.00625 J        0.00492 J      0.01 U      0.01 U      0.00886 J 0.01 U              0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.000237 J Manganese        1.89          0.0898          0.0970          0.0738      0.0368      0.0921        0.0585        0.0585        0.0427        0.0408  0.0446    0.0437    0.0442  0.0345 Mercury          0.0002 U      0.0002 U        0.0002 U        0.0002 U    0.0002 U    0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U 0.0002 U    0.0002 U  0.0002 U  0.0002 U 0.0002 U Nickel            0.103          0.02 U          0.02 U          0.02 U      0.02 U      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    NL      0.00134 J Selenium          0.0180 J      0.02 U          0.02 U          0.02 U      0.02 U      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.05    0.005 U Silver            0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U          0.01 U      0.01 U      0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    NL      0.001 U Thallium          0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U          0.02 U      0.02 U      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.002    0.001 U 0.00255 Vanadium          0.465          0.00741 J        0.0108                      0.01 U      0.0150        0.00593 J 0.00505 J          0.01 U        0.01 U  0.00230 J 0.00218 J  NL      0.005 U J
0.00461 Zinc              0.266          0.0371          0.050                        0.02 U      0.0125 J      0.0473        0.00719 J    0.02 U        0.02 U  0.00467 J 0.00409 J  NL      0.0136 J
J= The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample.
J+ = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased high.
J- = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased low.
mg/L = milligrams per liter NA = The sample was not analyzed for this analyte.
U - The analyte was analyzed for, but was not detected at or above the detection limit shown.
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Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 22. EPA dissolved metals surface water sampling, Clinch River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in mg/L.
23-Dec-08                                                  12/28/2008                  12/29/2008                                          1/2/2009 Dissolved Metals                            CRM0.0          CRM2.0        CRM4.0      CRM5.5        SGUBR          KCPS          CRM0.0          CRM2.0  CRM2.5  CRM4.0    CRM5.5    CRB Aluminum                                    0.0268 J        0.0302 J      NA          NA            0.02 U        0.0361 J      0.2 U          0.2 U    0.2 U  0.2 U    0.2 U    0.0306 Antimony                                    0.02 U          0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.005 U Arsenic                                      0.05 U          0.05 U        NA          NA            0.05 U        0.05 U        0.05 U          0.05 U  0.05 U  0.05 U    0.05 U    0.005 U Barium                                      0.0189 J        0.0311        NA          NA            0.0319        0.0276        0.0172 J        0.0288  0.028  0.286    0.0292    0.0322 Berylliuim                                  0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U Cadmium                                      0.005 U        0.005 U        NA          NA            0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U  0.005 U 0.005 U  0.005 U  0.0007 U Chromium                                    0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U Cobalt                                      0.02 U          0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.005 U Copper                                      0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.00204 Iron                                        0.1 U          0.0481 J      NA          NA            0.01 U        0.0398 J      0.1 U          0.1 U    0.1 U  0.1 U    0.1 U    18.7 J Lead                                        0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.000262J Manganese                                    0.00944 J      0.0149 J      NA          NA            0.015 U        0.015 U      0.015 U        0.015 U  0.015 U 0.015 U  0.015 U  0.0307 Mercury                                      0.0002 U        0.0002 U      NA          NA            0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U        0.0002 U 0.002 U 0.0002 U  0.00023  0.0002 U Nickel                                      0.02 U          0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.00128J Selenium                                    0.02 U          0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.005 U Silver                                      0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.001 U 0.000108 Thallium                                    0.00463 J      0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U J
Vanadium                                    0.01 U          0.01 U        NA          NA            0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.005 U Zinc                                        0.02 U          0.02 U        NA          NA            0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.018 J = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample.
J+ = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased high.
J- = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased low.
mg/L = milligrams per liter NA = The sample was not analyzed for this analyte.
U - The analyte was analyzed for, but was not detected at or above the detection limit shown.
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Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 23. EPA total suspended solids and total metals surface water sampling, Clinch River, December 23, December 28, December 29, 2008, and January 2, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in mg/L.
23-Dec-08                                                  12/28/2008                  12/29/2008                                            1/2/2009 CRM0.0        CRM2.0        CRM4.0        CRM5.5          SGUBR          KCPS          CRM0.0          CRM2.0  CRM2.5    CRM4.0    CRM5.5  CRB Total Suspended Solids                        15            80            NA            NA              68            969          46              15      13        10        9        7J Total Metals aluminum                                      0.265        0.905          1.53          0.986          2.27          8.20          0.751          0.516    0.355    0.355    0.308    0.12 antimony                                      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U arsenic                                      0.00351 J    0.00310 J      0.00392 J    0.00501 J      0.00773 J      0.0480 J      0.05 U          0.05 U  0.05 U    0.05 U    0.05 U  0.005 U barium                                        0.0215        0.0436        0.0430        0.0385          0.0514        0.142        0.0311          0.0411  0.0384    0.0374    0.0379  0.0348 berylliuim                                    0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.001 U cadmium                                      0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U        0.005 U      0.005 U        0.005 U  0.005 U  0.005 U  0.005 U  0.0007 U chromium                                      0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.005 U cobalt                                        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U        0.00219 J    0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U copper                                        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.00282 J      0.0141        0.00168 J      0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.00118 J iron                                          0.234        0.607          1.08          0.733          2.51          3.99          1.12            0.466    0.328    0.335    0.294    0.121 lead                                          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.00461 J    0.01 U          0.01 U        0.00589 J    0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.000237 J manganese                                    0.0248        0.0512        0.0938        0.0453          0.0715        0.0816        0.159          0.0507  0.0495    0.0473    0.0518  0.0345 mercury                                      0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U      0.0002 U        0.00188        0.0002 U      0.0002 U        0.0002 U 0.0002 U  0.0002 U  0.0002 U 0.0002 U nickel                                        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U        0.00604 J    0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.00134 J selenium                                      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.005 U silver                                        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U        0.01 U        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.00038 J 0.01 U    0.01 U  0.001 U thallium                                      0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.02 U          0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.000107J vanadium                                      0.01 U        0.00237 J      0.00243 J    0.01 U          0.00625 J      0.0261        0.01 U          0.01 U  0.01 U    0.01 U    0.01 U  0.005 U zinc                                          0.02 U        0.02 U        0.00404 J    0.02 U          0.00777 J      0.0333        0.00634 J      0.02 U  0.02 U    0.02 U    0.02 U  0.0136 J= The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample.
J+ = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased high.
J- = The analyte was positively identified; the associated value is the approximate concentration of the analyte in the sample and is possibly biased low.
mg/L = milligrams per liter NA = The sample was not analyzed for this analyte.
U - The analyte was analyzed for, but was not detected at or above the detection limit shown.
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Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 24. TDEC surface water data, Clinch River mile 2.3. January 8 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS in mg/L.
Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese                            Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver TSS Thallium  Vanadium Zinc 1/8/2009        NA          NA          4.8        0.36          ND          3.2        1.8      3.7        70  ND      NA      ND    NA    93  0.19      11    NA 1/13/2009      410          ND          1.1        ND          ND          ND          0.37    0.7        57  ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    ND        5.5  4.6 1/15/2009      250          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.27    0.5        46  ND    0.61    ND    ND    13  0.03      ND    2.9 1/20/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.22    0.36        39  ND    0.87    ND    ND    ND    0.12      ND    2.6 1/22/2009      170          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.28    0.33        36  ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND    0.1      ND    2.6 1/27/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.21    0.31        32  ND      1.1    ND    ND    ND    0.05      7.9  2.8 1/29/2009      390          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.43    0.62        53  ND      1.5    ND    ND    13  0.07      5.1  3.4 2/4/2009      260          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.29    0.41        34  ND      1.4    1.7    ND    ND    0.11        6      5 2/5/2009      120          ND          1.2        ND          ND          ND          0.2    0.58        31  ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND    0.04      ND    2.8 2/10/2009      140          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.2    0.3        30  ND      1.3    1.7    ND    ND    0.05      ND    2.8 2/10/2009      150          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.2    0.25        30  ND      1.2    1.7    ND    ND    0.03      ND    2.2 2/12/2009      230          0.37        ND          ND          ND            3          0.26    0.32        32  ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.1      7.4  2.4 2/17/2009      180          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.23    0.23        29  ND      1.8    ND    ND    ND    0.12      7.4  2.9 2/19/2009      120        0.33U        1.1        ND          ND          ND          0.24    0.25        40  ND      1.4    3.6    ND    ND    0.05      ND    2.3 2/24/2009      190          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.24    0.28        32  ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.05      ND    2.9 2/26/2009      94          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.25    0.27        30  ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.05      ND    13 3/3/2009      180          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.29    0.35        37  ND      1.4    ND    ND    ND    0.06      3.6  4.1 3/5/2009      120          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.22    0.25        30  ND      1.4    ND    ND    ND    0.03      ND    2.6 3/11/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.19    0.23        30  ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.05      8.8  2.7 3/12/2009      120          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.21    0.28        33    NA    1.7    ND    ND    ND    0.08      8.5  ND 3/17/2009      370          ND          1.3        ND          ND          ND          0.35    0.51        34    NA    0.82    ND    ND    17  ND        ND    4.5 3/19/2009      290          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.36    0.41        34    NA    1.1    ND    ND    12  0.11      ND    4.2 3/24/2009      170          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.23    0.39        29  ND      1.8    ND    ND    ND    0.06      ND    4.8 3/26/2009      490          ND          ND          ND          ND            2          0.3    0.48        39    NA    1.5    ND    ND    ND  0.054      ND    10 3/31/2009      370          3.2        ND          ND          ND          ND          0.41    0.42        45    NA    1.7    ND    ND    ND    ND        14    5.4 4/2/2009      350          3.1        1.5        ND          ND          ND          0.35    0.37        32  NA      1.8    ND    ND    ND    ND        14    3.9 4/7/2009      280          ND          4.3        ND          ND          ND          0.32    0.42        34  0.06    1.8    ND    ND    14  ND        19    4 4/8/2009      420          ND          8.5        ND          ND          ND          0.37    0.54        34  0.062    1.7    ND    ND    12  ND        16    4.2 4/14/2009      240          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.37    0.66        44  0.073    1.4    ND    ND    13  ND        ND    4.9 4/16/2009      700          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.45    0.9        37    NA    1.6    ND    ND    18  ND        ND    6.2 4/22/2009      280          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.1        0.35    0.43        40  ND      1.6    ND    ND    10  0.07      10    2.8 4/22/2009      310          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.1        0.37    0.54        41  ND      1.9    ND    ND    14  0.07      ND    3.9 4/23/2009      340          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.36    0.49        36  0.044    1.8    ND    ND    15  0.09      ND    3.7 4/28/2009      590          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.4        0.43    0.73        39  0.04    1.1    ND    ND    10  0.048      ND    4 4/30/2009      390          ND          1.5        ND          ND          ND          0.36    0.56        29  0.08    1.5    2.6    ND    14  0.043      ND    ND 5/5/2009      3200          ND          3.8        0.31          ND          5.3        1.6      3.3        52  0.04  3.5      ND    ND    52  0.15      ND    6.9 5/7/2009      690          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.59    0.89        40  0.06    1.8    ND    ND    20  0.053      ND    3.8 5/12/2009      680          ND          1.2        ND          ND          ND          0.52    0.86        58  0.06    1.7    ND    ND    20  0.057      ND    3.7 5/14/2009      250          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.29    0.41        36  ND      1.4    ND    ND    ND    0.06      ND    3.2 January 8 sample taken at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available 175
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                      PHA KIF Ash Release Table 25. TDEC surface water data, Clinch River mile 4.0, January 2, 2009, and Clinch River mile 4.5, January 8 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS in mg/L.
Date        Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium                                        Silver TSS Thallium  Vanadium Zinc 1/2/2009        NA          NA          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.21      0.31      35            ND        NA        ND  NA    ND    ND        ND    NA 1/8/2009        NA          NA          3.5        0.21          ND            ND        0.95      1.8        40            ND        NA        ND  NA    45  0.15      ND    NA 1/13/2009      250          NA          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.35      0.28      37            ND        1.4      ND  ND    ND    ND        6.6  3.4 1/15/2009      820          ND          4.7        0.2          ND            2.8          1      1.3        77            ND        1.6      ND  ND    150  0.12      3.5  7.5 1/20/2009      980          ND          3.3        0.21          ND            2          1      1.7        78            ND        2.1      ND  ND    190  0.25        4      7 1/22/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.32      30          0.17      0.99      ND  ND    66  0.13      ND    2.5 1/27/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.18      0.31      30            ND      0.96      ND  ND    24  0.05      4.8    2 1/29/2009      420          0.4        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.63      0.76      98            ND        1.6      ND  ND    18  0.08        7    6.1 2/4/2009      340          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.33      0.43      36            ND        1.4      1.5  ND    ND    0.03      5.6  5.2 2/5/2009      3900          ND          10        0.73          ND            4.4        4.1      6.6        320          ND        7.3      ND  ND    24  0.31      16    16 2/7/2009      370          1.4          1        ND          ND            ND        0.31      0.47      34            ND        1.5      1.7  ND    ND    0.31      6.8  4.9 2/10/2009      140          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.31      29            ND        1.2      1.8  ND    ND    0.07      ND    5.4 2/12/2009      130          1.8        ND          ND          ND            3        0.19      0.28      28            ND        1.1      ND  ND    ND    0.13      8.4    2 2/17/2009      170          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.21      0.22      30            ND        1.6      ND  ND    ND    0.2        ND      3 2/19/2009      210          ND          1.3        ND          ND            ND        0.47      0.55      75            ND        1.5      3.3  ND    24  0.07      5.4  4.5 2/24/2009      340          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.29      0.44      34            ND        6.6      ND  ND    ND    0.06      ND    33 2/26/2009      110          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.25      30            ND        1.3      ND  ND    ND    0.05      ND    8.4 3/3/2009      150          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.31      0.28      38            ND        1.2      ND  ND    ND    0.05      ND    6.4 3/5/2009      120          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.21      0.22      30          0.14      1.1      ND  ND    ND    0.03      ND    3.2 3/11/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.24      29            ND        1.3      ND  ND    ND    0.11      ND    1.9 3/11/2009      120          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.26      34            ND        1.4      ND  ND    ND    0.08      11    4.3 3/12/2009      180          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.28      0.35      40            NA        1.7      ND  ND    22  0.11      ND    ND 3/17/2009      310          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.32      0.39      27            NA      0.52      ND  ND    11  ND        ND    3.7 3/19/2009      270          ND          ND          ND          ND            2.1        0.35      0.37      31            NA      0.82      ND  ND    ND    0.15      ND    7.3 3/24/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.19      0.28      28            ND        1.6      ND  ND    ND    0.07      ND    3.5 3/26/2009      170          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.22      0.33      35            NA        1.4      ND  ND    ND  0.056      ND    8.9 3/31/2009      920          3.3        2.8        0.28          ND            ND        1.6      2.6        91            NA        3.8      ND  0.03    80  0.08      22    12 4/2/2009      300          3.1        1.5        ND          ND            ND        0.37      0.32      37            NA        1.6      1.4  ND    ND    ND        14    4.3 4/7/2009      310          ND          4.8        ND          ND            ND        0.34      0.42      37          0.054      1.7      ND  ND    11  ND        15    8.4 4/8/2009      280          ND          8.2        ND          ND            ND        0.3      0.4        38          0.07      1.3      ND  ND    ND    ND        17    5.1 4/14/2009      240          ND          ND          ND          ND            2.4        0.38      0.41      47            ND        1.2      ND  ND    10  ND        ND    3.7 4/14/2009      250          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.4      0.85      47          0.063      1.4      ND  ND    11  ND        ND    10 4/16/2009      600          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.35      0.76      30            NA        1.3      ND  ND    15  ND        ND    5.1 4/22/2009      380          ND          ND          ND          ND            2.4        0.38      0.52      36            ND        1.4      1.3  ND    10  0.09      ND    4.4 4/23/2009      320          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.33      0.42      35            ND        1.3      ND  ND    10  0.1        ND    3.1 4/28/2009      420          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.27      0.42      32            ND      0.82      ND  ND    12  ND        ND    2.6 4/30/2009      220          ND          ND          ND          ND            ND        0.26      0.38      34          0.06      1.3      ND  ND    ND  0.038      ND    ND 5/5/2009      1800          ND          1.1        0.14          ND            3.9        0.81      1.5        45          0.04      2.2      ND  ND    27  0.058      ND    4.9 5/7/2009      460          0.017        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.43      0.62      36          0.06      1.6      ND  ND    10  0.033      ND    5.1 5/12/2009      870          0.86        1.7        0.16          ND            ND        0.84      1.3        71          0.07      2.2      ND  0.05    21  0.18      4.6  5.3 January 2 samples taken at 15 feet; January 8 sample taken at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND= not detected. NA = not available 176
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 26. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 0.1, January 2 - May 12, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date    Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium                                          Silver TSS Thallium  Vanadium Zinc 1/2/2009        NA          NA          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.21      0.31        35            ND        NA          ND  NA    ND    ND        ND    NA 1/8/2009        NA          NA          3.5        0.21          ND            ND        0.95      1.8        40            ND        NA          ND  NA    45  0.15      ND    NA 1/13/2009      250          NA          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.35      0.28        37            ND        1.4        ND  ND    ND    ND        6.6  3.4 1/15/2009      820          ND          4.7        0.2          ND            2.8        1        1.3        77            ND        1.6        ND  ND    150  0.12      3.5  7.5 1/20/2009      980          ND          3.3        0.21          ND            2          1        1.7        78            ND        2.1        ND  ND    190  0.25        4      7 1/22/2009      130          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.32        30          0.17      0.99        ND  ND    66  0.13      ND    2.5 1/27/2009      130          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.18      0.31        30            ND      0.96        ND  ND    24  0.05      4.8    2 1/29/2009      420          0.4        ND        ND            ND            ND        0.63      0.76        98            ND        1.6        ND  ND    18  0.08        7    6.1 2/4/2009      340          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.33      0.43        36            ND        1.4        1.5  ND    ND    0.03      5.6  5.2 2/5/2009      3900          ND          10        0.73          ND            4.4        4.1      6.6        320          ND        7.3        ND  ND    24  0.31      16    16 2/7/2009      370          1.4          1        ND            ND            ND        0.31      0.47        34            ND        1.5        1.7  ND    ND    0.31      6.8  4.9 2/10/2009      140          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.31        29            ND        1.2        1.8  ND    ND    0.07      ND    5.4 2/12/2009      130          1.8        ND        ND            ND            3        0.19      0.28        28            ND        1.1        ND  ND    ND    0.13      8.4    2 2/17/2009      170          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.21      0.22        30            ND        1.6        ND  ND    ND    0.2        ND      3 2/19/2009      210          ND          1.3        ND            ND            ND        0.47      0.55        75            ND        1.5        3.3  ND    24  0.07      5.4  4.5 2/24/2009      340          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.29      0.44        34            ND        6.6        ND  ND    ND    0.06      ND    33 2/26/2009      110          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.25        30            ND        1.3        ND  ND    ND    0.05      ND    8.4 3/3/2009      150          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.31      0.28        38            ND        1.2        ND  ND    ND    0.05      ND    6.4 3/5/2009      120          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.21      0.22        30          0.14      1.1        ND  ND    ND    0.03      ND    3.2 3/11/2009      130          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.24        29            ND        1.3        ND  ND    ND    0.11      ND    1.9 3/11/2009      120          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.26        34            ND        1.4        ND  ND    ND    0.08      11    4.3 3/12/2009      180          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.28      0.35        40            NA        1.7        ND  ND    22  0.11      ND    ND 3/17/2009      310          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.32      0.39        27            NA      0.52        ND  ND    11  ND        ND    3.7 3/19/2009      270          ND          ND        ND            ND            2.1      0.35      0.37        31            NA      0.82        ND  ND    ND    0.15      ND    7.3 3/24/2009      130          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.19      0.28        28            ND        1.6        ND  ND    ND    0.07      ND    3.5 3/26/2009      170          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.22      0.33        35            NA        1.4        ND  ND    ND  0.056      ND    8.9 3/31/2009      920          3.3        2.8        0.28          ND            ND        1.6      2.6        91            NA        3.8        ND  0.03    80  0.08      22    12 4/2/2009      300          3.1        1.5        ND            ND            ND        0.37      0.32        37            NA        1.6        1.4  ND    ND    ND        14    4.3 4/7/2009      310          ND          4.8        ND            ND            ND        0.34      0.42        37          0.054      1.7        ND  ND    11  ND        15    8.4 4/8/2009      280          ND          8.2        ND            ND            ND        0.3      0.4        38          0.07      1.3        ND  ND    ND    ND        17    5.1 4/14/2009      240          ND          ND        ND            ND            2.4      0.38      0.41        47            ND        1.2        ND  ND    10  ND        ND    3.7 4/14/2009      250          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.4      0.85        47          0.063      1.4        ND  ND    11  ND        ND    10 4/16/2009      600          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.35      0.76        30            NA        1.3        ND  ND    15  ND        ND    5.1 4/22/2009      380          ND          ND        ND            ND            2.4      0.38      0.52        36            ND        1.4        1.3  ND    10  0.09      ND    4.4 4/23/2009      320          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.33      0.42        35            ND        1.3        ND  ND    10  0.1        ND    3.1 4/28/2009      420          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.27      0.42        32            ND      0.82        ND  ND    12  ND        ND    2.6 4/30/2009      220          ND          ND        ND            ND            ND        0.26      0.38        34          0.06      1.3        ND  ND    ND  0.038      ND    ND 5/5/2009      1800          ND          1.1        0.14          ND            3.9      0.81      1.5        45          0.04      2.2        ND  ND    27  0.058      ND    4.9 5/7/2009      460          0.017        ND        ND            ND            ND        0.43      0.62        36          0.06      1.6        ND  ND    10  0.033      ND    5.1 5/12/2009      870          0.86        1.7        0.16          ND            ND        0.84      1.3        71          0.07      2.2        ND  0.05    21  0.18      4.6  5.3 Samples taken January 2 at 15 feet; samples taken January 8 at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
177
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 27. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 1.7, January 8 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date        Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese                              Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver TSS  Thallium  Vanadium Zinc 1/8/2009        NA          NA          2.6        0.15          ND          ND        0.92    1.6          48    ND      NA      ND    NA    59    0.09      4.5    NA 1/13/2009      300          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.33    0.33          34    ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    ND        6.3    3.3 1/15/2009      240          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.29    0.42          32    ND    0.68    ND    ND    ND    0.04      ND    5.7 1/20/2009      220          1.1        1.4        ND          ND          ND        0.36    0.65          40    ND      1.1    ND    0.03    32    0.47      ND    3.6 1/22/2009    15000          1.2        19          1.6          0.6          8          7.8    16          330  ND      13      ND    0.1  1200  1.1        43    21 1/27/2009      170          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.21    0.44          28    ND      1      ND    ND    ND    0.1        ND    3.8 1/27/2009      300          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.3    0.51          31    ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND    0.09      ND      4 1/29/2009      590            2          ND          ND          ND          3.2        0.9    1.1          93    ND      2.1    ND    0.04    41    0.2        9.5    9 2/4/2009      260          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.29    0.29          34    ND      1.2    1.5    ND    ND    0.03      6.1    4.2 2/5/2009      5800          ND          17          1.2          ND          6.6        6.4    11          330  ND      10      ND    ND    ND    0.57      25    23 2/10/2009      160          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.2    0.63          27    ND      1.3    1.7    ND    ND    0.12      ND      7 2/12/2009      190          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.8        0.21    0.29          26    ND      1.1    ND    ND    ND    0.21      7.1    2.5 2/17/2009      180          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.21    0.27          28    ND      1.6    ND    ND    ND    0.31      4.4    3.6 2/19/2009      270          ND          3.3        ND          ND          ND        0.64      1          73    ND      2.2    3.3    ND    40    0.05      ND    11 2/24/2009      300          0.38        ND          ND          ND          ND        0.27    0.35          29    ND      1.4    ND    ND    ND    0.07      ND    3.6 2/26/2009      190          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.24    0.26          31    ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND    0.06      ND    4.9 3/3/2009      190          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.3        0.34    0.3          34    ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND    0.09      ND      3 3/3/2009      190          ND          ND          ND          ND            2        0.34    0.35          33    ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.08      ND    6.9 3/5/2009      120          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.23    0.21          29    ND    0.93    ND    ND    ND    0.04      ND    3.9 3/11/2009      110          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.16    0.29          28    ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.18      ND    4.3 3/12/2009      170          ND          1.4        ND          ND          ND        0.31    0.39          35    NA      1.7    ND    ND    31    0.15      ND    2.7 3/17/2009      280          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.32    0.39          27    NA    0.47    ND    ND    13    ND        ND    4.3 3/19/2009      270          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.38    0.37          32    NA      0.8    ND    ND    ND    0.27      ND    6.3 3/24/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.19    0.23          24    ND      1.5    ND    ND    ND    0.09      ND    2.8 3/26/2009      160          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.27    0.25          52    NA      1      ND    ND    ND    0.05      ND    4.5 3/31/2009      190          3.1        1.2        ND          ND          ND        0.33    0.39          35    NA      1.4      2    0.03    ND    ND        16    6.9 4/2/2009      320          3.1        ND          ND          ND          ND        0.37    0.27          41    NA      1.5    ND    ND    ND    ND        17    3.4 4/7/2009      430          ND          4.7        ND          ND          ND        0.46    0.71          41  0.058    1.7    ND    ND    12    0.05      17    8.4 4/7/2009      400          ND          4.9        ND          ND          ND        0.44    0.53          39  0.042    1.6    ND    ND    14    0.03      16    6.1 4/8/2009      660          ND          8.3        ND          ND          ND        0.59    0.81          45  0.078    1.8    ND    ND    52    ND        18    11 4/14/2009      310          ND          ND          ND          ND          3.3        0.41    0.78          44  0.069    1.6    ND    ND    13    ND        ND    11 4/16/2009      800          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.4    0.81          31    NA      1.5    ND    ND    13    ND        ND    7.6 4/22/2009      310          ND          ND          ND          ND          2.2        0.36    0.43          33    ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    0.11      ND    3.1 4/23/2009      400          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.39    0.56          34  0.041    1.2    ND    ND    11    0.11      ND    3.1 4/28/2009      370          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.29    0.41          38    ND    0.75    ND    ND    ND    ND        ND    3.2 4/30/2009      130          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.19    0.29          24    0.08    1.1    ND    ND    ND  0.034      ND    ND 5/5/2009      1500          ND          ND        0.12          ND          4.3        0.84    1.4          50    0.12    2.3    ND    ND    26    0.06      ND    8.9 5/7/2009      450          ND        0.94        ND          ND          ND        0.51    0.77          40    0.06    1.7    ND    ND    11  0.038      4.1    4.9 5/12/2009      460          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND        0.46    0.78          47    0.06    1.5    ND    ND    ND  0.052      ND    3.9 5/14/2009      305          ND          ND          ND          ND          ND          0.4    0.55          51    ND      1.6    ND    ND    ND    0.36      ND    6.3 Sample taken January 8 at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
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Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                          PHA KIF Ash Release Table 28. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 2.1, January 2 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date        Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead                                Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium              Silver TSS  Thallium  Vanadium Zinc 1/2/2009        NA          NA          0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.36J    0.46J          48        0.13U      NA        1.3U      NA    10  0.10J      3.4U    NA 1/8/2009        NA          NA            8.6      0.62J      0.41U          3.7J        2.6      5.3          61        0.13U      NA        1.3U      NA    48  0.29J      14    NA 1/13/2009      790        0.83J          14      0.17J      0.41U          2.6J      0.70J      1.1          51        0.13U      1.9      3.3J    0.03U    48  0.14J      16    3.6J 1/15/2009      5600        1.2            43        1.2      0.41U          12        2.9        6          56        0.13U      5.4      1.3U    0.03U  610  0.88J      45      10 1/15/2009      4000        1.4            43      0.99J      0.41U          11        2.2      4.3          53        0.13U        4        1.3U    0.03U  610  0.79J      42    8.8 1/20/2009      2800        0.34J          8.8      0.56J      0.41U          3.7J        2.1      3.8          61        0.13U      4.4      1.3U    0.03U    77  0.55J      11    8.4 1/22/2009      130        0.37J        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.35J    0.22J          51        0.13U      1.3      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.17J      3.4U    3.2J 1/27/2009      600        0.33U          4.4J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.62J    0.94J          61        0.13U      1.8      1.3U    0.03U    18  0.18J      3.4U    5 1/29/2009      970        0.33U        0.93U      0.14J      0.41U          2.7J        1.3      1.7          97        0.13U      2.8      1.3U    0.03U    53  0.08J      10    7.9 2/4/2009      290        0.33U          1.3J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.37J    0.41J          41        0.15J      1.3      1.6J    0.03U  10U  0.05J      5.9    3.6J 2/5/2009      180        0.33U          1.4J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.32J    0.58J          39        0.13U      1.2      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.07J      3.4U    4.0J 2/10/2009      2800        0.33U          6.9      0.43J      0.41U          3.2J        2.1      3.7          84        0.13U      4.4      1.6J    0.03U    31  0.37J      9.1    11 2/12/2009      310        0.33U          1.7J      0.11U      0.41U          3.1J      0.42J    0.53J          59        0.13U      1.1      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.38J      9.2    5 2/17/2009      180        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U          2.4J      0.32J    0.20J          61        0.13U      1.3      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.54J      9.8    4.7J 2/19/2009      340        0.33U          1.3J      0.11U      0.41U          3.0J        1.5        2          98        0.13U      2.5      3.0J    0.03U  130  0.17J      4.8J    7.3 2/24/2009      350          3.1          2.3J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.34J    0.39J          37        0.13U      1.2      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.18J      3.4U    3.1J 2/24/2009      360        0.89J          2.1J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.38J    0.50J          37        0.13U      1.3      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.10J      3.4U    3.5J 2/26/2009      160        0.37J        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.27J    0.32J          39        0.13U      1.9      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.07J      3.4U    12 3/3/2009      200        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U          2.5J      0.34J    0.39J          38        0.13U      1.3      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.15J      3.4U    9.8 3/5/2009      130        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.23J    0.17J          29        0.13U      0.96J      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.07J      3.4U    2.8J 3/11/2009      120        0.48J        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.26J    0.15J          37        0.13U      0.96J      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.54J      3.4U    4.5J 3/12/2009      220        0.33U          1.3J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.31J    0.31J          49          NA        1.1      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.20J      3.4U    1.9J 3/17/2009      630        0.33U          6.8      0.15J      0.41U        2.0U        0.57J    0.82J          40          NA      0.98J      1.3U    0.03U    51  0.09J      3.4U    16 3/19/2009      2100        0.51J          10      0.39J      0.41U          2.8J        1.7      3.1          73          NA        3.3      1.3U    0.03U    57  0.28J      11      11 3/19/2009      1800        0.46J          9.1      0.31J      0.41U          2.6J        1.5      2.9          70          NA        3        1.3U    0.03U    45  0.26J      11    9.2 3/24/2009      420        0.33U          4.0J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.44J    0.59J          58        0.13U      1.5      1.3U    0.03U    20  0.22J      4.3J    3.7J 3/26/2009      6200          1            17      0.77J      0.41U          4.8J        2.6      6.1          59          NA        5.3      1.3U    0.051J  130  0.43J      21      15 3/31/2009      4100        3.8            11        0.63        .41U        2.0U        2.6      5.7          62          NA        5.9      1.3U    0.09J  110  0.38J      32      12 3/31/2009      3600        4.2            10      0.69J      0.41U        2.0U        2.7      5.5          61          NA        5.7      1.3U    0.07J    99  0.64J      33      11 4/2/2009      290          3.6          0.94J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.43J    0.31J          43          NA        1.6      1.3U    0.03J  10U  0.33J      14    3.7J 4/7/2009      420        0.33U          4.1J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.43J    0.53J          40        0.025U      1.6      1.3U    0.03U    13  0.11J      14    5.8 4/8/2009      1600        0.49J          13      0.23J      0.41U        2.0U          1        1.9          89        0.025J      2.6      1.3U    0.03J    34  0.14J      21    8.1 4/14/2009      320        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U          4.5J      0.44J    0.63J          47        0.025U      1.4      1.3U    0.03U    11  0.03J      3.4U    5.1 4/16/2009      3600        0.33U          11      0.46J      0.41U          3.6J        1.8      4.3          36          NA        4.1      1.3U    0.03U    70  0.24J      8.7    11 4/22/2009      970        0.33U          4.6J      0.19J      0.41U          2.7J      0.77J      1.4          35        0.029U      2.1      1.3U    0.07J    39  0.59J      6.5    5.3 4/23/2009      1200        0.33U          3.4J      0.22J      0.41U        2.0U        0.98J      1.9          36        0.029J      2.3      1.3U    0.03U    28  0.33J      3.9J    4.7J 4/28/2009      640        0.33U          1.8J      0.11U      0.41U          2.5J      0.48J    0.75J          46        0.029U      1.1      1.3U    0.03U    13  0.072J    3.4U    3.2J 4/30/2009      250        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.27J    0.41J          43        0.03J      0.98J      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.037J    3.4U  1.9U 5/5/2009      1500        0.94J          1.6J      0.20J      0.41U          4.2J      0.87J      1.4          63        0.03J      2.1      1.3U    0.035J  58  0.12J      3.4U    5.2 5/7/2009      640        0.33U          1.1J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.59J    0.82J          50        0.029U      1.8      1.3U    0.03U    11  0.053J    3.4U    4.7J 5/12/2009      200        0.64J          1.8J      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.37J    0.38J          64        0.029U      1.2      1.3U    0.046J 10U  0.17J        7    2.4J 5/12/2009      530        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.37J    0.46J          63        0.029U      1.3      1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.040J    3.4U    3.1J 5/14/2009      180        0.33U        0.93U      0.11U      0.41U        2.0U        0.27J    0.27J          60        0.029U        1        1.3U    0.03U  10U  0.040J    3.4U    3.9J Samples taken on January 2 at 3.5 feet; samples taken on January 8 at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
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Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 29. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 12.1. January 2 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Sus Date          Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium                Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Res Thallium Vanadium  Zinc 1/27/2009        56            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.28  0.12    35      ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND  0.18      ND      15 1/29/2009        520          ND        ND          ND          ND      2.7    0.56  0.66    36      ND      1.8    ND    ND    20  0.05      10      10 2/4/2009        71            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.26  0.11    25      0.15    1.4    1.7    ND    ND  0.03      8.1    6.1 2/5/2009        43            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.24  0.33    24      ND      1.1    ND    ND    ND  0.07      ND    4.5 2/10/2009        42          0.98      0.97        ND          ND      ND    0.25  0.11    28      ND      1.1    1.7    ND    ND  0.57      ND      5 2/12/2009        52            ND        ND          ND          ND      2.8    0.2  0.11    26      ND      0.9    ND    ND    ND    1      5.4    5.4 2/17/2009        55            ND        ND          ND          ND      2.7    0.21  0.11    25      ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND    1.5      ND    6.1 2/19/2009        280          ND        0.96        ND          ND      ND    0.42  0.32    35      ND      1.3    3.4    ND    10  0.41      ND    3.9 2/24/2009        91            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.23  0.11    26      ND    0.98    ND    ND    ND  0.03      ND    7.5 2/26/2009        58          0.58        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.25  0.16    26      ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND  0.09      ND      14 3/3/2009        100          ND        ND          ND          ND      2.7    0.23  0.18    21      ND      1      ND    ND    ND    0.2      ND    6.8 3/5/2009        62            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.22  0.11    21      ND    0.93    ND    ND    ND  0.12      ND    4.1 3/11/2009        75            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.18  0.16    23      ND    0.86    ND    ND    ND  0.13      ND    4.7 3/12/2009        71            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.19  0.19    25        NA    1.2    ND    ND    ND  0.45      ND    3.9 3/17/2009        200          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.32  0.26    28        NA    0.43    ND    ND    ND  0.04      ND    3.3 3/19/2009        110          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND      0.3  0.15    26        NA    0.66    ND    ND    ND  0.11      ND      7 3/24/2009        74            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.21  0.2    25      ND      1.2    ND    ND    ND  0.45      ND    5.2 3/26/2009        260          1.5        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.41  0.32    42      NA      1.6    ND    ND    ND  0.088      ND      14 3/31/2009        200          3.2        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.44  0.21    33      NA      1.6    ND    ND    ND  0.41      14    6.1 4/2/2009        150          3.1        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.33  0.85    32      NA      1.5    ND    ND    ND  ND        13    4.4 4/7/2009        100          ND        3.3        ND          ND      ND    0.27  0.11    25      ND      1.3    ND    ND    ND  0.19      15    5.5 4/8/2009        86          0.65        5.9        ND          ND      ND    0.27  0.13    25      0.08    1.2    ND    0.04    ND  0.06      17    4.8 4/14/2009        140          0.72        ND          ND          ND      4.1    0.32  0.29    30      0.049    2.1    ND    ND    ND  0.04      ND    7.1 4/16/2009        340          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.39  0.39    37        NA    1.3    ND    ND    ND  0.07      ND    7.7 4/22/2009        154          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.35  0.28    28      0.068    1.2    ND    ND    ND  0.87      ND    3.4 4/23/2009        110          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.31  0.19    29      0.051    1      ND    0.05    ND  0.65      ND    3.4 4/28/2009        93            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.22  0.31    41      0.12  0.61    ND    ND    ND  ND        ND    4.9 4/30/2009        48            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.27  0.14    139      0.22  0.98    ND    ND    ND  ND        ND    ND 5/5/2009        590          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.85  0.89    78      0.09    1.8    ND    ND    25  0.037      3.5    4.4 5/7/2009        390          ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.55  0.52    47      0.08    1.7    ND    ND    ND  ND        ND    6.4 5/12/2009        97            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.23  0.2    28      0.05  0.91    ND    ND    ND  0.14      4      3 5/14/2009        74            ND        ND          ND          ND      ND    0.19  0.19    24      0.04  0.86    ND    ND    ND  0.071      ND    4.7 All samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
180
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 30. TDEC surface water data, Emory River mile 1.9. April 22 - May 14, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date          Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium                  Chromium      Cobalt    Lead    Manganese    Mercury    Nickel    Selenium  Silver  TSS  Thallium  Vanadium  Zinc 4/22/2009        320          ND        ND          ND          ND            2        0.29    0.38        33          ND        1.3        ND    ND    ND    0.14      ND    4.1 4/23/2009        187          ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.28    0.23        37          ND        1          ND    ND    ND    0.11      ND    2.9 4/28/2009        450          ND        ND          ND          ND            2.6        0.39    0.62        45          ND      0.96        ND    ND      10  0.046      ND    4.3 4/30/2009        170          ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.26    0.37        45          0.07      0.95        ND    ND    ND    ND        ND    ND 5/5/2009        1500          ND        ND          ND          ND            3.9        0.67    0.99        50          0.07      1.7        1.3    ND      21  0.036      ND    4.3 5/7/2009        450          ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.39    0.57        35          0.07      1.3        ND    ND      13  0.033      ND    5.4 5/12/2009        270          ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.28    0.41        39          0.05      1.1        ND    ND    ND    ND        ND      4 5/14/2009        180          ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.3      0.32        55          ND        1.1        ND    0.041  ND    ND        ND    3.9 All samples taken at the surface. ND = not detectable. NA = not available.
Table 31. TDEC surface water sampling, Emory River mile 4.0. January 2 - January 22, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date          Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Selenium                                          Silver  TSS  Thallium  Vanadium  Zinc 1/2/2009          NA          NA        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.31    0.43        47          ND        NA          ND    NA    ND    ND        3.8    NA 1/8/2009          NA          NA        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.63      1          49          0.17      NA          ND    NA      28    0.06      ND    NA 1/8/2009          NA          NA        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.62    0.87        47          ND        NA          ND    NA      18    0.05      ND    NA 1/13/2009        430          0.44        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.33    0.46        36          ND        1.2        ND    ND    ND    ND        8.3    4.6 1/15/2009        150            2        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.28    0.33        33          ND      0.74        ND    ND    ND      0.2      ND    6.4 1/20/2009        ND            ND        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.34    0.34        48          ND        1.3        ND    ND    ND      1.2      ND    6.2 1/22/2009        120          2.2        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.32    0.24        54          ND        1.3        ND    0.03    ND    0.32      ND    3.9 Samples taken January 2 at a5 feet; samples taken January 8 at mid-depth; other samples taken at the surface. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
Table 32. TDEC surface water sampling, Tennessee River mile 568.2. January 22, 2009. Units in g/L; TSS units in mg/L.
Date            Aluminum      Antimony  Arsenic    Beryllium  Cadmium      Chromium    Cobalt    Lead    Manganese    Mercury    Nickel    Selenium  Silver  TSS  Thallium  Vanadium  Zinc 1/2/2009 s          NA            NA        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.15    0.23        42          ND        NA          ND    NA    ND      ND        ND    NA 1/2/2009            NA            NA        ND          ND          ND            ND        0.16    0.29        38          ND        NA          ND    NA    ND    0.51      ND    NA Sample taken on 1/2/2009 s was taken at the surface; the other sample was taken at 15 feet. ND = not detected. NA = not available.
181
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                PHA KIF Ash Release Table 33. Laboratory results for untreated (raw) water samples taken at the intake of the Kingston Water Treatment Plant before water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009. Units in g/L Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Range of Results          Primary      Secondary Drinking      Drinking      Above          Above Compound        Minimum      Maximum        Water        Water          Primary        Secondary (g/L)      (g/L)        Standard      Standard      Standard?      Standard?
(MCL)        (MCL)
Aluminum        140          1100          NE            -----
Antimony        <0.33        2              6            -----          No Arsenic          <0.93        2.8J          10            -----          No Barium          17          37            2000          -----          No Beryllium        <0.11        0.35J          4            -----          No Cadmium          <0.41        <0.41          5            -----          No Calcium          16000        19000          NE            -----
Calcium 34000        63000          NE            -----
Hardness Chloride        7500        9400          NE            -----
Chromium        <2          2.1J          100          -----          No Cobalt          0.1J        0.6J          NE            -----
Copper          3.6          4.1            1300          1000          No            No Fluoride        84          86            4000          2000          No            No Iron            150          920            NE            300                          Yes Lead            <0.1        1.4            15            -----          No Magnesium        3900        4800          NE            50000                        No Manganese        <0.42        160            NE            50                            Yes Mercury          <0.13        <0.13          2            -----          No Molybdenum 0.45J              1              NE            -----
Nickel          0.71J        1.2            100          -----          No Potassium        1900        2100          NE            -----
Selenium        <1.3        1.7J          50            -----          No Silver          <0.03        0.04J          NE            100                          No Sodium          8100        10000          NE            -----
Strontium        54          73            NE            -----
Sulfate          12000        17000          NE            250000                        No Thallium        <0.03        1.7            2            -----          No Total 42000        72000          NE            -----
Alkalinity Uranium          0.07J        0.24J          NE            -----
Vanadium        <3.4        12            NE            -----
Zinc            34          51            NE            5000                          No Notes:
J = Laboratory estimated concentration. Concentration is below the quantitation limit for compound.
MCL = EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard Maximum Contaminant Level SDWG = EPA Secondary Drinking Water Guideline value NE = Not Established
          ----- = No secondary drinking water guideline established for metal (has primary standard).
182
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                PHA KIF Ash Release Table 34. Laboratory results for untreated (raw) water samples taken at the intake of the Rockwood Water Treatment Plant before water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009. Units in g/L. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Range of Results          Primary      Secondary Drinking      Drinking      Above          Above Compound        Minimum      Maximum        Water        Water          Primary        Secondary (g/L)      (g/L)        Standard      Standard      Standard?      Standard?
(MCL)        (MCL)
Aluminum        39          74            NE            -----
Antimony        <0.33        <0.33          6            -----          No Arsenic          <0.93        <0.93          10            -----          No Barium          21          36            2000          -----          No Beryllium        <0.11        <0.11          4            -----          No Cadmium          <0.41        <0.41          5            -----          No Calcium          21000        22000          NE            -----
Calcium 46000        89000          NE            -----
Hardness Chloride        5700        7400          NE            -----
Chromium        <2          2.7J          100          -----          No Cobalt          0.04J        0.21J          NE            -----
Copper          1.3          2.1            1300          1000          No            No Fluoride        69          83            4000          2000          No            No Iron            47          66            NE            300                          No Lead            <0.1        4.6            15            -----          No Magnesium        6000        7300          NE            50000                        No Manganese        5.6          43            NE            50                            No Mercury          <0.13        <0.13          2            -----          No Molybdenum 0.47J              0.53J          NE            -----
Nickel          0.54J        1.1            100          -----          No Potassium        1500        1800          NE            -----
Selenium        <1.3        1.5J          50            -----          No Silver          <0.03        <0.03          NE            100                          No Sodium          5.5          8              NE            -----
Strontium        52          67            NE            -----
Sulfate          11000        15000          NE            250000                        No Thallium        <0.03        0.77J          2            -----          No Total 64000        110000        NE            -----
Alkalinity Uranium          0.1J        0.18J          NE            -----
Vanadium        <3.4        12            NE            -----
Zinc            18          52            NE            5000                          No Notes:
J = Laboratory estimated concentration. Concentration is below the quantitation limit for compound.
MCL = EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard Maximum Contaminant Level SDWG = EPA Secondary Drinking Water Guideline value NE = Not Established
          ----- = No secondary drinking water guideline established for metal (has primary standard).
183
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                PHA KIF Ash Release Table 35. Laboratory results for treated (finished) water samples taken at the Kingston Water Treatment Plant after water processing. December 31, 2008 - May 18, 2009. Units in g/L. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Range of Results          Primary      Secondary Drinking      Drinking      Above          Above Compound        Minimum      Maximum        Water        Water          Primary        Secondary (g/L)      (g/L)        Standard      Standard      Standard?      Standard?
(MCL)        (MCL)
Aluminum        31          45            NE            -----
Antimony        <0.33        0.62J          6            -----          No Arsenic          <0.93        1.9J          10            -----          No Barium          16          27            2000          -----          No Beryllium        <0.11        <0.11          4            -----          No Cadmium          <0.41        <0.41          5            -----          No Calcium          16000        19000          NE            -----
Calcium 35000        63000          NE            -----
Hardness Chloride        15000        17000          NE            -----
Chromium        <2          <2            100          -----          No Cobalt          <0.04        0.13J          NE            -----
Copper          6            7.7            1300          1000          No            No Fluoride        1100        1100          4000          2000          No            No Iron            4.4J        8J            NE            300                          No Lead            <0.1        2.9            15            -----          No Magnesium        3900        4700          NE            50000                        No Manganese        <0.42        36            NE            50                            No Mercury          <0.13        <0.13          2            -----          No Molybdenum 0.37J              1.2            NE            -----
Nickel          0.64J        0.87          100          -----          No Potassium        1900        2000          NE            -----
Selenium        <1.3        5.5            50            -----          No Silver          <0.03        <0.03          NE            100                          No Sodium          13000        14000          NE            -----
Strontium        54          72            NE            -----
Sulfate          13000        17000          NE            250000                        No Thallium        <0.03        1.1            2            -----          No Total 39000        73000          NE            -----
Alkalinity Uranium          <0.01        0.02J          NE            -----
Vanadium        <3.4        12            NE            -----
Zinc            3.4J        4.8J          NE            5000                          No Notes:
J = Laboratory estimated concentration. Concentration is below the quantitation limit for compound.
MCL = EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard Maximum Contaminant Level SDWG = EPA Secondary Drinking Water Guideline value NE = Not Established
          ----- = No secondary drinking water guideline established for metal (has primary standard).
184
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                PHA KIF Ash Release Table 36. Laboratory results for treated (finished) water samples taken at the Rockwood Water Treatment Plant after water processing. December 31, 2008 -
May 18, 2009. Units in g/L. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee.
Range of Results          Primary      Secondary Drinking      Drinking      Above          Above Compound        Minimum      Maximum        Water        Water          Primary        Secondary (g/L)      (g/L)        Standard      Standard      Standard?      Standard?
(MCL)        (MCL)
Aluminum        19          31            NE            -----
Antimony        <0.33        <0.33          6            -----          No Arsenic          <0.93        <0.93          10            -----          No Barium          <2.5        34            2000          -----          No Beryllium        <0.11        <0.11          4            -----          No Cadmium          <0.41        <0.41          5            -----          No Calcium          20000        23000          NE            -----
Calcium 46000        75000          NE            -----
Hardness Chloride        12000        15000          NE            -----
Chromium        <2          3.3J          100          -----          No Cobalt          <0.04        0.16J          NE            -----
Copper          <0.38        0.56J          1300          1000          No            No Fluoride        1100        1200          4000          2000          No            No Iron            <2.9        <2.9          NE            300                          No Lead            <0.1        <0.1          15            -----          No Magnesium        6000        8200          NE            50000                        No Manganese        <0.42        22            NE            50                            No Mercury          <0.13        <0.13          2            -----          No Molybdenum 0.39J              0.57J          NE            -----
Nickel          0.74J        0.85J          100          -----          No Potassium        1600        1900          NE            -----
Selenium        <1.3        2.2J          50            -----          No Silver          <0.03        <0.03          NE            100                          No Sodium          6200        9000          NE            -----
Strontium        50          72            NE            -----
Sulfate          11000        15000          NE            250000                        No Thallium        <0.03        0.94J          2            -----          No Total 53000        84000          NE            -----
Alkalinity Uranium          <0.01        0.11J          NE            -----
Vanadium        <3.4        14            NE            -----
Zinc            21          23            NE            5000                          No Notes:
J = Laboratory estimated concentration. Concentration is below the quantitation limit for compound.
MCL = EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard Maximum Contaminant Level SDWG = EPA Secondary Drinking Water Guideline value NE = Not Established
          ----- = No secondary drinking water guideline established for metal (has primary standard).
185
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 37. Groundwater concentration ranges for fourteen metals in drinking water wells and springs within a four-mile radius of the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, TN. Data compiled from TDEC laboratory analysis results. Samples analyzed for TDEC by Microbac Laboratories, Inc. Maryville, TN (for samples collected on 12/30/08, 12/31/08, and 01/05/09).
Samples collected from 01/05/09 to 03/12/09 were analyzed by the State of Tennessee Department of Health Environmental Laboratory in Nashville, TN. All results are reported in mg/L, which is equivalent to parts per million (ppm).
Primary Secondary        Above Range of Results                  Drinking                                          Above Drinking          Primary Compound                                                Water                                            Secondary Water            Standard Standard                                          Standard?
Minimum          Maximum                            Standard          (MCL)?
(MCL)
                                                  +
Arsenic (As)          <0.00025        0.0031J          0.010                              No Barium (Ba)            <0.010          0.71            2                                  No Beryllium (Be)        <0.00005        0.0003          0.004                              No Cadmium (Cd)          <0.00005        0.00070J        0.005                              No Chromium (Cr)          <0.001          0.0042J          0.1                                No Cobalt (Co)            <0.00025        0.001            NE Lead (Pb)              <0.0001          0.0098          0.015                              No
                                              +
Manganese (Mn)        <0.00005        0.845            NE                0.05
* Yes Mercury (Hg)          <0.0002          0.00016J        0.002                              No Selenium (Se)          <0.00013        0.0019J          0.05                              No Strontium (St)        <0.00025        1.6              NE Thallium (Tl)          <0.00003        0.0019          0.002                              No Vanadium (Va)          <0.0007          0.012            NE Notes:
All results are reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and are equivalent to parts per million (ppm).
<0.00025 = Detection limit of analysis 0.71 = Highest value reported for wells sampled within 4-mile radius of KIF.
J = Laboratory estimated concentration. Concentration is below the quantitation limit for compound.
MCL = EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard Maximum Contaminant Level SDWG = EPA Secondary Drinking Water Guideline value NE = Not Established
+
  = Well was sampled twice. Concentrations are average of results and is highest concentration observed in wells and springs sampled for this metals 186
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                        PHA KIF Ash Release Table 38. TVA 24-hr Concentration of Metals in Airborne Particles (PM2.5 and PM10) with a chart of PM2.5 measurements. Sampled On-Site at Kingston Plant from Dec 31, 2008 through Feb 3, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in g/m3.
PM 2.5                                  PM 10 Number Number Of                                                Health Of Samples in Metal        Minimum      Maximum          Which Minimum      Maximum      Samples      comparison Detected in Which        value 1 Detected 2
Arsenic                        0.0018        1/35        ND          0.0042        3/35        0.0023 ND 2
Cadmium            ND            ND          0/35        ND            ND          0/35        0.0056 3, 4 Chromium          ND            ND          0/35        ND        0.000019      19/35    0.001 - 0.003 5
Lead            ND          0.0056        7/35        ND            ND          0/35          0.15 6
Manganese            NA            NA            NA          NA            NA          NA        0.05 - 0.3 7
Selenium          ND          0.0037        17/35        ND          0.0043        4/35          20 Thallium          ND            ND          0/35        ND            ND          0/19            NA Vanadium          ND            0.001        2/35        ND            ND          0/25            NA ND = non-detected 1
Bashor 2009 2
EPA IRIS, for a risk of 1x10-5 risk of excess cancer 3
health comparison value is for hexavalent chromium; KIF coal ash is less than 13% hexavalent chromium 5
National Ambient Air Quality Standard 4
average background in Georgia 6
range of values from ATSDR and EPA 7
EPA Region IV screening value adjusted for a hazard index of 1.0 187
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                            PHA KIF Ash Release Table 39. TVA air sampling data at temporary permanent monitoring stations for those metals detected above the minimum detection limit, December 28, 2008 - March 9, 2009. Units in g/m&#xb3;.
Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Release, Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee.
Date            Aluminum        Cadmium      Copper        Lead        Manganese          Zinc 12/28/2008 PS02              67            -----        -----      -----          0.11            16 PS03              67            -----        -----      -----          0.11            18 PS04              79            -----        -----      -----          0.13            20 1/13/2009
            `PS07              -----          -----        -----      0.051            -----          -----
1/17/2009 PS07              5.2            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
1/26/2009 PS09              -----          0.01          -----      -----          -----          -----
2/7/2009 PS06              -----          -----        -----      0.026            -----          -----
2/10/2009 PS06              2.8            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
2/13/2009 PS08              -----          -----        -----      0.025            -----          -----
2/17/2009 PS06              -----          -----        0.15        -----          -----          -----
PS07              -----          -----        0.33        -----          -----          -----
PS09              -----          -----        0.12        -----          -----          -----
2/18/2009 PS05              -----          -----        0.1        -----          -----          -----
2/24/2009 PS06              -----          -----        -----      0.026            -----          -----
PS07              -----          -----        0.1        -----          -----          -----
3/4/2009 PS06              -----          -----        -----      -----          0.054            -----
3/8/2009 PS06              5.5            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
PS07              5.6            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
PS08              5.2            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
PS09              5.5            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
3/9/2009 PS05              2.7            -----        -----      -----          -----          -----
Cells with ----- indicate that either samples were not analyzed for the particular metal or the concentration was less than the minimum detection limit.
188
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                      PHA KIF Ash Release Table 40. TDEC 24-hr Concentration of Metals in Airborne Particles (TSP). January 19, 2009 through May 31, 2009. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in g/m3.
Date              TSP          Aluminum        Arsenic    Barium      Lead      Manganese      Selenium 1/19/2009          24              ND            ND          ND      0.0027        0.0036        0.001 1/25.2009          17              ND            ND          ND      0.0035          0.006        0.0016 1/31/2009          15              ND            ND          ND      0.0039        0.0048          ND 2/6/2009            64            0.099        0.0017        ND      0.0044          0.011        0.0023 2/12/2009          15            0.087          ND        0.0041    0.0016          0.004          ND 2/18/2009          18              0.11          ND        0.00590  0.00220        0.00390      0.00160 2/24/2009          42              0.11        0.0025      0.0074    0.0035          0.014        0.0022 3/2/2009            20              0.16          ND        0.0042    0.0017        0.0017          ND 3/8/2009            37              0.12        0.0019      0.0051    0.0026        0.0041          ND 3/14/2009          11            0.043          ND          ND      0.0016        0.0012        0.0019 3/20/2009          24              0.11          ND        0.0039    0.0026        0.0057          ND 3/26/2009          12            0.043          ND        0.0018    0.0016        0.0025          ND 4/1/2009            15              0.11          ND        0.0043    0.0025        0.0058        0.0021 4/7/2009            15            0.064          ND        0.0024    0.0013        0.0043          ND 4/13/2009          32            0.045        0.0008      0.0031    0.0022        0.0009          ND 4/19/2009          29              ND          0.0029      0.0025    0.0029        0.0029        0.0021 4/25/2009          63              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/1/2009            32              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/7/2009            26              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/13/2009          42              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/19/2009          28              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/25/2009          12              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA 5/31/2009          28              NA            NA          NA        NA            NA            NA Health Comparison          NA              5.22        0.00233      0.522    0.154          0.045          206 1
Value ND = not detected NA = not available 1
Bashor 2009 2
EPA Regian III Screening Tables 3
EPA IRIS, for a risk of 1 x 10-5 risk of excess cancer 4
NAAQS 5
comparison values from ATSDR and EPA range between 0.04 g/m&#xb3; to 0.3 g/m&#xb3; 6
EPA Region 4 screening value adjusted for a hazard index of 1 Beryllium, cadmium, chromium, thallium, and mercury were not detected in any of the sample analysis results.
189
 
Public Comment - Tables                                                                                PHA KIF Ash Release Table 41. Radioactivity in ash samples analyzed by Duke University. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in pCi/g of ash material.
228/226 226            228          210          Total                  Ra Sample              Ra            Ra            Pb Radium          ratio 2 TVA A            4.9            3.2          3.57          8.11            0.65 TVA B            2.6            2.1          3.54          4.65            0.79 TVA C            4.9            3.1          5.01          7.94            0.63 Average 1        4.12          2.78          4.04          6.90            0.69 Standard 1.08          0.51          0.69          1.59            0.07 Deviation 1
The average and standard deviation were calculated by ATSDR. The standard deviation used was the population standard deviation.
2 A ratio of 1.0 indicates that the radionuclides are in secular equilibrium. The standard deviation indicates that the samples are essentially the equal.
Table 42. Radioactivity in soil and ash samples analyzed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Kingston Fossil Plant, Roane County, Tennessee. Units in pCi/g of soil / ash material.
214                214            228              212              208                212 Pb                  Bi              Ac              Pb              Tl                Bi Average 1.234              1.230          1.840            1.671            0.671              1.080 background Soil average    1.161              1.060          1.353            1.225            0.438              1.204 Net soil 1      -0.073              -0.170          -0.487          -0.446          -0.233            0.124 average Ash average      4.305              3.884          3.003            2.944            0.978              2.133 Net ash 3.071              2.654          1.163            1.273            0.307              1.053 average 1 Nearby landfill        5.050              4.540          3.335            3.197            1.160              3.080 average 1
The net averages were determined by subtracting the background concentration from the reported soil or ash sample. A value less than zero is an artifact; the reported value is within the variability of background.
190
 
Public Comment - Appendix A                                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Appendix A: Health Comparison Values                                              ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances &
ATSDR is charged by Congress with providing support in the assessment of          Disease Registry any health hazard posed by Superfund or other hazardous waste sites. Part of      TDH: Tennessee Department of that charge is to thoroughly research what is known about toxic and hazardous    Health chemicals. The purpose of the research is to establish health comparison          MRL: ATSDR values. These health comparison values are used by ATSDR and TDH so that          minimal risk level when toxic or hazardous substances are found in the environment, we can          mg/kg*day:
understand the public health implications using the best science available.      milligram of substance per kilogram body If the chemical concentrations are below health guidance values, then            weight per day environmental scientists can be reasonably certain that no adverse health effects NOAEL: No will occur in people who are exposed. If concentrations are above the guidance    observed adverse effect level values (ATSDR 2007a, 2008) for a particular chemical, then further evaluation is needed. In this public health assessment, we will do further evaluation for    LOAEL: Lowest observed adverse arsenic in coal ash for the ingestion route of exposure.                          effect level EMEG: ATSDR ATSDRs health comparison values for chemicals that do not cause cancer are      environmental called Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs). MRLs represent doses that a person could      media evaluation guide receive without adverse health effects for a lifetime. The units of measurement mg/kg: milligram for MRLs is milligram of chemical per kilogram of body weight per day,            per kilogram written as mg/kg*day.                                                            mg/L: milligram per liter MRLs are derived from no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) or from mg/m&#xb3;: milligram lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs). A NOAEL is the highest            per cubic meter of tested dose of a chemical that has been reported to have no harmful health        air effects on people or animals. A LOAEL is the lowest tested dose of a chemical that has been reported to cause harmful health effects in people or animals.
LOAELs are based on less serious, subtle effects rather than on obvious toxic effects.
To be more useful as a screening tool, MRLs are mathematically converted to Environmental Media Evaluation Guidelines (EMEGs). EMEGs represent concentrations of chemicals in an environmental media, such as soil, air, or water, that people could be exposed to for varying amounts of time without adverse health effects. The units of measurement for EMEGs are milligrams of chemical per kilogram of soil (mg/kg), milligrams of chemical per liter of water (mg/L), or milligrams of chemical per cubic meter of air (mg/m&#xb3;).
ATSDR used conservative assumptions about chemical exposure when developing its EMEGs and minimum risk levels MRLs. EMEGs and MRLs consider non-cancer adverse health effects. Exposure durations are defined as acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days or more) exposures. For most chemicals, EMEGs have been derived for children and adults.
EMEGs serve as screening guidance to help scientists look more closely at the people who might be exposed to harmful levels of chemicals. To use these screening levels we must know how much of a chemical someone is exposed to 191
 
Public Comment - Appendix A                                                        PHA: KIF Ash Release (dose), how long that exposure has been or will be occurring (duration of EMEG: ATSDR exposure), how frequent the exposure is or will be (frequency of exposure), and        environmental the age of the exposed person. If concentrations are below the chronic EMEG            media evaluation guide for a particular chemical, scientists can be reasonably certain that no adverse MRL: ATSDR health effects will occur in people who are exposed.                                  minimal risk level EPA: U.S.
EMEGs are not action or trigger levels. Concentrations above the chronic              Environmental EMEG do not mean that adverse health effects would occur. The health                  Protection Agency assessor would need to look more closely at exposure routes, duration of exposure, frequency of exposure, and dose. In addition, the health assessor            RfD: EPA Reference Dose needs to look more closely at the toxicity of the chemical and how much RfC: EPA confidence we have in the MRL.                                                        Reference Concentration The EPA is also mandated to publish toxicity information. EPAs values are            ATSDR: Agency very similar to ATSDRs MRLs and EMEGs. EPAs reference dose (RfD) and                for Toxic Substances &
reference concentration (RfC) are analogous to ATSDRs MRL. RfDs are used              Disease Registry in cases of oral exposure (eating or drinking) to the chemical in question.            RMEG: ATSDR-RfCs are used for inhalation exposure (breathing) to the chemical in question.        derived reference dose Policy decisions at each agency may result in ATSDR and EPA deriving                  media evaluation guide different MRLs, RfDs, and RfCs for the same chemical. In addition, ATSDR derives EMEGs for varying chronic, intermediate, and acute exposure frequencies. Chronic exposure is defined as one year or more. Intermediate exposure is defined as 15 - 364 days. Acute exposure is defined as fourteen days or less. EPA-derived RfDs and RfCs are for chronic or lifetime exposure.
If ATSDR has not derived an MRL for a chemical, then it sometimes uses EPAs RfD to derive a Reference Dose Media Evaluation Guide (RMEG).
ATSDR usually considers RMEGs to represent an intermediate exposure.
For cancer effects, ATSDR uses EPA information to set their cancer risk evaluation guidelines (CREGs) for lifetime exposure.
If a chemical is a probable or known human carcinogen, EPA derives a cancer risk value for that chemical. EPA uses data from animal studies and human epidemiology studies, if they are available, to extrapolate from high doses with known carcinogenic end points to very low doses using complex models.
Often EPA assumes there is no threshold; that is, any exposure will result in some risk of cancer. This is an assumption that is valid in some cases and not in others, but for most chemicals we lack sufficient data to know the validity of the assumption. EPA then uses one of several models to determine the slope of the 95% upper confidence level of the extrapolated response at low concentrations. This derived slope factor is the number that represents the theoretical risk of excess cancer from exposure to the chemical in question (EPA 2005).
It is important to note that the cancer risk value is a statistically derived number representing an upper 95% confidence level of a theoretical straight line predicting one extra cancer per unit increase in exposure. The use of such 192
 
Public Comment - Appendix A                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release toxicity values in combination with estimates of exposure result in estimates of      ATSDR: Agency excess lifetime cancer risks from the exposure in question. This extra or          for Toxic excess risk is in addition to the risk people already have for any number of        Substances &
Disease Registry other reasons (e.g., genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, etc.). In the US, EPA: U.S.
men have slightly less than a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer. For          Environmental women, the lifetime excess risk is a little more than 1 in 3 (Cancer Facts and        Protection Agency Figures 2008).
MRL: ATSDR minimal risk level ATSDR does not publish a comparable cancer guidance value; they use EPAs slope factor. EPA regulates chemicals in the environment which may cause              EEP:
Environmental cancer, when their presence could result in the range of one excess cancer in        Epidemiology 1,000,000 people to one excess cancer in 10,000 people (EPA 1991).                    Program EMEG: ATSDR Health comparison values will change periodically as scientists discover more        environmental media evaluation about how a particular chemical does or does not cause harm to people. Thus,          guide MRLs and slope factors can get higher or lower.                                      RMEG: ATSDR-derived EEP used comparison values for chronic exposures to children whenever                reference dose media evaluation possible. This means that EEP assumed that all exposures would last more              guide than one year and could last for a lifetime. This is cautious way to look at possible risks from exposures to chemicals in the environment. People are seldom exposed to an environmental contaminant constantly for over a year.
Details for each exposure pathway will be discussed in each section of the public health assessment.
If concentrations are below the chronic EMEG for a particular chemical, the health assessor can be reasonably certain that no adverse health effects will occur in people who are exposed. Stated another way, the health assessor can be very sure that even long-term, continuous exposure to a chemical at concentrations below its chronic EMEG will not harm peoples health.
EEP used ATSDRs MRLs and EMEGs for chronic exposure to children whenever possible. For certain metals, ATSDR used an EPA value comparable to their MRLs to calculate a Reference Dose Media Evaluation Guide (RMEG). If ATSDRs EMEGs or RMEGs were unavailable, EEP used comparison values developed by regional EPA offices or EEP developed comparison values for use at this ash release site.
193
 
Public Comment - Appendix B                                                      PHA: KIF Ash Release Appendix B. Toxicological Discussion of Metals In Air                                mg/kg: milligram per kilogram Arsenic EEP:
Environmental Arsenic is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. In Tennessee, soils contain a    Epidemiology Program range of arsenic concentrations, with an average of 10 mg/kg (TDEC 2001). In the U.S., soils have an average arsenic value of 20 mg/kg (ATSDR 2007). In            g/m&#xb3;:
microgram per nature, arsenic is mostly found in minerals and only to a small extent in its        cubic meter of air elemental form. In coal fly ash, arsenic is in an inorganic form, mostly as an        EPA: U.S.
arsenate (Shoji et al. 2002).                                                        Environmental Protection Agency Workers exposed to arsenic dusts in an occupational setting often experience irritation to the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. This may lead to laryngitis, bronchitis, or rhinitis, and very high exposures (characteristic of workplace exposures in the past) can cause perforation of the nasal septum.
Despite the known respiratory irritant effects of arsenic, there have been few systematic investigations of respiratory effects in humans exposed to arsenic.
There is some evidence from epidemiological studies that inhaled inorganic arsenic can produce effects on the cardiovascular system. Dermatitis has frequently been observed in industrial workers exposed to inorganic arsenic in the air, with the highest rates occurring in the workers with the greatest arsenic exposure. There is evidence from epidemiological studies that inhaled inorganic arsenic can produce neurological effects (ATSDR 2007).
There is convincing evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies that breathing inorganic arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. Most studies involved workers exposed primarily to arsenic trioxide dust in air at copper smelters and mines, but increased incidence of lung cancer has also been observed at chemical plants where exposure was primarily to arsenate. In addition, several studies suggest that residents living near smelters or arsenical chemical plants may also have increased risk of lung cancer, although the increases are small and are not clearly detectable in all cases. The strongest evidence that arsenic is responsible for the observed lung cancers comes from quantitative dose-response data relating specific arsenic exposure levels to lung cancer risk. These data are available for arsenic-exposed workers at the ASARCO copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington, the Anaconda copper smelter in Montana, eight other U.S. copper smelters, and the Ronnskar copper smelter in Sweden. A common limitation of these studies is confounding exposure to other chemicals, such as sulfur dioxide, and cigarette smoking (ATSDR, 2007).
EEP chose a health comparison value for arsenic of 0.0023 g/m&#xb3;. This exposure would represent a risk of one excess cancer in a 100,000 people with continuous lifetime exposure to 0.0023 g/m&#xb3; of airborne arsenic. EEP used the risk values from EPAs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). The respirable portion of the coal ash is less than 30%, and, with dust suppression measures in place, actual exposure to airborne ash should be infrequent and for short periods of time.
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Public Comment - Appendix B                                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release Chromium                                                                            g/kg:
microgram per Chromium is a naturally-occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, and      kilogram soil. The three main forms of chromium are elemental chromium (valence state        mg/kg: milligram per kilogram 0), trivalent chromium (valence state +3), and hexavalent chromium (valence state +6). Small amounts of trivalent chromium are considered to be a                TVA: TN Valley Authority necessity for human health. The primary route of exposure for the general population is food ingestion. Chromium content in foods varies greatly and depends on the processing and preparation. In general, most fresh foods typically contain chromium levels ranging from <10 to 1,300 g/kg (<0.01 to 1.3 mg/kg) (ATSDR, 2008a).
Hexavalent chromium compounds are more toxic than trivalent chromium compounds. The most common health problem experienced by workers exposed to airborne chromium involves the respiratory tract. These health effects include irritation of the lining of the nose, runny nose, and breathing problems (asthma, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing). Workers have also developed allergies to chromium compounds, which can cause breathing difficulties and skin rashes (ATSDR 2008a).
The concentrations of chromium in air that can cause these effects may be different for different types of chromium compounds, with effects occurring at much lower concentrations for hexavalent chromium compared to trivalent chromium. However, the concentrations causing respiratory problems in workers are at least 60 times higher than levels normally found in the environment (ATSDR 2008a).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has determined that hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic to humans. The National Toxicology Programs 11th Report on Carcinogens classified hexavalent chromium compounds as known human carcinogens. In workers, inhalation of hexavalent chromium has been shown to cause lung cancer. In laboratory animals, hexavalent chromium compounds have been shown to cause tumors to the stomach, intestinal tract, and lung (ATSDR 2008a).
Researchers have performed spectral analysis of coal fly ash that was experimentally generated by combustion of three high-volatile bituminous coals from the eastern United States and four coals from the western United States. Results indicated that fly ash from western coals contained significant amounts of hexavalent chromium (9% to 26% of all chromium in fly ash),
while fly ash from eastern coals contained no hexavalent chromium (Shoji et al 2002). Researchers in the Netherlands found that hexavalent chromium accounts for an average of 6 percent of all chromium in coal ash. In the Netherlands, coal from all over the world is burned to generate electricity (Meij and te Winkel 2001). TVA blends central Appalachian coal (eastern) and Powder River Basin coal (western) in a 50/50 ratio to meet their sulfur dioxide limits (personal communication, Jeryl Stewart, TDEC, through Quincy Styke, TDEC, March 12, 2009, and Steven C. Strunk, TVA, March 17, 2009). In the 195
 
Public Comment - Appendix B                                                    PHA: KIF Ash Release past, it is likely that eastern coal was burned exclusively, resulting in lower      TDEC: TN levels of hexavalent chromium in mixed coal ash. EEP conservatively assumed          Department of that the ash that spilled would have 13 percent hexavalent chromium (based on        Environment &
Conservation a 50/50 mixture of coal containing no hexavalent chromium and coal TVA: TN Valley containing 26% hexavalent chromium).                                                Authority g/m&#xb3;:
Hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic, and there are no health comparison              microgram per values for trivalent chromium. The concentration that corresponds to one            cubic meter of excess cancer in 100,000 people (1x10-5 risk of excess cancer) is 0.00083            air g/m3. This level is lower than the 2008 average concentration of 0.004 g/m&#xb3;        KIF: Kingston Fossil Plant and maximum concentration of 0.02 g/m&#xb3; in the U.S. The level representing EPA: U.S.
one excess cancer in 100,000 people is also less than the 2008 average              Environmental concentration of 0.002 to 0.003 g/m&#xb3; and maximum concentration of 0.02              Protection Agency g/m&#xb3; in the State of Georgia, the nearest state with metals monitoring (EPA ATSDR: Agency 2009c).                                                                              for Toxic Substances &
EEP chose to use background concentrations found in Georgia (0.002 to 0.003          Disease Registry g/m&#xb3;) for comparison purposes pertaining to the KIF release. The calculated theoretical risk of one excess cancer in 100,000 people (1x10-5) is below background levels found in the U.S. Because only about 13% of chromium in the KIF coal ash is in the hexavalent form of chromium, the actual risk from breathing KIF coal ash is less than would be mathematically calculated. In addition, the respirable portion of the ash is small. With dust suppressions measures in place, actual exposure to airborne ash should be infrequent and for short periods.
Manganese Manganese is a naturally-occurring substance found in many types of rocks and soil. Pure manganese is a silver-colored metal. Manganese does not occur in the environment as a pure metal. Rather, it occurs combined with other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine. Manganese is a trace element and some is necessary for good health (ATSDR 2008b).
The most common health problems in workers occupationally exposed to high levels of manganese involve the nervous system. These health effects include behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as manganism. Other less severe nervous system effects such as slowed hand movements have been observed in some workers exposed to lower concentrations of manganese in the work place.
The health comparison values for manganese in air are undergoing review by EPA and ATSDR. The ATSDR Draft Toxicological Profile for Manganese released in September 2008 included a health comparison value of 0.3 g/m3 for chronic exposure to manganese in air (ATSDR 2008b). The currently listed health comparison value from ATSDRs Air Comparison Values Table is 0.04 g/m3. The comparison value from EPA that represents hazard index of 1 is 196
 
Public Comment - Appendix B                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release 0.05 g/m&#xb3; (IRIS 2009). EEP chose to use ATSDRs value from their Air g/m&#xb3;:
Comparison Values Table of 0.04 g/m&#xb3; as its health comparison value for this    microgram per public health assessment.                                                        cubic meter of air Other Metals                                                                    ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances &
The health comparison values for airborne aluminum and barium were taken        Disease Registry from EPA Region 3s Regional Screening Tables. The health comparison            EPA: U.S.
value for aluminum is 5.2 g/m&#xb3; and for barium is 0.52 g/m&#xb3;.                    Environmental Protection Agency The health comparison value for selenium was taken from EPA Region 4s EEP:
chronic inhalation screening values, adjusted for a hazard index of 1. This      Environmental value is 20 g/m&#xb3;.                                                              Epidemiology Program No health comparison values for inhalation are available for thallium and vanadium in air. Sufficient information about the human toxicology of thallium and vanadium could not be identified to derive health screening values.
197
 
Public Comment - Appendix C                                                  PHA: KIF Ash Release Appendix C: Spatial Analysis with ArcGIS                                                EEP:
Environmental EEP did spatial analysis using ESRIs ArcGIS Version 9.3. In order to do the            Epidemiology Program analysis, incident data were aggregated based on 1,500 foot by 1,500-foot grid cells. Census block groups could not be used for aggregation because the area            ESRI:
Environmental around the TVA spill site is very rural; therefore, census block groups were too        Systems large. Due to the relatively low incidence of symptoms, it is important to note          Research Institute that EEP was dealing with very small numbers (less than 30 in each cell). As a result, a small change in symptom occurrence can lead to a large change in the          ArcGIS: ArcGIS is a group of symptom proportion.                                                                      geographical information To discern any temporal trends in symptom occurrence, EEP investigated                  system software that is used for whether the after symptoms had different spatial distributions than the                mapping and before symptoms using the Directional Distribution (Standard Ellipse) tool in          statistical analysis of data ArcGIS. This tool allowed EEP to create standard ellipses, which show the                that is distribution of features as well as whether there is a directional trend or              geographically related.
orientation in that distribution. It does so by calculating the standard distance between each feature to the mean center of the distribution separately for the x        TVA: TN Valley Authority and y coordinates. These two measures define the axis of an ellipse, which encompasses the distribution of the features. The length of the x-axis is calculated in the east-west direction and the length of the y-axis is calculated in the north-south direction. Because the standard deviation is measured in each direction from the mean center, the total length of each axis is twice its standard deviation. To determine the orientation of the ellipse, ArcGIS calculates an angle of rotation from 0o due north for the y-axis so that the sum of the squares of the distance between the features and the axes is minimized.
It then rotates each axis by this angle, ultimately finding the best fit of both axes among the features in which the distance of the features to the axes is minimized (Mitchell 2005).
The Directional Distribution (Standard Ellipse) tool can be used to compare distributions, examine distributions from different time periods, and show compactness and orientation of distributions. If distributions closely resemble a circle, then there is not a strong orientation to the occurrence of the symptom.
A large circle means the cases are widespread whereas a small circle means the cases are more localized (concentrated). The orientation of the circle/eclipse indicates the direction in which the cases are occurring (ESRI 2006).
Next, EEP determined whether or not each of these symptoms were clustered and, if so, at what distance the clustering is most significant using the Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Morans I) tool in ArcGIS. This tool is based on the concept that everything is related to everything else, but nearby things are more related than far away things. It indicates whether particular values are likely to occur in one location or are equally likely to occur at any location (ESRI 2006).
It does so by calculating a Morans I statistic. This statistic calculates the difference between each feature and the difference between each neighboring feature to the mean value for all features in the study area. It then compares 198
 
Public Comment - Appendix C                                                PHA: KIF Ash Release these two differences. The values for Morans I range from -1 to +1. The EEP:
closer Morans I is to +1, the greater the clustering of similar features.              Environmental Conversely, the closer Morans I is to -1, the greater the dispersion of similar        Epidemiology Program features. An I close to 0 indicates that the features are random and there is no apparent pattern (Mitchell 2005).                                                      ArcGIS: ArcGIS is a group of geographical The Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Morans I) tool also calculates a Z-score          information which indicates statistical significance. For this analysis, EEP used a                system software that is used for significance level of 0.05, or 95%. Therefore, a Z-score greater than +1.96 or a        mapping and Z-score less than -1.96 is a significant result. A positive Z-score above the          statistical analysis of data significant value of +1.96 would thus indicate that similar values tend to be          that is found together and you can be 95% confident that the clustered pattern is not          geographically related.
due to chance. A negative Z-score below the significant value of -1.96 would indicate that high and low values are interspersed and you can be 95%
confident that the dispersed pattern is not due to chance (Mitchell 2005).
Once significant clustering of symptoms was recognized, EEP used the Hot Spot Analysis with Rendering tool in ArcGIS to identify the location of these clusters. Using a distance-based neighborhood, this tool calculates a Getis-Ord Gi* statistic for each feature by summing the values of the neighboring features within a specific distance and dividing this sum by the sum of the values of all the features in the study area. A group of features with high Gi* values indicates a hot spot. A hot spot is an area where there is an unexpectedly high number of symptoms given the number of people. Equally, a group of features with low Gi* values indicates a cold spot which is an area where there is an unexpectedly low number of symptoms given the number of people. A Gi*
near 0 indicates an area where there is neither a high nor a low concentration of symptoms (Mitchell 2005).
As with Morans I, the Hot Spot Analysis with Rendering tool also calculates a Z-score to test statistical significance. A high Z-score for a feature indicates its neighbors have high attribute values and a low Z-score for a feature indicates its neighbors have low attribute values. As such, with a significance level of 0.05, a Z-score greater than +1.96 indicates that the identified hot spot is statistically significant. A Z-score less than -1.96 indicates that the identified cold spot is statically significant. A Z-score near 0 indicates no apparent concentration of similar values (Mitchell 2005). The greater the Z-score, whether it be negative or positive, the more intense the clustering (ESRI 2008).
199
 
Public Comment - Appendix C                                          PHA: KIF Ash Release References for Appendix C ESRI. 2006. Understanding Spatial Statistics in ArcGIS 9 Transcript. Available from:
http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/Teaching/EES6513/ESRI_ws_SpatialStatsSlides.pdf. Last accessed:
January 21, 2009.
ESRI. 2008. ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 Help. Available from:
http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=welcome. Last accessed: April 2, 2009.
Mitchell. 2005. The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2: Spatial Measurements & Statistics.
ESRI Press. Redlands, California 200}}

Latest revision as of 01:05, 12 January 2025

Tennessee Department of Health Public Health Assessment 2009
ML12192A368
Person / Time
Site: Watts Bar Tennessee Valley Authority icon.png
Issue date: 12/09/2009
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State of TN, Dept of Public Health
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TN8640006682
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