ML18152A219

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Forwards Summary of 880608 Technical Meeting W/Util Re Problems W/Recirculation Spray HXs
ML18152A219
Person / Time
Site: Surry, North Anna, 05000000
Issue date: 08/04/1988
From: Grace J
NRC OFFICE OF INSPECTION & ENFORCEMENT (IE REGION II)
To: Cruden D
VIRGINIA POWER (VIRGINIA ELECTRIC & POWER CO.)
References
NUDOCS 8808190154
Download: ML18152A219 (43)
v • d • e


Text

AUG o 4 1988 Virginia Electric and Power Company

,.-ATTN:

Mr. D. S. Cruden, Vice President Nuclear Operations P. 0. Box 26666 Richmond, VA 23261 Gentlemen:

SUBJECT:

TECHNICAL MEETING ON SURRY AND NORTH ANNA STATIONS' RECIRCULATION SPRAY HEAT EXCHANGERS This letter refers to the technical meeting held at our request on June 8, 1988.

This meeting concerned activities authorized for your North Anna and Surry facilities.

The topic discussed at this meeting related to performance problems with recirculation spray heat exchangers at both stations.

A Summary, a list of attendees, and a copy of your handout are enclosed.

In accordance with Section 2.790 of the NRC's "Rules of Practice," Part 2, Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, a copy of this letter and its enclosures will be placed in the NRC Public Document Room.

Should you have any questions concerning this letter, please contact us.

Enclosures:

1.

Meeting Summary

2.

Technical Meeting Attendees

3.

Handout cc w/encls:

?. E. Kane, Sta ti on Manager, North Anna

)It: E. Hardwick, Manager - Nuclear Yrograms and Licensing

-~ L. Benson, Station Manager, Surry

.P~ w/ encl s:

l,,?NRC Resident Inspectors DRS Technical Assistant Document Control Desk Commonwealth of Virginia RI!

FCa~l 7 IJ.088 RI!

~son 7 n,,/ /88 Rt~~jv CJulian 7 I;,,[/ 88 Sincerely, Original signed by J. Nelson Grace Regional Administrator RI*

AGi on 7 /fl) 188 R~

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ENCLOSURE 1 MEETING

SUMMARY

Licensee:

Virginia Electric and Power Company Docket Nos.:

50-280, 281, 338 and 339 License Nos.:

DPR-32 and DPR-37, NPF-4 and NPF-7 Facilities Name:

Surry and North Anna Approved by: - : ~

F.S~ Chief

SUMMARY

A technical meeting was *held in the Region II office on June 8, 1988.

Mr. A. F. Gibson opened the meeting by e~pressing the NRC 1 s concern over recent problemi that both stations had been experiencing_with the heat exchangers and thanked the utility for coming to the Region to present their evaluations and resolutions to the heat exchanger problems. The considerations are documented in Inspection Reports 50-338,339/88-11, 50-280,281/88-14, and 50-280,281/88-18.

The licensee presented information contained in enclosure 3.

.* -,-.-,,7""",'""

ENCLOSURE 2 TECHNICAL MEETING ATTENDEES Virginia Electric and Power Company D. Cruden, Vice President Nuclear Operations N. Hardwick, Manager, Nuclear Licensing R. Calder, Manager, Nuclear Engineering M. Bowling, Assistant Station Manager - North Anna E. Grecheck, Assistant Station Manager - Surry D. Heacock, Superintendent, Technical Services - North Anna K. Basehore, Supervisor, Nuclear Safety Analysis D. VandeWalle, Supervisor, Licensing R. Rasnic, Supervisor, Nuclear Mechanical Engineering C. Szymke, Assistant Supervisor (Calgon Corp.)

Nuclear Regulatory Commission A. Gibson, Director, Division of Reactor Safety (DRS)

C. Hehl, Deputy Director, Division of Reactor Projects (DRP)

B. Wilson, CHief, ~rojects Branch 2, DRP L. Engle, Projects Manager, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation F. Jape; Chief, Test Programs Section (TPS), DRS L. King, Resident Inspector, DRP, North Anna

_M. Scott, Project Engineer, DRP, Branch 2 M. Thomas, Reactor Inspector, Quality Assurance Section, DRS R. Bernhard, Reactor Inspector, TPS, DRS

. ~-~ **---

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ENCLOSURE 3 MEETING BETWEEN NRC AND VIRGINIA POWER RECIRCULATION SPRAY HEAT EXCHANGERS JUNE 8, 1988 AGENDA I. Introduction (North Anna)

  • R~cent Actions and Current Status of RS Heat Exchangers II. Discussion of Fouling Factors
  • General (Macro and Microfouling)
  • Blofouling
  • TEMA Standards Ill. Heat Transfer Calculations (North Anna)
  • Design Input
  • Basis for Selection of Fouling Factor
  • Steady State Calculations
  • Fouling Factor Sensitivity IV. Cleaning Process (North Anna)
  • General Calgon Experience
  • Chemical Treatment Experience at North Anna
  • Water Quality History
  • Chemical Cleaning Program
  • Sampling Program Results
  • Boroscope Results V. RS Heat Exchanger Flow Rates (North Anna)

VI. Maintenance of Dry Layup Conditions (North Anna)

VII. Containment Analysis (North Anna)

VIII. Sum~ary and Conclusions (North Anna)

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AGENDA (Continued)

IX. Overview of Surry RS System and Operational History X. Original Surry RS Heat Exchanger Design XI. New Surry RS Heat Exchanger Design XII. Maintenance of Dry Layup Conditions {Surry)

XIII. Conclusions {Surry)

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REFRIGERATION UNITS 2

1-RS-P-4A CASING CODLING RECIRCULATION PUMPS CASING CODLING TANK RECIRCULA TIDN CDDLERS OUTSIDE RS PUHPS MDV-RS-155B RS SPRAY RINGS S\\J IN SIJ IN SIJ IN S\\J DUT S\\J DUT S\\J IN lA REACl[]R CONT AINHENT S\\J DUT 1-RS-P-lA FIGUIE 54-1 RS SYsn:H IIKPLIFIED DUGIWI UV 12/87 e

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TIME AFTER ACCIDENT (SECONDS)

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FIGURE 13-1 SERVICE WATER SYSTEM SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM Rav. 4 1-88 A

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RECENT ACTIONS TAKEN TO RESTORE AND MAINTAIN RS HEAT EXCHANGER IN DRY LAYUP FULL FLOW FOR ONE HOUR

  • . PG LAYUP
  • SLOWDOWN AND DRAINING OF RS HEAT EXCHANGER
  • INSPECTION OF ONE RS HEAT EXCHANGER FOR FOULING
  • MODIFICATION TO INSTALL DRAIN VALVES IN THE EVENT QF HEADER ISOLATION VALVE LEAKBY
  • CLOSING OF INDIVIDUAL RS HEAT EXCHANGER ISOLATION VALVES TO BEITER ENSURE DRY LAYUP DEVELOPED A DRY LAYUP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

.. *-** **--:-~*-,-;"'"*-.----*-:**:**,*,-------~.---*-*-.*** :****

CURRENT STATUS

  • RS HEAT EXCHANGERS ARE IN DRY LAYUP WITH SURVELLANCEPROGRAMIMPLEMENTED
  • 92°F ADMINISTRATIVE LIMIT ON SERVICE WATER TEMPERATURE IS APPLICABLE
  • FOULING FACTOR AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING IS EXPECTED TO BE 0.0005 OR LESS WHICH SHOULD SUPPORT A SERVICE WATER TEMPERATURE OF 95°F
      • ,' ----: ;*;::*. *;_.*-~--

~--

-:""~

e FOULING FACTORS

  • MACROFOULING
  • MICROFOULING: THIN FILM OF MATERIAL ON THE TUBES CAUSING ADDITIONAL HEAT TRANSFER RESISTANCE WITH NO EFFECT ON FLOW
  • SCALING

(,, CONTROLLING MICROFOULING CORROSION RESISTANCE MATERIALS CHEMICAL TREATMENT (BIOCIDES, CORROSION/SCALING INHIBITORS, DISPERSANTS, ETC.)

REGULAR CHEMICAL OR MECHANICAL CLEANING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER

  • SCALING IS NOT A PROBLEM** REQUIRES SIGNIFICANT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

.. ---*-***.** *-.- -........ ~* -~**** -** --**.. **:-**,*-:

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SPECIFICS OF BIOFOULING

  • EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS ARE SITE SPECIFIC
  • BIOFOULING IS CONTROLLED IN CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS BY USING BIOCIDE TREATMENT BIOCIDES LIMIT ORGANIC ACTIVITY, BUT NOT A 'STERILE' SITUATION

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e TEMA STANDARDS

  • THE STANDARDS OF TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (TEMA) CONTAIN DESIGN VALUES FOR FOULING FACTORS
  • FACTORS AFFECTING OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER CAPABILITY
  • THERMAL PROPERTIES FLUID VELOCITIES AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION DEGREE OF FOULING
  • FOULING FACTOR IS AN EMPIRICAL VALUE BASED ON INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE AND TEST RESULTS

NORTH ANNA RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

  • RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN PARAMETERS
  • ASME Ill CLASS C (1968)
  • MATERIALS TUBES: 304 L SS SHELL: 304 L SS HEAT TRANSFER AREA 9000 SQ. FT., 1500, 5/8 INCH TUBES, 20 BWG
  • DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOULING FACTOR 0.0 (DRY LAY-UP)
  • FLOW RATE, SHELL-SIDE, RS WATER-1,750,000 LB/HR (3.2 FT/SEC)
  • FLOW RATE, TUBE-SIDE, SW* 2,250,000 LB/HR (4.0 FT/SEC)

STEADY STATE CALCULATIONS NORTH ANNA

  • EVALUATED THE IMPACT OF RS HEAT EXCHANGERS FILLED WITH SERVICE WATER
  • HEAT TRANSFER PARAMETERS UNAFFECTED EXCEPT THE FOULING FACTOR
  • TEMA STANDARDS FOR FOULING FACTOR EXTENSIVE INDUSTRY DATA 0.001 HR. SQ. FT. DEGREE F/BTU APPROPRIATE FOR SPRAY PONDS WITH TREATED MAKEUP
  • CONSERVATISl\\t1 OF THE FOULING FACTOR CONFIRMED BY
  • INDUSTRY EXPERT

/

PHOTOGRAPHS V

CHEMICAL SAMPLING BORESCOPE DOUBLED TO 0.002 FOR CONSERVATISM IN INITIAL EVALUATIONS

  • STEADY STATE CALCULATION DESIGN HEAT LOAD REMOVED IF SERVICE WATER TEMPERATURE LESS THAN 84°F CONSERVATISM CONFIRMED BY A TRANSIENT ACCIDENT

. ANALYSIS

  • CONSERVATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVICE WATER TEMPERATURE AND FOULING FACTOR ESTABLISHED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

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81 ao 71 78 77 71 75 0.0002 NORTH ANNA RSHX

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  • AT DFSIGN HEAT OO'I'Y FOR DESIGN STEADY STATE SHELLSIDE CONDITIONS.

e DISCUSSION OF CLEANING PROCESS GENERAL CALGON EXPERIENCE CHEMICAL TREATMENT EXPERIENCE AT NORTH ANNA WATER QUALITY HISTORY CHEMICAL CLEANING PROGRAM FOR THE RS HEAT EXCHANGER SAMPLING PROGRAM AND RESULTS BOROSCOPE RESULTS

-*- ***------~ ---***-*;-*-** ---

GENERAL CALGON EXPERIENCE

  • MORE THAN 60 YEARS SERVICE TO THE POWER GENERATING INDUSTRY
  • MUCH EXPERIENCE WITH ON-LINE CLEANING OF RECIRCULATING COOLING SYSTEMS
  • DEVELOPED CHLORINE ENHANCERS TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BIOCIDE
  • HAVE >10 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF NORTH ANNA'S SERVICE WATER

CHEMICAL TREATMENT EXPERIENCE AT NORTH ANNA

  • JANUARY, 1977
  • ANAEROBIC BACTERIA (SULPHATE REDUCING)

FOUND IN SERVICE WATER BY CALGON

  • CHLORINATION OF SW BEGAN IN EARLY 1977 SW SYSTEM OPERATIONALLY TESTED IN NOVEMBER, 1977 AND PLACED IN SERVICE APRIL, 1978 EARLY 1978
  • CORROSION MONITORING EQUIPMENT INST AL LED (CORRATOR PROBES AND COUPONS)
  • SUMMER 1981
  • IRON FIXING AND SULPHATE REDUCING BACTERIA STILL PRESENT IN SW
  • JULY 1984
  • CURRENT CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SW INITIATED.

MOLYBDATE AND BIOCIDES ARE USED TOGETHER TO CONTROL CORROSION AND BIOLOGICAL GROWTH

WATER QUALITY HISTORY LAKE ANNA WATER CONTAINS IRON FIXING AND SULPHATE REDUCING BACTERIA.

  • HIGH CORROSION RATE EXPERIENCED IN CARBON STEEL
  • NO CORROSION INDICATED IN STAINLESS STEEL
  • SINCE CURRENT TREATMENT PROGRAM BEGAN A VERY LOW CORROSION RATE IN CARBON STEEL PIPING HAS BEEN VERIFIED PIPING WAS REPLACED OR MECHANICALLY CLEANED TO ALLOW THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT TO BE FULLY EFFECTIVE

CHEMICAL CLEANING PROGRAM FOR THE RS HEAT EXCHANGERS SW FLUSH OF HEAT EXCHANGERS AT FULL FLOW FOR ONE HOUR

  • 3 HOUR SOAK WITH SURFACTANT/DISPURSANT FOLLOWED BY 20 MINUTE SW FLUSH 4-5 HOUR SOAK WITH BIOCIDE (CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE)

FOLLOWED BY 20 MINUTE SW FLUSH REPEAT OF 3 HOUR SOAK STEP FILL RS HEAT EXCHANGER WITH PRIMARY GRADE WATER DRAIN AND BLOW DRY RS HEAT EXCHANGER

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SAMPLING PROGRAM AND RESULTS

  • TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BACTERIA MEASUREMENTS TAKEN DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF THE CLEANING PROCESS
  • BACTERIA COUNTS INDICATE THAT ORGANIC MATTER WAS REMOVED FROM THE RS HEAT EXCHANGER VIRGINIA POWER AND CALGON AGREE THAT THE CLEANING PROCESS WAS EFFECTIVE IN REMOVING BIOLOGICAL FOULING

e BOROSCOPE RESULTS UNIT 1 'C' RS HEAT EXCHANGER CHOSEN DUE TO SAMPLING RESULTS ON JUNE 3, 1988, A BOROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE LOWER TUBE SHEET AND ONE TUBE WAS CONDUCTED TUBE SHEET WAS SHINY WITH NO VISIBLE FILM OR DEPOSITS THE: LOWER TUBE SHEET SHOULD BE THE 'WORST CASE' SINCE IT WOULD BE SUBMERGED FIRST AND IS THE LOWEST POINT IN THE SW SYSTEM INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF THE BOROSCOPE DATA HAS SUPPORTED OU~ FOULING FACTOR ASSUMPTIONS

  • e RS HEAT EXCHANGER FLOW RATES
  • PRE-OPERATIONAL TESTING OF BOTH UNITS BALANCED THE FLOWS TO THE RS HEAT EXCHANGERS INDIVIDUAL HEAT EXCHANGER FLOW INDICATORS ARE A REDUNDANT PARAMETER TO VERIFY FLOW HAS BEEN INITIATED FLOW RATES CAN ONLY BE ADJUSTED BY PERFORMING PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENT TO THE VALVES RECENT FLUSHING DID NOT EXACTLY DUPLICATE THE POST ACCIDENT ALIGNMENT OF THE SERVICE WATER SYSTEM
  • MAIN SW RETURN HEADER FLOW INDICATION INDICATED A TOTAL FLOW CHANGE OF APPROXIMATELY 4500 GPM PER HEAT EXCHANGER AT A TOTAL FLOW OF 35,000 GPM
  • .----***--**"7*~-~---,---:**--.-,--*---.-.-----*.-.~---.-****:-*-:-**., ----**-

~---------* --------------

METHODS TO MAINTAIN RS HEAT EXCHANGER IN DRY LAYUP INSTALLED LOW POINT DRAINS OUTSIDE OF CONTAINMENT TO MONITOR/DRAIN ANY LEAKAGE PERFORM PERIODIC SURVEILLANCE TO ASSURE THAT DRY LAYUP IS MAINTAINED J

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e CONTAINMENT DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENT NORTH ANNA

  • CONTAINMENT RESPONSE MODELED BY THE LOCTIC CODE COINCIDENT LOSS OF OFFSITE POWER LOSS OF ONE DIESEL GENERATOR (MINIMUM ESF)
  • CRITERION FOR SUBATMOSPHERIC CONTAINMENTS REQUIRES DEPRESSURIZATION <3600 SECONDS
  • MAJOR IMPACT OF POTENTIAL DEGRADATION OF RS HEAT EXCHANGER IS ON THE ABILITY TO RETURN CONTAINMENT SUBATMOSPHERIC
  • THE LARGE BREAK LOCA IS MOST LIMITING-EVENT FOR LONGER TERM CONTAINMENT DEPRESSURIZATION

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_DBA ANAL VSIS

SUMMARY

NORTH ANNA

  • CURRENT APPROVED ANALYSIS BASED ON A MAXIMUM TECH.

SPEC. CONTAINMENTTEMPEATURE OF 105°F

  • RECENTLY SUBMITTED REVISED ANALYSIS BASED ON A MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 120°F
  • THE ANALYSIS HAS THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS
  • ANS 1979 DECAY + 2 SIGMA UNCERTAINTIES APPLIED SIMULTANEOUSLY TO CRITICAL INPUT PARAMETERS
  • MINIMUM SAFEGUARDS 1 QUENCH SPRAY PUMP 1 OUTSIDE RECIRC SPRAY PUMP 1 INSIDE RECIRC SPRAY PUMP SERVICE WATER TEMPERATURE 35
  • 97°F RS HEAT EXCHANGER UA EQUIVALENT OF Rf= 0.0004
  • SENSITIVITY STUDIES WERE PERFORMED BY VARYING CRITICAL INPUT PARAMETERS (SUCH AS INITIAL PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE) AND BREAK SIZE AND LOCATION
  • THE RCS PUMP SUCTION DOUBLE-ENDED RUPTURE IS THE MOST LIMITING EVENT WITH RESPECT TO RS HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE BECAUSE IT TAKES LONGEST TO GET SUB ATMOSPHERIC

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  • AT DESIGN HEAT wrY FOR DESIGN STFADY STATE SHEU.SIDE CONDITIOOS.

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SUMMARY

  • STEADY STATE CALCULATION CONSERVATIVE COMPARED TO TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
  • INITIAL USE OF 0.002 FOULING FACTOR AND CORRESPONDING 84°F S.W. TEMPERATURE LIMIT VERY CONSERVATIVE
  • DATA AND INSPECTIONS SUPPORT 0.001 FOULING AS WORST CASE (90.0 TO 91°F SW)
  • VISUAL (BOROSCOPE) INSPECTION AND INDUSTRY EXPERT SUPPORT ~0.0005 FOULING AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING AND DRY LAYUP (APPROXIMATELY_95°F SW)
  • TRANSIENT ANALYSIS TO BE PERFORMED TO ESTABLISH FINAL S.W. TEMPERATURE LIMIT
  • OPERATIONS ADMINJSTRATIVELY RESTRICTED TO BELOW 92°F SW UNTIL TRANSIENT ANALYSIS COMPLETED
  • PROGRAM IN PLACE TO MAINTAIN DRY LAYUP
      • --"***~-
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CONCLUSIONS

  • RS HEAT EXCHANGERS WILL CURRENTLY PROVIDE THE HEAT TRANSFER CAPABILITY ASSUMED IN THE UFSAR
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RS HEAT EXCHANGER SW SYSTEM DIFFERENCES SURRY POWER STATION J'; ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM SUPPLIED WITH BRACKISH RIVER WATER l ~ '

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  • I, GRAVITY FLOW 1" *1,,ISUPPL ~ HEADER NORMALLY ISOLATED; OPERATES AT 20 PSIG 1 ~,,Ii RETURN HEADER NORMALLY OPEN; OPERATES AT VACUUM

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WT SIDE RS PUHPS LS RSlOOD LS-RSlOOI VALVE PIT fROH COOLER l" LS-RS l5i!"

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OPERATIONAL HISTORY

  • 1984 TRANSIENT ANALYSES ACCEPTED EFFECTIVE FOULING FACTORS LESS THAN.0015
  • 1985 INSPECTIONS ESTABLISHED A FOULING FACTOR OF 0.001 FOLLOWING CLEANING
  • REPLACED ISOLATION VALVES IN 1986

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  • INSPECTED FOR CORROSION AND CLEANED INA19Bt, ASSURING

.001 FOULING FACTOR

  • REPLACING RS HEAT EXCHANGERS ON BOTH UNITS BASED ON 1987 EDDY CURRENT RESULTS SHOWING PITIY CORROSION

e SURRY UNIT 2 (OLD) RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

  • RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN PARAMETERS
  • ASME Ill CLASS C (1968)

MATERIALS TUBES:

90-10 CuNI

  • SHELL:

90-10 CuNi HEAT TRANSFER AREA: 10,252 SQ.FT.

1615, 3/4 INCH TUB ES, 18 BWG

/

DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOULING FACTOR: 0.0005 (DRY LAY-UP)

FLOW RATE, SHELL-SIDE, RS WATER-1,7500,000 LB/HR (2.5 FT/SEC) iCtPe FLOW RATE, SHELL-SIDE* 3,050,000 LB/HR (3.7 FT/SEC)

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SURRY UNIT 1 (NEW) RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

  • UPGRADE WITH CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS
  • 304 SS FOR SURFACES WETTED BY RS WATER
  • RS HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN PARAMETERS ASME VIII (1986)
  • MATERIALS TUBES: TITANIUM SHELL: 304 SS _(RS WETTED)

TITANIUM (SW WETTED)

  • HEAT TRANSFER AREA: 10,370 SQ FT
  • 1650, 3/4 INCH TUBES, 22 BWG
  • FOULING FACTOR 0.0005 (DRY LAY-UP)
  • NO CHANGE IN OTHER DESIGN PARAMETERS
  • LOWER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF Tl REQUIRES 0.0005 DESIGN FOULING FACTOR

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MAINTENANCE OF DRY LA YUP

  • UNIT 2 RS HEAT EXCHANGERS AT BETTER THAN.001 FOLLOWING CLEANING. ANALYZED FOR ACCEPT ABLE TRANSIENT RESULTS AT A FOULING FACTOR BETTER THAN.0015
  • UNIT 1 MUST BE MAINTAINED AT.0005 (TITANIUM TU~ES)
  • ENHANCED SEALING CAPABILITIES OF 103 MOV's
  • IMPLEMENT SURVEILLANCE FOR LEAKAGE PAST THE ISOLATION VALVES (PRIOR TO STARTUP)
  • INVESTIGATING ADDITION OF AUTOMATIC OPEN FUNCTION TO 104 AND 105 MOV's

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CONCLUSIONS SURRY POWER STATION

  • UNIT 1 NEW RS HEAT EXCHANGERS WILL BE KEPT DRY TO MEET.0005 FOULING
  • UNIT 2 WILL BE CLEANED TO s.0005 FOULING MARGIN AVAILABLE
  • SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM TO BE INSTITUTED
  • ., ~.

~..... ~

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