Regulatory Guide 1.191

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Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Plants During Decommissioning and Permanent Shutdown
ML011500010
Person / Time
Issue date: 05/31/2001
From:
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
To:
Hickman J (301)415-3017
References
RG-1.191
Download: ML011500010 (27)
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RegulatoryguidesareissuedtodescribeandmakeavailabletothepublicsuchinformationasmethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforimplementingspecificpartsoftheNRC'sregulations,techniquesusedbythestaffinevaluatingspecificproblemsorpostulatedaccidents,anddataneededbytheNRCstaffinitsreviewofapplicationsforpermitsandlicenses.Regulatoryguidesarenotsubstitutesforregulations,andcompliancewiththemisnotrequired.MethodsandsolutionsdifferentfromthosesetoutintheguideswillbeacceptableiftheyprovideabasisforthefindingsrequisitetotheissuanceorcontinuanceofapermitorlicensebytheCommission.Thisguidewasissuedafterconsiderationofcommentsreceivedfromthepublic.Commentsandsuggestionsforimprovementsintheseguidesareencour agedatalltimes,andguideswillberevised,asappropriate,toaccommodatecommentsandtoreflectnewinformationorexperience.WrittencommentsmaybesubmittedtotheRulesandDirectivesBranch,ADM,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001.Regulatoryguidesareissuedintenbroaddivisions:1,PowerReactors;2,ResearchandTestReactors;3,FuelsandMaterialsFacilities;4,EnvironmentalandSiting;5,MaterialsandPlantProtection;6,Products;7,Transportation;8,OccupationalHealth;9,AntitrustandFinancialReview;and10,General.Singlecopiesofregulatoryguides(whichmaybereproduced)maybeobtainedfreeofchargebywritingtheDistributionServicesSection,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001,orbyfaxto(301)415-2289,orbyemailtoDISTRIBUTION@NRC.GOV.ElectroniccopiesofthisguideareavailableontheinternetatNRC'shomepageat<WWW.NRC.GOV>intheReferenceLibraryunderRegulatoryGuides.ThisguideisalsointheElectronicReadingRoomatNRC'shomepage,alongwithotherrecentlyissuedguides,AccessionNumberML011500010.U.S.NUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONMay2001 REGULATORY

GUIDEOFFICEOFNUCLEARREGULATORYRESEARCHREGULATORYGUIDE1.191(DraftwasDG-1069)FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAMFORNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSDURINGDECOMMISSIONINGANDPERMANENTSHUTDOWN

A. INTRODUCTION

ThisguidehasbeendevelopedtodescribemethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforcomplyingwiththeNRC'sregulationsregardingfireprotectionprogramsforlicenseeswhohavecertifiedthattheirplants havepermanentlyceasedoperationsandthatthefuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedfromthereactor

vessels.Theregulationsthatapplytofireprotectionprogramsfornuclearpowerplantsduringdecommissioningandpermanentshutdownarein10CFRPart50,"DomesticLicensingofProductionand UtilizationFacilities."Thecertificationconnectedwithdecommissioningisdescribedin10CFR50.82,

"TerminationofLicense."Thelicenseeofapermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantisrequiredby10CFR50.48(f)tomaintainafireprotectionprogramtoaddressthepotentialforfiresthatcouldresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.Theobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramareto(1)reasonablyprevent firesfromoccurring,(2)rapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccur,and(3)minimizethe riskoffire-inducedradiologicalhazardstothepublic,theenvironment,andplantpersonnel.

1Asofthedateofthisregulatoryguide,theNRChasnotreceivedanysubmittalsofperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramsnorhasitreviewedanymethodsorapproachesfordevelopingorimplementingperformance-basedprograms.Moreover,the NRCstaffisnotawareoftheexistenceofspecificmethodsorapproachesfordevelopingandimplementinganacceptableperformance-basedprogram.Nevertheless,assuchmethodsandapproachesaredevelopedinthefuture,theycouldprovidea basisformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f).1.191-2Thisguidedoesnotapplytoindependentspentfuelstorageinstallations(ISFSIs)thatarelicensedinaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFRPart72,"LicensingRequirementsforthe IndependentStorageofSpentNuclearFuelandHigh-LevelRadioactiveWaste,"exceptforthefire exposurerisktoanISFSIfromareactorduringdecommissioning.Thisguidedoesapplytospent fuelstoragefacilitieslicensedunder10CFRPart50.Theregulationsprovideforaperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramthatcanreadilybemodifiedduringthedecommissioningprocesstoaddressresidualhazards.Theperformance goalsandmeasuresestablishedbythelicenseeshouldbefoundedonestablishedindustry standardsandpracticesandshouldprovidereasonableassurancethatthefireprotectionobjectives of10CFR50.48willbemet.Ifalicenseechoosestousefireprotectionmethodsdifferentfrom theguidelinesrecommendedinthisguide,thelicenseeshouldprovideanequivalentleveloffire protection.Thelicenseeisresponsiblefordemonstratingtheequivalencyofproposedalternative

methods.1AppendixAtothisguideisaglossaryoftermsthathavebeenusedinthisguide.Thesedefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotection standardswhenpossible.Ifpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaffdefinedtheterms.

AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionthatisacceptabletothe NRCstaffforspentfuelareas.Theinformationcollectionscontainedinthisregulatoryguidearecoveredbytherequirementsof10CFRPart50,whichwereapprovedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudget, approvalno.3150-0011.Ifameansusedtoimposeaninformationcollectiondoesnotdisplaya currentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber,theNRCmaynotconductorsponsor,andapersonisnot requiredtorespondto,theinformationcollection.

B. DISCUSSION

GENERALThefireprotectionrequirementsforoperatingreactorsareprovidedbyGeneralDesignCriterion(GDC)3ofAppendixAto10CFRPart50,10CFR50.48,andAppendixRto

10CFRPart50.BeforethedecommissioningrulewaspublishedonJuly29,1996,theNRC'sfire protectionregulationsdidnotaddressnuclearpowerplantsthathavepermanentlyceased operationsandareintheprocessofdecommissioning.Theprimaryobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramforoperatingreactorsaretominimizefiredamagetostructures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)importanttosafety;toensure thecapabilitytosafelyshutdownthereactor;andtomaintainitinasafeshutdowncondition.For

1.191-3aninitialperiodfollowingshutdown,accidentsthatcanchallengethe10CFRPart100limitsremaincredible.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldcontinuetoprovideprotectionagainstthese events.Theprimaryfireprotectionconcernforpermanentlyshutdownplantsisprotectingthe integrityofthespentfuelandpreventingorminimizingthereleaseofradioactivematerials resultingfromfiresinvolvingcontaminatedplantSSCsorradioactivewastes.Theradiationdose limitsspecifiedin10CFRPart20,"StandardsforProtectionAgainstRadiation,"applytoplant personnelandmembersofthepublicforfireincidentsatpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpower plants.Licenseesshouldmakeeveryefforttomaintainexposurestoradiationresultingfromafire aslowasreasonablyachievable.Thefireprotectionprogramforanoperatingreactorprovidesthebasisfordevelopingthefireprotectionprogramforthedecommissioningphase.Thegoalofthefireprotectionprogram duringdecommissioningofnuclearpowerplantsistoprovideanappropriatelevelofdefense- in-depthprotectionagainstthethreatoffires.Defenseindepth,relativetofireprotection, involvesacomprehensiveprogramofadministrativecontrols,physicalfireprotectionfeatures, emergencyresponsecapabilities,andprotectionofSSCsnecessarytopreventormitigatethe potentialofanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials.Thiscombinationoffireprotection elementsactstoreduceboththeprobabilityandconsequencesoffireevents,anditprovides assurancethatthefailureofanyoneelementwithinthefireprotectionprogramisadequately compensatedforbytheothers,therebyminimizingtheriskstothepublic,environment,andplant

personnel.Licenseesthathavepermanentlyshutdowntheirnuclearpowerplants,andhavemadethesubmittalstotheNRCrequiredby10CFR50.82,mayeitherimmediatelybegindecommissioning anddismantlingthefacilityormaychoosetoplacethefacilityinamonitoredstorageconditionfor someperiodoftimebeforebeginningfinaldecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The fireprotectionrequirementsmaydifferconsiderably,dependingonthelicensee'sapproachto decommissioning.Ingeneral,theprocessesandactivitiesassociatedwithnuclearplantdecommissioningcanbedynamic,withplantconditionsandconfigurationscontinuouslychanging.Decommissioning activitiesmayincreasefirehazardsintheplantthroughmechanismsthatinclude,butarenot limitedto,increasedhotwork(e.g.,welding,cutting,grinding),increasedcombustibleloading, erectionoftemporarystructurestosupportdecommissioningordismantlementoftheplant,and deactivationorabandonmentofplantsystems.Inadditiontothephysicalchangestotheplant,the licensee'sorganizationalstructureandresponsibilitiesareexpectedtobedifferentduring decommissioning,withstaffinglevelssignificantlylowerthanduringplantoperations.

1.191-4C.REGULATORYPOSITION1.FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAM

1.1ObjectivesThisregulatoryguidedescribesafireprotectionprogramforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantsthatisacceptabletotheNRCstaffformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR

50.48(f)regardingfireprotectionforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplants.Becauseofthe dynamicsofthedecommissioningprocess,thelicensee'sfireprotectionprogramshouldbe reevaluatedatleastannuallyandrevisedasnecessarytoreflectthefacilityconditionthroughthe variousstagesofdecommissioninginaccordancewiththisregulatoryguide.Thefireprotection programshouldaddressthefollowingperformanceobjectives.

ÿPreventfires.Administrativecontrolsand,wherepossible,physicalfeatures(e.g.,barriersorotherphysicalseparationofcombustiblesfromignitionsources)shouldbe implementedtoprovidereasonableassurancethatfireswillnotoccur.

ÿRapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccurandcouldresultinaradiologicalhazard.Appropriatelevelsoffireprotection,includingdetectionsystems,automaticormanualfiresuppressionsystems,watersupplies,andemergencyresponse capability,shouldbeprovidedbasedonthefirehazardspresent.

ÿMinimizetherisktothepublic,environment,andplantpersonnelresultingfromfiresthatcouldresultinareleaseofradioactivematerials.PlantSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationoffire-inducedreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldhavean appropriateleveloffireprotection.Plantpersonnelshouldbeadequatelytrainedin emergencyresponseproceduresforfireevents.1.2FireProtectionProgramStandardsThefireprotectionprogramfordecommissioningshouldbebasedonsoundengineeringpracticesandestablishedindustrystandardssuchasthoseprovidedbytheNationalFireProtection Association(NFPA).Thisregulatoryguideendorsesseveralstandardsasguidancefor implementingvariouselementsofthefireprotectionprogram.Thesestandardsarecitedinthis guideasguidance,notNRCrequirements.Deviationsfromindustrycodesandstandardsshould bejustifiedonacase-by-casebasis.Thecitedstandardsshouldbeappliedinamannerconsistent withtheNRC'sregulations.Anindividualplant'sstandardsofrecordaregenerallyestablishedin theoperatingplant'sfireprotectionprogramandwillalsobeconsideredtoapplytothe decommissioningfireprotectionprogramasappropriate.Licenseesmayconsideradoptionof standardsmorerecentthantheplant'sstandardsofrecordwhentheyareconsistentwithNRC's regulationsandwithappropriateevaluationsforreductionsinprotection.

1.191-51.3TransitionfromOperatingPlantProgramOperatingplantsarerequiredtohaveafireprotectionprograminaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFR50.48andGeneralDesignCriterion3,"FireProtection,"ofAppendixA

to10CFRPart50.Theprimaryobjectiveoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramisto providedefense-in-depthprotectionofthecapabilitytoshutdownthereactorandmaintainitina safeshutdowncondition.Thesafeshutdownobjectiveisnotapplicableduringdecommissioning, withthereactorpermanentlyshutdownandthefuelremovedfromthereactorvessel.However, manyoftheelementsoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramcontinuetobeapplicable underplantdecommissioning.Theoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramprovidesthebaseline analysisanddescriptionofplantfirehazards,administrativecontrols,physicalprotectionfeatures, andemergencyresponsecapabilities.Manyoftheseelementswillbecarriedovertothefire protectionprogramfordecommissioning.1.4FireProtectionProgramforDecommissioningThefireprotectionprogramisexpectedtochangethroughoutthevariousphasesofdecommissioning.Initially,withspentfuelremovedfromthereactorandstoredinthespentfuel pool,itisappropriatetodevelopandmaintainacomprehensivedecommissioningfireprotection programtoprovideassurancethattheprobabilityoffiresaffectingthespentfuelorother radiologicalhazardsisminimizedandthattheconsequencesoffires,shouldtheyoccur,are adequatelymitigated.Asdecommissioningprogressesandthespentfuelismovedtoan independentstoragefacilityorpermanentrepository,thefireprotectionrequirementsfortheplant maybescaleddowninaccordancewiththediminishingradiologicalhazard.However,eveninthe absenceofspentfuelinthespentfuelpool,afireprotectionprogramthatensuresadequate protectionfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialfromcontaminatedplantareasand combustiblewastesshouldbemaintained.Thedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramdescribedinthisregulatoryguideislimitedtodecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwiththeradiologicalhazardspresentintheplantorinthe ancillaryfacilities(e.g.,onsitewastestorage)thatdirectlysupportthedecommissioningprocess.

ThisguidedoesnotprovideguidanceonfireprotectionforISFSIs.Thelicenseealonewill determinefireprotectionrequirementsforplantareasthatthelicensee'sfirehazardsanalysishas showntohavepropertylossconcerns.ThelicenseeshouldmaintainafireprotectionprogramaslongasthereareradiologicalhazardsonthesiteoruntilthePart50licenseisterminatedandthesiteisreleasedforrestrictedor unrestricteduse.Subjecttotherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f)(3),alicenseemaymakechangestothefireprotectionprogramwithoutpriorNRCapprovalprovidedthechangesdonotreducethe effectivenessoffireprotectionforfacilities,systems,andequipmentthatcouldresultina radiologicalhazard,takingintoaccounttheplantconditionsandactivitiesduring decommissioning.

1.191-62.FIREHAZARDSANALYSISThefirehazardsanalysisprovidesacomprehensiveevaluationofthefacility'sfirehazards,thefireprotectioncapabilityrelativetotheidentifiedhazards,andtheabilitytoprotectspentfuel andotherradioactivematerialsfrompotentialfire-inducedreleases.Thefirehazardsanalysisin placeforplantoperationmaybeusedasthebaseline,butitshouldbereevaluatedandrevisedas necessarytoreflecttheuniqueordifferentfireprotectionissuesandstrategiesassociatedwith decommissioning.Ataminimum,thefirehazardsanalysisshouldaddressthefollowingitems.2.1FireHazardsThefirehazardsshouldbeidentifiedspecifically,typicallybyfirearea.Thefirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioningmaybesignificantlydifferentfromthoseforanoperating plant,andtheymaychangeasdecommissioningprogresses.Thefirehazardsanalysisshould considerthepotentialforincreasedcombustibleloadingfromsourcessuchasequipmentlaydown areas,wasteaccumulationandstorageareas,andmaterialsnecessarytosupportdecontamination anddismantlementactivities.Hotworkinvolvingopenflamesorsparksisalsolikelytoincrease duringdecommissioning.Otherfirehazardsmayincludetemporarystructuresandsupport systems(e.g.,electrical,heating,andventilation)thatmayimpactthefirehazardsintheplant.2.2PhysicalPlantConfigurationandConditionThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethelayout,configuration,andconditionoftheplantfireareasandshouldbeupdatedtoreflectanysignificantchangesthatoccurthroughthe variousdecommissioningphases.Dismantlementoformodificationstofacilitystructuresandthe deactivation,modification,orremovalofplantsystemsmayimpactfireprotectionprogram elements.2.3FireProtectionElementsThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribetheadministrativecontrols,firedetectionandsuppressionsystems,smokeexhaustsystems,firebarriers,andanyotherpertinentelementsofthe administrativeandphysicalfireprotectionprogramthatprotectagainsttheidentifiedfirehazards.2.4RadiologicalHazardsandSystemsImportanttoSafetyThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifytheradiologicalhazardsbyfireareaand,asappropriate,identifytheSSCssuchastheplantventilationsystemsnecessarytopreventor mitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsintheeventofafire.Considerationshouldbegiven tothecontrolofrunofffromfiresuppressionactivitiesinareascontainingradioactivematerials.

Theonsiteandoffsiteradioactivereleasesexpectedfromafireshouldbequantifiedorreferenced inthefirehazardsanalysisandcomparedtothedoseacceptancecriteriain10CFRPart20.Asdecommissioningprogresses,theradiologicalhazardsmaychangeasareasandstructuresaredecontaminated,contaminatedcomponentsareremoved,thespentfuelstorage configurationischanged(e.g.,frompooltodrycaskorthefuelremovedtoanISFSI),and

1.191-7contaminatedwasteaccumulates(beforebeingtransportedtoanoffsitestoragefacility).Systemconfigurationsandrequirementsmayalsochangewithchanginghazardsandthegeneral progressionofdecommissioningactivities;significantchangesshouldbereflectedintheanalysis.2.4.1SpentFuelTheSSCsnecessarytoprotectthespentfuelshouldbeidentifiedandmayincludethespentfuelstorageenclosureandpool,spentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystems,andanynecessary supportsystemssuchasinstrumentationandcontrol,ventilation,andelectricalpowersystems.

Thefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethefirethreats,theassociatedmeasurestoprotectthe spentfuel,andanyassociatedSSCsthatareimportanttomaintainingspentfuelintegrity.

AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionacceptabletotheNRC

staffforspentfuelareas.2.4.2ContaminatedPlantAreasandWasteStorageThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifyareasoftheplantthatcontainsignificantradioactivecontaminationthatmightbereleasedorspreadbytheeffectsofafire.Astheplantis decontaminatedanddismantled,contaminatedwaste(includingcombustibleandpotentially contaminatedplantequipmentsuchaselectricalcables)mayaccumulate.Thefirehazards analysisshouldincludeanassessmentofthepotentialforthismaterialtobeinvolvedinafireand oftheprotectivemeasuresprovidedtominimizethepotentialforfire-inducedreleasesorspreadof radioactivematerial.AppendixBtothisguidecontainsanexampleoftheleveloffireprotection acceptabletothestaffforradioactivewastestorageareas.2.5ExposureRisksfromCo-LocatedFacilitiesThefirehazardsanalysisshouldevaluatetherisksofexposureassociatedwithfiresatthesamesiteoratnearbyfacilities.Considerationshouldbegiventotheeffectsofafireonshared systemsformulti-unitsitesandtothepotentialforfirestopropagatefromonefacilitytotheother.Decommissioningmayrequireerectingtemporaryonsitestructuresforthestorageofradioactiveandotherwastesgeneratedbythedecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The firehazardsassociatedwithfiresinthesefacilitiesshouldbeanalyzedinconjunctionwiththe potentialforsuchfirestopropagatetootherplantareasandresultinradiologicalreleases.3.ADMINISTRATIVECONTROLSAdministrativecontrolsinvolvethepolicies,procedures,andpracticesthatgoverntheperformanceorexecutionoffireprotectionprogramactivitiesnecessarytoensurethatthefire protectionobjectivesaremet.Thesecontrolsestablishthenecessaryfirepreventionmeasuresand containtherequirementsformaintenance,testing,inspection,andavailabilityofphysicalfire protectionfeatures(e.g.,barriers,detection,andsuppression);organizationalresponsibilities;and thetrainingorqualificationrequirementsforgeneralemployees,emergencyresponders,and licenseecontractors.

1.191-83.1OrganizationLicensees'decommissioningorganizationsarelikelytobesignificantlysmallerthanthosenecessaryforanoperatingplant.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifyandclearlyestablish theorganizationalresponsibilitiesformanagementandimplementationofthefireprotection program.Thefireprotectionresponsibilitiesoflicenseecontractorsshouldalsobeestablished.Organizationsorpositionsresponsibleforthefollowingfireprotectionactivitiesshouldbeidentified:

ÿManagementoftheoverallfireprotectionprogram,ÿDevelopment,maintenance,updating,andverificationofcomplianceofthefireprotectionprogram,ÿImplementationoffireprotectionprogramrequirements(includingpoliciesandprocedures,training,fireprotectionsystemcontrols,systeminspection,testing, maintenanceanddesign,controlofcombustibles,andhotwork),ÿTheleadership,staffing,andtrainingoftheemergencyresponseteam(e.g.,firebrigade)andagreementswithoffsiteresponders.Theorganizationsresponsibleforimplementingthefireprotectionprogramshouldincludeanindividual(orindividuals),adequatelyqualifiedinnuclearsafetyandfireprotection engineering,whowillensurethatthefireprotectionprogramisimplementedinaccordancewith applicableindustrystandardsandNRCregulations.3.2FireProtectionProceduresProceduresshouldbeprovidedtoformallyestablishtheorganizationalresponsibilitiesandadministrativepracticesofthefireprotectionprogram.Emergencyproceduresshouldbeprovidedtodescribeemergencyresponseactions,includingtheoperationalactions(e.g.,ventilationsystemlineupsandoperationalrequirements),

necessarytomitigatetheconsequencesoffires.Firepre-plansshouldidentifythefirefighting strategytobeemployedaccordingtothefirelocationandthehazardsinvolved.Coordinationwith offsiterespondersandthefireresponseleadershipandcommandstructureforboththeonsitefire brigadeandoffsiterespondersshouldbeexplained.Theactivitiesassociatedwithdecommissioninganddismantlingaplantresultinconstantlychanginghazards.Maintainingadequatefireprotectionandsafetyinthischangingenvironment requiresconstantvigilanceonthepartofthefireprotectionstaff,plantpersonnel,and decommissioningcontractors.Forthisreason,thefireprotectionprogramshouldbeintegrated withtheworkcontrolprocessesandshouldprovideforproperreviewandauthorizationofwork activitiesinvolvingfirehazardsorfiresystemmaintenance,testing,impairments,ordeactivation.

1.191-93.3TrainingTrainingisnecessarytoensurethatthelicensee'semployees,contractors,andemergencyrespondershavethenecessaryknowledgeandskillstoproperlyexecutetheirresponsibilities regardingthefireprotectionprogram.3.3.1GeneralPlantpersonnelandcontractoremployeesshouldbeinformedoftheproperproceduresforreportingafire,respondingtoplantfirealarms,preventingfiresattheplant,locatingandusing fireextinguishers,andofthehazardsofincipient-stagefirefighting.Personnelwhoare designatedtouseafireextinguisheraspartofanemergencyactionplanshouldreceivetrainingin theappropriateuseoftheavailableequipment.Additionalguidanceandinformationisprovided inNFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."3.3.2FireWatchFirewatchpersonnelforbuildingsandhotworkoperationsshouldbeinformedoftheirspecificdutiesandresponsibilities.Firewatchpersonnelshouldbetrainedintheuseoffire extinguishersandshouldpracticeontrainingfires.Additionalinformationandguidanceisgiven inChapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"andChapter41,"SafeguardingBuilding ConstructionandDemolitionOperations,"ofNFPA1andinChapter3,"FirePrevention Precautions,"ofNFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWelding

Processes."3.3.3FireBrigadeandOffsiteSupportPlantpersonnelwhoareassignedmanualfirefightingresponsibilitiesshouldreceivetrainingcommensuratewiththeirresponsibilities.Firebrigademembersandrespondingoffsite emergencyservicespersonnelshouldreceivetrainingonfacilitylayout,firehazards,firepre-plans, firefightingequipment,radiationhazards,andhealthphysicsrelevanttofirefightingoperations.

Periodicdrillsshouldbeconductedtodeterminethereadinessandcapabilityoffirebrigade personnelandoffsiteresponders.Theplanttrainingprogramshouldbedescribedinwriting,and writtenrecordsofallplantfirebrigadetrainingshouldbemaintained.Fireprotectionstandards NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,"NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandling RadioactiveMaterials,"andNFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealth Program,"provideinformationandguidanceontrainingforfiresuppressionpersonnel.3.4ControlofCombustibleMaterialsCombustiblematerials,includingflammableandcombustibleliquids,compressedgases,constructionmaterials,andrefuse,shouldbeused,stored,anddisposedofinamannerthat minimizestheoccurrenceoffire.Chapter3-11,"CombustibleWasteandRefuse,"andPartV,

"SpecialProcessesandMaterialHandling,"ofNFPA1andChapter3,"ProcessesandHazards,"of NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations,"

provideinformationandguidanceonthecontrolofcombustiblematerials.NFPA30,"Flammable andCombustibleLiquidsCode,"andNFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefied GasesinPortableCylinders,"provideinformationandguidanceonthehandling,storage,anduse offlammableandcombustibleliquidsandgases.

1.191-103.4.1TransientCombustiblesTransientfirehazardsassociatedwithdecommissioningactivitiesshouldbeminimizedtotheextentpossible,andtheyshouldberemovedpromptlyuponcompletionoftheactivities.

Inparticular:

ÿThequantityoftransientcombustiblematerialsshouldnotexceedactualneedsandshouldbeseparatedfromignitionsources.Accumulationandstorageofcombustiblewastes shouldbeminimized.

ÿWoodshouldnotbeusedforpermanentapplicationsinplantareaswithapotentialforaradiologicalrelease.Theuseofwoodfortemporarypurposesshouldbeminimizedand,if used,thewoodshouldbelistedaspressureimpregnatedfireretardantlumber.

ÿTheuseofplasticsheetingshouldbeminimizedand,ifused,theplasticsheetingshouldbefireretardant.NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextiles andFilms,"providesadditionalguidance.

ÿCombustiblewastematerialsthatareradioactivelycontaminatedorthatpresentafirerisktoradioactivematerialshouldbehandled,packaged,andstoredinamannerthatminimizes thethreatoffire.Suchwastematerialsshouldbeprotectedbyanactivefiresuppression systemorfirebarriersorbylimitingquantities.

ÿOilyragsandmaterialssusceptibletospontaneousignitionshouldbestoredinalisteddisposalcontainerandshouldberemoveddailyfromareascontainingradioactivematerials orcontamination.

ÿGoodhousekeepingpracticesshouldbemaintained,withparticularattentiontoareascontainingradioactivematerialsorcontaminatedwasteandequipment.Accumulationsof combustiblematerial,includingwasteanddebris,shouldberemovedfromthework locationattheendofeachshift.Spillsofcombustibleorflammableliquidsshouldbe containedandcleanedupimmediately,withappropriateconsiderationforthesafetyof personnel.Thecleaningmaterialsandwasteshouldberemovedfromtheareadailyand disposedofappropriately.Generalhousekeepingpracticesshouldbeimplementedto removetrashandclutterandtomaintainclearaccessandegressroutesthroughoutthe

plant.3.4.2StorageofFlammableandCombustibleLiquidsandGasesFlammableandcombustibleliquidsandflammablecompressedgasesshouldbestoredwheretheydonotpresentafirerisktoareascontainingradioactivematerials,contamination,or SSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA30

andNFPA55foradditionalinformationandguidance.Smokingandworkingwithopenflameshouldnotbepermittedinareasusedforthestorageofflammableandcombustibleliquidsorcompressedgases.

1.191-113.5ControlofIgnitionSources3.5.1ControlofHotWorkCutting,welding,grinding,andworkinvolvingopenflameshouldbecontrolledsothatitdoesnotpresentanundueriskoffire.Chapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"of NFPA1,NFPA51B,andNFPA241provideinformationandguidanceforminimizingtheriskof firesfromhotwork.Aqualifiedfirewatchshouldbeprovidedduringthehotworkactivityand foratleastone-halfhouraftercompletionofthehotwork.3.5.2ControlofTemporaryorPortableHeat-ProducingEquipmentThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifythemeasuresnecessarytopreventportableheat-producingequipmentfromcausingafire.Listedheat-producingequipmentshouldbeused.

Temporaryheatingdevicesshouldbesecuredtopreventtip-overandseparatedfromcombustible materials,equipment,andconstructioninaccordancewiththeirlisting.Forfuel-firedheating,the fuelstorage,transferandrefuelingsystems,andoperationsshouldbeinaccordancewith applicableNFPAstandards.Theuseofportableheat-producingequipmentshouldbecontrolledin areaswithradiologicalhazardsorsignificantquantitiesofcombustiblematerialthatpresentsan exposurehazardtoradioactivematerialsorsystemsimportanttosafety.Additionalguidanceand informationiscontainedinChapter41ofNFPA1andinChapter3ofNFPA241.3.5.3ControlofSmokingSmokingshouldbepermittedonlyindesignatedareas.Wheresmokingispermitted,safereceptaclesforsmokingmaterialsshouldbeprovided.Smokingshouldbeprohibitedinother areasoftheplant,specificallyinthevicinityofhazardousoperationsorcombustibleorflammable materials.NoSmokingsignsshouldbepostedintheseareas.3.6ControlofFireProtectionSystemsandEquipment3.6.1ControlofFireProtectionEquipmentPersonnelprotectiveequipmentforfirebrigades,includingturnoutgearandself-containedbreathingapparatus,shouldregularlybeinventoried,inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensure properperformance.Manualfirefightingequipment,includingextinguishers,hoses,nozzles,tools,fittings,portablelighting,andcommunicationandventilationdevices,shouldberegularlyinventoried, inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensureproperoperationintheeventofafire.3.6.2FireProtectionSystemandFeaturesOperability,Inspection,Testing,andMaintenanceAprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbeprovidedtoverifytheoperabilityofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeatures.Fireprotectionfeaturesinclude passivefireprotectionsystemssuchasfirebarriercomponentsandfirebarrierseals.Fire protectionsystemsincludefirealarmsystems,firesuppressionsystems,andfirewatersupply systems.Theprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbebasedonvendor recommendations,insurancestandards,orfireprotectionengineeringjudgment,aswellason criteriaspecifiedinindustrycodesandstandardssuchasthosepublishedbytheNFPA.

1.191-12Inspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbedocumentedbymeansofwrittenprocedures,withresultsandfollowupactionsrecorded.Personnelperforminginspection,testing,andmaintenanceofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeaturesshouldbetrainedandqualifiedforthetypeofsystemtowhichtheyare assigned.3.6.3ControlofFireProtectionSystemOutagesandImpairmentsThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovidethenecessarycontrolstominimizethedurationandimpactofimpairmentstothefireprotectionsystems.Additionalguidanceandinformationis providedinChapter11,"Impairments,"ofNFPA25,"StandardfortheInspections,Testing,and MaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."Thecontrolsshouldprovidefor identifying,prioritizing,andpromptlycorrectingfireprotectionimpairments,informingfire protectionstaffoftheimpairment,andestablishingcompensatorymeasuresforthedurationofthe impairment.Compensatorymeasuresmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto,conductingfirewatch toursofaffectedareas,limitingworkactivitiesinvolvingfirehazards,providingalternativefire protectionfeatures,andrequestingspecialfiredepartmentsupport.Workcontrolpracticesduringdecommissioningshouldavoidschedulingactivitiesthatinvolvehotwork,theuseofflammableorcombustiblematerials,orotherfirehazardsinareas withimpairedfireprotectionsystems.3.6.4ControlofFireAreaBoundariesorBarriersThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressthecontroloffireareaboundariesorbarriersandthemaintenanceofthesestructuresasthefacilityismodifiedordismantledduring decommissioning.Breachesinthefirebarriers,causedbytheremovalofpenetrationsealsor othermodifications,shouldbeprotectedinaccordancewiththemodifiedbarrier'sfireresistance capabilityandtheassociatedfirehazards.Aprogramforinspecting,testing,andmaintainingfire doors,firedampers,andfirewallsorseparationsshouldbedevelopedandimplementedtoensure thesedeviceswillperformasintended.Thebarriercontrolprogramshouldallowfor redesignation,modification,orremovalofbarriers,basedonchangestothefacilityandhazards (i.e.,fireandradiological)asthefacilityisdecommissioned.NFPA221,"StandardforFireWalls andFireBarrierWalls,"containsadditionalinformationandguidance.3.7ControlofStructures,Enclosures,andExternalAreas3.7.1ControlofTemporaryEnclosuresandStructuresThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressfirehazardscreatedbytheconstructionandlocationoftemporaryenclosuresandstructures.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldevaluatethe needforautomaticormanualfiresuppressioncapabilityinsideandoutsideeachtemporary structure.Theuseofcombustibleconstructionmaterialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolledin accordancewithRegulatoryPosition3.4,"ControlofCombustibleMaterials,"ofthisguide.

Chapter2,"TemporaryConstruction,EquipmentandStorage,"ofNFPA241providesadditional informationandguidanceforcontrollingthefirehazardsassociatedwithtemporarystructures.

1.191-13Temporarystructuresshouldnotpresentafireexposurehazardtoplantstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsorradioactivecontamination,ortocontaminatedwastematerial accumulationorstorageareas.NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildings FromExteriorFireExposures,"providesguidancefortheappropriateseparationofstructuresto minimizethefireexposure.Tentsorothermembrane-typestructuresshouldbeconstructedofnoncombustible,fire-retardantmaterial.Membrane-typematerialsshouldbecertifiedasconformingtothe requirementsofthelarge-scaletestdescribedinNFPA701.3.7.2PreventingFireFromExposingStructuresandMaterialsThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifycontrolstoprotectstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsfromanexposurefire.Thefirehazardpresentedbytransientcombustibles, includingstoredmaterials,debris,vegetation,andnearbyorcontiguousstructures,shouldbe considered.AdditionalinformationcanbefoundinNFPA80A.4.PHYSICALFIREPROTECTIONFEATURESTheabilitytorapidlydetect,control,andsuppressfiresisoneoftheprimarydefense-in-depthobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogram.Theneedforphysicalprotectionfeaturesis governedbytheplant'sfirehazardsandbythepotentialofthesehazardstoresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.4.1FireDetectionandAlarmsSystemsDetectionsystemsinoperatingreactorfacilitiesaregenerallyplacedinlocationswherefirehazardspresentanexposurethreattosafety-relatedequipment.Alarmsystemsareprovidedto alertplantstaffintheeventofadetectedfireoroperationofanautomaticsuppressionsystem.

Duringdecommissioning,thefirehazardsandtheassociateddetectionandalarmrequirements maychangesignificantly.Thechangeinprioritiesfromprotectingsafety-relatedequipment requiredforsafeshutdowntoprotectingagainstthereleaseorspreadofradioactivematerialmay requirereevaluationofthedetectionandalarmsystemdesigntoensurethatdecommissioningfire hazardsareadequatelyprotected.Firealarmandsupervisorysignalsshouldbeannunciatedinaconstantlyattendedlocation.Thefirealarmsystemshouldprovideasignalingsystemfornotifyingplantpersonnel.Referto NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."Thefirealarmsystemshouldmeetthefollowingcriteria.

ÿTheoperationofanautomaticfiresuppressionsysteminitiatesafirealarm.

ÿAutomaticfiredetectionsystemsusingsmoke,heat,orflamedetectors,asappropriate,aremaintainedforearlydetectionoffires.

ÿSupervisionofautomaticfiresuppressionsystemcontrolfunctionsmaintained,asappropriate,bythealarmsystem.

1.191-144.2FireBarriers4.2.1DesignatingFireAreasFireareasareestablishedtopreventorrestrictthepropagationoffiresfromoneareaofafacilitytoanother,toprotectpersonnel,andtolimittheconsequencesofafire.Foroperating reactors,fireareaboundariesaregenerallybasedontheneedtoseparateandprotectsafeshutdown systems.Basedonafirehazardsanalysis,fireareasmayberedesignatedtoaddresstheunique hazardsandprotectionrequirementsofthedecommissioningprocess.Thedesignationoffire areasshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotentialforafireinagiven areatoresultinanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilitytoeffectivelycontain, fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityofpersonneltosafelyevacuate theplant.4.2.2FireBarrierRequirementsFireareasshouldbeseparatedbyfire-ratedbarriers.Thefireresistanceratingofafirebarriershouldbecommensuratewiththepotentialfireseverityineachfirearea.Thecomponents offirebarriersarewalls,ceilings,andfloors,alongwithstructuralsupportssuchasbeams,joists, andcolumns.Openingsinafirebarriershouldbesealedbytheinstallationoffiredampers,fire doorassemblies,firewindowassemblies,fire-ratedpenetrationseals,andspecialfloordrains.

Firebarriercomponentsandsealsshouldbequalifiedbytesting.Thedesignandinstallationof firebarriersshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsand FireWindows,"NFPA221,andNFPA801.Anyunprotectedopeningsinafirebarriershouldbe identifiedandjustifiedintheFireHazardsAnalysis.4.3FireSuppressionSystems4.3.1FireWaterSupplyDuringdecommissioning,theplantfirewatersupplysystemshouldbemaintained,andthesystemshouldbecapableofprovidingthemaximumwaterflowneededtosupplyautomaticfire suppressionsystemsandmanualfirefighting.Thesystemshouldbecapableofdeliveringthe maximumwaterflowdemandforaminimumof2hours.Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe consideredindeterminingtheadequacyofthewatersupply:

ÿReliabilityofthewatersupplysource

ÿAvailabilityoftanksorotherwatersources,pumps,firehydrants,anddistributionsystem

ÿAdequateflowandpressuretomeetwaterflowdemandsofautomaticormanualfiresuppression,orboth,atthepointofdelivery

ÿCapacityofthewatersupplysourceanddistributionsystem.Ifthewatersystemisacombineddomestic,process,andfiresystem,thesystemshouldbecapableofsupplying themaximumdailyconsumptionorthepeakhourlyflowrate,whicheverishigher,plusthe maximumrequiredfireflow.Decommissioningactivitiesmayresultintheisolation,removal,orabandonmentofportionsofthedistributionsystem.Anysystemchangesshouldbereviewedtoensurethat adequateflowandcoverageisprovidedfortheremainingplantareasthatcontainradioactive

1.191-15materials,presentafireexposurethreattoareascontainingradioactivematerials,orincludesystemsnecessarytomitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerials.Wheretemperaturescannotreliablybemaintainedatorabove4C(40F),water-basedfiresuppressionsystemcomponentsshouldbeprotectedagainstfreezinginaccordancewiththe applicableNFPAcode.Freezeprotectionforsprinklersystemcomponentsshouldbereviewed regularlyduringdecommissioningactivities.Decommissioningactivitiesshouldnotbeallowedtoaffectthewatersupplytotheoperatingunitsorthefirewatersuppliesanddistributionsystemsthataresharedatmulti-unit sites,andthecapabilitytoisolatetheunitsshouldbemaintained.ThedesignandinstallationofthewatersupplysystemsshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps";NFPA22,

"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection";NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationof PrivateFireServiceMainsandtheirAppurtenances";andNFPA801.4.3.2AutomaticFireSuppressionSystemsAutomaticfiresuppressionsystemsthatexistwhenaplantentersthedecommissioningphaseshouldbemaintainedoperablebasedonthefirehazardsanalysis;thesesystemsshouldbe abletoprotectplantegressroutesforevacuationofplantpersonnelintheeventofafire.Automaticfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedwhereflammableorcombustiblematerialsareusedorstored.Constructionofnewortemporarystructurestosupport decommissioningmayrequiretheinstallationofautomaticsystemsbasedonthefireand radiologicalhazardsofthestructures.Somefactorstoconsiderinselectingthetypeof suppressionsystemtobeinstalledarethetypesoffirehazardsandhealthhazards,cleanupofthe suppressionagent,andtheeffectofthesuppressionagentonvitalsystems,structures,and componentsinthearea.NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam";NFPA11A,"Standard forMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems";NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxide ExtinguishingSystems";NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems";NFPA13,

"InstallationofSprinklerSystems";NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFire Protection";NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,and Foam-WaterSpraySystems";NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-Head Foam-WaterSprinklerSystems";NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems";

NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems";andNFPA75,"Standardforthe ProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment,"shouldbeusedasthebasesfor thedesign,installation,andoperationofautomaticfireprotectionsystems.Theneedforautomaticfireprotectionsystemsinplantareasduringdecommissioningactivitiesmaychange,dependingonthetypeofoperationsbeingperformedinanarea,the additionorremovalofcombustiblematerials,ortheremovalofradioactivematerialsand contamination.Plantareasshouldbereviewedforchangingconditionsthatcouldaffecttheneed forautomaticfiresuppressionsystems.

1.191-164.3.3ManualFireSuppressionSystemsManualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedintheplanttosupplementautomaticfireprotectionsystemsandtoprovidesuppressioncoveragetoareasnotprotectedbyautomatic systems.Decommissioningactivitiesmaychangetheplantconfigurationandfirehazards,may requiretheconstructionoftemporaryenclosuresorstructures,andmaynecessitatethe abandonmentorremovalofautomaticsystemsasfacilitiesaredismantledormodifiedand radiologicalhazardsareremoved.Adequatemanualfiresuppressioncapabilitymustbeprovided ormaintainedbasedonthedecommissioningfirehazardsanalysistoensureprotectionagainst fire-inducedradioactivematerialreleases.Thefollowingconsiderationsareimportantinevaluatingthemanualfireprotectionsystems:ÿStandpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedtoprovidemanualfiresuppressioncapabilities.Standpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedinareasoftheplantthatare aboveorbelowgrade,thatrequirelonghoselaysfromthenearesthydrant,orthatare requiredtomaintaintheconfinementofairborneradioactivematerials.RefertoNFPA14,

"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."ÿManuallyoperatedfiresuppressionsystemsmaybeprovidedtosupplementautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsorinareaswhereautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsarenotinstalled andarenotneededtorapidlycontrolafire.Theneedformanuallyoperatedfire suppressionsystemsshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotential thatafireinagivenareacouldresultinreleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilityto effectivelycontain,fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityof personneltosafelyevacuatethearea.

ÿOutsidehydrantsandhosehousesshouldbemaintainedtosupportmanualfiresuppressionofinternalfiresandtoprovideprotectionfromthethreatofexternalexposurefirestothose plantareasthatcontainradioactivematerialsorSSCsnecessaryforthepreventionor mitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA24foradditionalinformation andguidance.4.3.4OnsiteFireBrigadeandOffsiteFireEmergencyResponseManualfirefightingcapabilityshouldbeprovidedbyanonsitefirebrigadeorbyoffsiteemergencyservices,orbyboth.Afireemergencyplanshouldbedevelopeddescribingthe responsetofirealarmsandtheresponsibilitiesassignedtoemergencyresponsepersonnel(see RegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and5.2).RefertoNFPA600,NFPA801,andNFPA1500for informationandguidanceonfirefightingactivities,training,equipment,andfireemergencyplans.

Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredindeterminingthemanualfirefightingcapability:

ÿThemagnitudeandcomplexityofpotentialfiresinandaroundplantareaswhereradioactivematerialsorcontaminationarepresent

ÿTheavailabilityofonsitestaffingforafirebrigadeatanytime

ÿTheavailabilityofoffsiteemergencyservices,thecapabilityoftheirstaffandequipment,theresponsetime,thestaff'straining,andaccesstotheplantsite

1.191-17ÿThecompatibilityoftheplant'sfiresystemconnectionsandfittingswiththefireapparatusandequipmentofoffsiteresponders.Firefightingequipmentshouldbeprovidedformanualfirefighting,includinghoses,nozzles,protectiveclothing,breathingapparatus,communicationsequipment,salvageequipment, ladders,smokeremovalequipment,portablelighting,portableradiationmonitoringequipment, extinguishers,andmiscellaneoustools.(SeeRegulatoryPosition3.6.1.)Periodicdrillsandexercisesshouldbeperformedbytheonsitefirebrigadeandoffsiteemergencyservices.SeeRegulatoryPosition3.3.3regardingthetrainingofthefirebrigadeand offsitepersonnel.5.RISKMANAGEMENT5.1PersonnelSafetyThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovideforpersonnelsafetyintheeventofafire.Egressandevacuationroutesshouldbeclearlyestablishedandmaintainedastheplant configurationchanges.Theeffectofsmokeonexitingpersonnelshouldbeconsidered.

Emergencylightingandalarmsshouldbeprovided,andpersonnelshouldbeappropriatelytrained infireresponse.Policiesandproceduresshouldestablishradiologicalcontrolandsecurity practicestobeimplementedunderemergencyfireevacuationscenarios.NFPA101,"Codefor SafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures,"providesadditionalinformationand guidanceonensuringpersonnelsafety.5.2EmergencyResponseForoperatingreactors,earlydetectionandapplicationofmanualsuppressioncanbecriticalinminimizingthefiredamagetosafeshutdownsystemsthatarenecessarytoprevent damagetothereactorcoreandsubsequentreleasesofradioactivematerial.Whenareactoris permanentlyshutdownandthespentfuelisstoredinthespentfuelpoolordrycaskstorage,fire suppressionresponsetimesmaynotbeascritical.Thenecessaryfireemergencyresponse capabilityshouldbedeterminedbythefirehazardsandthepotentialforthosehazardstoinvolve radioactivematerial.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifytheresponsibilitiesofthelicensee'sorganizationandofoffsiterespondersintheeventofafireemergency.Althoughanadequately prepared,trained,andequippedplantfirebrigademaysuppresssmallfiresandprovidetheinitial assaultonandcontroloflargerfires,afullyequippedfireserviceshouldbetheprimaryforcein themanualsuppressionoflargestructureorsite-areafires.Thisfireservicemaybeprovidedby offsiteagenciesprovidedtheoffsiterespondershavethenecessaryqualificationsandcapabilities, asdescribedinRegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and4.3.4.Ifthelicenseemaintainsanonsite firebrigade,theassignmentofpersonneltothebrigadeshouldnotimpairtheabilityofthe remainingplantstafftorespondtotheeventandmaintainplantfunctionssuchassecurity, radiationcontrol,andoperations.

1.191-18Theeventmanagementandcommandstructureshouldbeclearlyestablished,includingthefireattackrolesandresponsibilitiesoftheonsitebrigadeandoffsiteresponders.Securitycontrol andradiationdosimetryrequirementsforoffsiteemergencyrespondersshouldbeclearly establishedandshouldnotdelaytheresponse.

D. IMPLEMENTATION

ThepurposeofthissectionistoinformlicenseesandapplicantsoftheNRCstaff'splansforusingthisregulatoryguide.ExceptwhentheapplicantorlicenseeproposesanacceptablealternativemethodforcomplyingwithspecifiedportionsoftheNRC'sregulations,themethodsdescribedinthisguide willbeusedinevaluatingsubmittalsforlicensing-basisdocumentsandperiodicrevisionsor updatestothedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramthatissubmittedinaccordancewiththe requiredupdatestothefinalsafetyanalysisreport.

1.191-19REFERENCESThefollowingisalistoftheNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)standardsreferencedinthisregulatoryguide.Theexistingfireprotectionprogramforagivenplantmay includeadditionalNFPAandindustrystandards.Continuedcompliancewithexistingprogram standardsshouldbereviewedwithdueconsiderationofexistinglicensecommitmentsand conditions,andthefireprotectiondesignbasisofthespecificplant.NFPAstandardsmaybe purchasedfromtheNationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,P.O.Box9146, Quincy,MA02269-9959(telephone1-800-344-3555).NFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."

NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam."

NFPA11A,"StandardforMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems."

NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA13,"InstallationofSprinklerSystems."

NFPA14,"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."

NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection."

NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,andFoam-WaterSpraySystems."NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-HeadFoam-WaterSprinklerSystems."

NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps."

NFPA22,"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection."

NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheirAppurtenances."

NFPA25,"StandardfortheInspection,Testing,andMaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."NFPA30,"FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode."

1.191-20NFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWeldingProcesses."NFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefiedGasesinPortableCylinders."

NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."

NFPA75,"StandardfortheProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment."

NFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsandFireWindows."

NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildingsfromExteriorFireExposures."

NFPA101,"CodeforSafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures."

NFPA221,"StandardforFireWallsandFireBarrierWalls."

NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations."

NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades."

NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextilesandFilms."

NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandlingRadioactiveMaterials."

NFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram."

1.191-21APPENDIXAGLOSSARYThefollowingdefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotectionstandardswhenpossible.Whenpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaff definedtheterms.Abandonment.Permanentlyceasingtheuse,operation,andmaintenanceofastructure,system,orcomponentthroughdeactivationandisolationwithoutintenttoreturnthestructure,system,or componenttoservice.Co-locatedfacilities.Facilitiesthatshareacommonsitewiththenuclearpowerplant,includinganytemporarystructures.Combustiblematerial.Anymaterialthatwillburnorsustainthecombustionprocesswhenignitedorexposedtofireconditions.Contamination.Fixedorlooseresidualradioactivematerialdepositedinsideoroutsidestructures,systems,andcomponentswhereitpresentsapotentialradiologicalhazard.

Deactivation.Shuttingdownorotherwiseidlingplantsystemsandcomponentstopreventtheiroperation,particularlyinpreparationforabandonmentorremoval.Decommissioning.Safelyremovingafacilityorsitefromserviceandreducingresidualradioactivitytoalevelthatpermitsreleasingthepropertyforunrestricteduseandterminatingthe licenseorreleasingthepropertyunderrestrictedconditionsandterminatingthelicense.Dismantlement.Physicallydisassemblingandremovingplantstructures,systems,and components.Emergencyresponders.Organizationsandindividualswhorespondtoplantemergencyevents(includinglicenseeemergencymanagementandresponsestaff,securitypersonnel,andfire brigades)andoffsiteresponders(includinglawenforcementofficials,medicalpersonnel,andfire

departments).Fireapparatus.Avehiclespecificallydesignedtorespondtofireeventsandprovidedwithfirefightingtools,equipment,andfiresuppressioncapability.Firearea.Apartofastructurethatisseparatedfromotherareasbyfirebarriers.Firebarrier.Constructioncomponents(e.g.,walls,floors,andceilings,andtheirsupports,suchasbeams,joists,andcolumns;penetrationseals;firedoors;andfiredampers)thatareusedto preventthespreadoffireandthatareratedbyapprovinglaboratoriesinhoursoffireresistance.

1.191-22Firebrigade.Ateamofonsiteplantpersonnelwhohavebeenspecificallyassignedtheresponsibilityforfirefightingandwhoareadequatelyequippedforandtrainedinfightingfires.Fireexposurehazard.Afirehazardthatisexternaltoastructure,system,orcomponentinoradjacenttothesamearea.Theexposuretofireeffects(e.g.,smoke,heat,ignition)mayimpactthe capabilitiesofadjacentstructures,systems,andcomponentstopreventormitigatethereleaseof radioactivematerial.Firehazard.Conditionsnecessarytoinitiateandsupportcombustion,includinginsituortransientcombustiblematerials,ignitionsources(e.g.,heat,sparks,openflames),andanoxygen

environment.Fire-retardantmaterial.Materialthathasbeencoatedortreatedwithchemicals,paints,orothermaterialsdesignedtoreducethecombustibilityofthematerial.Firerisk.Thecombinationoftheprobabilityofafireeventandtheestimatedconsequencesoftheevent.Firewatch.Oneormorepersonsresponsibleforprovidingadditionalcoverage(e.g.,duringhotwork)orcompensatorycoverage(e.g.,forsystemimpairments)ofplantactivitiesorareasforthe purposeofdetectingfiresoridentifyingactivitiesandconditionsthatpresentapotentialfire hazard.Thepersonorpersonsshouldbetrainedinidentifyingconditionsoractivitiesthatpresent potentialfirehazardsandintheuseoffireextinguishersandtheproperfirenotification

procedures.Hotwork.Activities(suchascutting,welding,andgrinding)thatinvolvetheuseofheat,sparks,oropenflameandthataretypicallycontrolledbyaformalizedworkpermitsystemcontrolledor reviewedbyafireprotectionengineer.Impairment.Degradationofafireprotectionsystemthatdecreasestheabilityofthesystemtoperformitsintendedfunctions.Independentspentfuelstorageinstallation(ISFSI).Afacilitydesignedandconstructedfortheinterimstorageofspentnuclearfuelandotherradioactivematerialsassociatedwithspentfuel storage.Laydownareas.Areasusedforthetemporarystagingofmaterialsbeforetheiruseordisposal.Listed.Equipmentormaterialsonalistpublishedbyanationallyrecognizedtestinglaboratory,inspectionagency,orsomeotherproductevaluationorganizationthatperiodicallyinspects productionofthelistedequipmentormaterials.Thelistingstatesthattheequipmentormaterials meetnationallyrecognizedstandardsandhavebeentestedandfoundsuitableforuseinaspecified

manner.Monitoredstorage.Theoperationsandconditionsassociatedwithapermanentlyshutdownplantthathasnofuelinthereactorandforwhichdecommissioninghasbeendeferredtothefuture.

1ASTME-84isavailablefromtheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.1.191-23Noncombustiblematerial.Amaterialwhich,intheformitisusedandunderanticipatedconditions,willnotignite,burn,supportcombustion,orreleaseflammablevaporswhensubjected tofireorheat.Alsoamaterialwithastructuralbaseofnoncombustiblematerial,asdefined above,withasurfacingnotover1/8inchthick,thathasaflame-spreadratingnothigherthan50

whenmeasuredusingASTME-84(1997),"StandardTestMethodforSurfaceBurning CharacteristicsofBuildingMaterials." 1Performance-basedapproach.Amethodofimplementationbasedonmeasurableperformancegoalsandobjectives.Permanentlyceasedoperations.OperationshavepermanentlyceasedwhenalicenseecertifiestotheNRCthatithaspermanentlyceasedorwillpermanentlyceasereactoroperations,orafinal legallyeffectiveordertopermanentlyceaseoperationshascomeintoeffect.Permanentfuelremoval.FuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedwhenallfuelassemblieshavebeenremovedfromthereactorvesselandthelicenseehascertifiedtotheNRCthatithas permanentlyremovedallfuelassembliesfromthereactorvessel.Pre-plan.Adocumentthatdescribesthefacilitylayout,access,contents,construction,hazards,hazardousmaterials,typesandlocationsoffireprotectionsystems,andotherinformation importanttotheplanningofemergencyfireresponse.Radiologicalhazard.Thepresenceofradioactivematerial,includingsources,contamination,wastes,andspentfuel,thatpresentsaradiologicalexposurehazardthatmaybereleasedinthe eventofafireandthatisinexcessofthedoselimitstoplantpersonnelspecifiedin10CFRPart

20.Safeshutdown.Forfireevents,thesequenceofplantconditionsspecifiedintheplanttechnicalspecificationsashotstandby,hotshutdown,orcoldshutdown.Spentfuel.Reactorfuelassembliesthathavebeenirradiatedinthereactorcore.Standardsofrecord.Thestandards,includingspecificeditions,thatconstitutethelicensingordesignbasisfortheplant.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs).Structuralelements,plantsystems,andcomponentswhosefunctionistopreventormitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsinthe eventofafire,includingphysicalconfinementbarriers(buildingwalls,floors,ceilings),

ventilationsystems,spentfuelcoolingsystemsandsupportsystems,andwastestoragecontainers.Temporarystructures.Buildings,tents,shelters,platforms,andotherstructuresthatareerectedduringdecommissioningactivities.Theyarenotpermanentsitefacilities.

1.191-24Turnoutgear.Protectiveclothingforfirefightingsuchascoats,pants,boots,helmets,gloves,andself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBAs).Transientcombustibles.Combustiblematerialsthatarenotfixedinplaceoranintegralpartofanoperatingsystemorcomponent.Unrestricteduse.Areasinwhichthelicenseeneitherlimitsnorcontrolsaccessbythegeneralpublicandtowhichthepublicexposurerequirementsof10CFRPart20apply.

1.191-25APPENDIXBEXAMPLESOFFIREPROTECTIONFORSELECTEDFIREAREAS,STRUCTURES,SYSTEMS,ANDCOMPONENTSThefollowingexamplesdescribeacceptablefireprotectionforselectedplantareasthatmaycontainradiologicalhazards.Theseexamplesaregenericanddonotencompassallpossible radiologicalandfirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioning.Theseexamplesare providedforguidanceandinformationandarenotNRCrequirements.SpentFuelPoolAreaThefirehazardsinthespentfuelpoolareaandthoseinadjacentareasshouldbequantifiediftheypresentanexposurehazardorcouldpropagatetothespentfuelpoolarea.Thepotentialfor thesefirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerials,includingthespentfuel,shouldbeevaluated.Theradiologicalhazardsintheareashouldbequantified,includinghazardsofthespentfuelandanyradioactivewasteorcontaminationthatmaycontributetoaradiologicalreleaseif exposedtofire.Potentialreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyaconservative analysisofthefire-relatedsourceterm,thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergency responseactions.Exposuresresultingfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerials shouldnotexceedthelimitsof10CFRPart20.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)thatarenecessarytoprovideprotectionofthespentfuelandmitigateanyradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffects offire,asappropriate.Thesesystemsmayincludebuildingventilation,spentfuelpoolcooling andmakeup,instrumentationandcontrols,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbe maintainedthatprovideseparationbetweensignificantfirehazardsandSSCsimportanttothesafe operationofthespentfuelpool.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseorstorage ofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Ifafireinthespentfuelpoolareacouldresultinalossofthenormalspentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystemsorarapidlossofpoolinventory,thecapabilitytomaintainspentfuel integrityandminimizethepotentialforradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandalternative coolingandmakeupcapabilitiesshouldbeprovided.Theresponsetimeforreestablishingcooling andmakeupcapabilityforthespentfuelpoolshouldbequantifiedaccordingtotheneedtoensure thatfuelintegrityismaintainedandradiologicalexposurelimitsforemergencyresponse personnel,includingfire-fighters,arenotexceeded.Proceduresshouldbedevelopedthatdescribeequipmentconfigurationsandnecessaryoperatoractionsinresponsetoafireinthespentfuelpoolarea.Forexample,ventilationsystems andanyotherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineradioactive materialsandminimizethepotentialfortheirreleasetotheenvironment.Spentfuelcoolingand makeupsystemcomponentsmayhavetobede-energizedoroperatedfromoutsidethefireareaif electricalandcontrolsystemsaresubjecttopotentialfiredamage.

1.191-26Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinthespentfuelareashouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensure thatdecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwithspentfuelpooloperationsandmaintenance, includinganyfuelmovementorhandlingoperationssuchascaskloadingandshipment,are subjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityforthespentfuelpoolareashouldbeprovided.Firealarmsandemergencylightingforpersonnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asa minimum,manualsuppressioncapabilityshouldbeavailablefromportablefireextinguishersand standpipesorhosestations,orboth.Manualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequate coverageaccordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Water suppliesshouldbesufficienttomeetsuppressionsystemdemands.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedforthespentfuelpoolareathatidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationofsuppressionsystems,significantfirehazards, radioactiveandtoxicmaterialhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyforthespentfuelpoolarea.RadioactiveWasteStorageandAccumulationAreas,IncludingTemporaryStructuresSpecificplantareasorseparatestructuresshouldbeprovidedforthestorageofradioactivewastes.Wasteaccumulationareaswithintheplantmaybenecessarytosupportcertain decommissioningactivities.Combustiblewasteshouldbemoveddailyfromaccumulationareas todesignatedstorageareas.Thewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldprovideadequate separationandprotectionofthewastefromexposurefirehazards.Temporarystructuresprovided forinterimwastestorageshouldcomplywiththeappropriatefirecodesandshouldbedesignedto preventorminimizethepotentialforradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Thefirehazardsintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasandfireexposurehazardsinadjacentareasthatcouldpropagatetothewastestorageandaccumulationareasshould bequantified.Thepotentialforfirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerialsshouldbeevaluated.

Specialhazardssuchascontaminatedelectricalcablesandplasticsthat,ifignited,canbedifficult tosuppressandcanemitconsiderablequantitiesofacridsmokeandtoxicgasesandhamperfire fightingandevacuationeffortsshouldbeevaluated.Confinementmeasuresshouldbeprovidedas necessarytomitigatereleaseofradioactivematerialsentrainedinthesmokeandgases.Conservativeestimatesoftheradioactivematerialcontentforstoredwastesshouldbeestablished,totheextentpossible,basedonstandardsurveyandmeasurementrequirements.

Theseestimates,combinedwithanycontaminationinthearea,shouldbeusedasthebasisfor estimatingpotentialradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Potentialreleasesof radioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyconservativeanalysesofthefire-relatedsourceterm, thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergencyresponseactions.Exposuresresultingfrom thefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialsmustnotexceedthelimitsin10CFRPart20.

1.191-27Radioactivewastestorageareaswithinexistingplantstructuresshouldprovideadequatefireprotectiontominimizethepotentialforfireandthesubsequentreleaseofradioactive materials.SSCsnecessarytoprotectradioactivewasteandmitigateanyradiologicalrelease shouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffectsoffire,asappropriate.TheseSSCsinclude structuresthatprovideseparationandconfinement,buildingventilation,instrumentationand controls,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbemaintainedthatseparatesignificant firehazards,thewastestorageandaccumulationareas,andSSCsimportanttothesafestorageof thecontaminatedwastematerials.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseand storageofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Temporarystructuresusedforradioactivewastestorageareasshouldbeconstructedwithnoncombustiblematerialstotheextentpossible.Radioactivewastepackagingshouldbe fabricatedofnoncombustibleorfire-retardantmaterials.Activitiesandequipmentthatarea potentialignitionsourceshouldbeprohibitedorstrictlycontrolledwithinwastestorageareas.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityshouldbeprovidedforareasinwhichradioactivewastematerialswillbeaccumulatedorstored.Firealarmsandemergencylightingfor personnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asaminimum,manualsuppressioncapability, includingportablefireextinguishers,shouldbeavailable.Confinementmeasuresshouldbe providedtocontrolpotentiallycontaminatedrunofffromautomaticormanualfiresuppression, includinginadvertentlyactuatedautomaticsystems.Fortemporarystructures,automaticor manualfiresuppressionorbothshouldbeprovidedaccordingtothefirehazardsandtheneedto maintainadequateconfinementtopreventorminimizethepotentialreleaseofradioactive materials.Automaticandmanualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequatecoverage accordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Watersuppliesshould besufficienttomeetautomatic(ifapplicable)andmanualsuppressionsystemdemands.Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.

Noncombustibleorfire-resistantmaterialsshouldbeusedforpackagingradioactivewaste materials.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensurethatdecommissioningactivitiesassociated withtheremovalandstorageofradioactivewaste,includingpackagingandshipmentof radioactivematerials,aresubjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Proceduresthatdescribenecessaryactionsinresponsetoafireintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbedeveloped.Forexample,ventilationsystemsandany otherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineandminimizethe potentialforareleaseofradioactivematerialstotheenvironment.Considerationshouldbegiven tothewastestoragearealayoutandtheavailabilityofstandpipes(i.e.,toavoidhoselaysthrough doors)toallowfirefightingactivitiesandatthesametimemaintainadequateconfinement.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.Thepre-plansshouldidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationof suppressionsystems,radiologicalhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.

1.191-28REGULATORYANALYSISAseparateregulatoryanalysiswasnotpreparedforthisregulatoryguide.TheregulatorybasisforthisguideistheregulatoryanalysispreparedfortheamendmentstoParts2,50,and51,

"DecommissioningofNuclearPowerReactors,"issuedonJuly29,1996(61FR39278),which examinesthecostsandbenefitsoftheruleasimplementedbytheguide.Acopyofthisregulatory analysisisavailableforinspectionandmaybecopiedforafeeattheNRC'sPublicDocument RoomatOneWhiteFlintNorth,11555RockvillePike,Rockville,Maryland,telephone(301)415-

4737;fax(301)415-3548.


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