Regulatory Guide 1.191: Difference between revisions

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{{Adams
{{Adams
| number = ML17283A231
| number = ML011500010
| issue date = 11/13/2017
| issue date = 05/31/2001
| title = Periodic Review
| title = Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Plants During Decommissioning and Permanent Shutdown
| author name = Tappert J
| author name =  
| author affiliation = NRC/NMSS/DDUWP/URLB
| author affiliation = NRC/RES
| addressee name = Thomas B
| addressee name =  
| addressee affiliation = NRC/RES/DE
| addressee affiliation =  
| docket =  
| docket =  
| license number =  
| license number =  
| contact person = Siurano-Perez O
| contact person = Hickman J (301)415-3017
| case reference number = RG-1.191
| document report number = RG-1.191
| package number = ML17283A229
| document type = Regulatory Guide
| document type = Regulatory Guide
| page count = 2
| page count = 27
}}
}}
{{#Wiki_filter:Regulatory Guide Periodic Review Enclosure Regulatory Guide Number:  
{{#Wiki_filter:RegulatoryguidesareissuedtodescribeandmakeavailabletothepublicsuchinformationasmethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforimplementingspecificpartsoftheNRC'sregulations,techniquesusedbythestaffinevaluatingspecificproblemsorpostulatedaccidents,anddataneededbytheNRCstaffinitsreviewofapplicationsforpermitsandlicenses.Regulatoryguidesarenotsubstitutesforregulations,andcompliancewiththemisnotrequired.MethodsandsolutionsdifferentfromthosesetoutintheguideswillbeacceptableiftheyprovideabasisforthefindingsrequisitetotheissuanceorcontinuanceofapermitorlicensebytheCommission.Thisguidewasissuedafterconsiderationofcommentsreceivedfromthepublic.Commentsandsuggestionsforimprovementsintheseguidesareencour agedatalltimes,andguideswillberevised,asappropriate,toaccommodatecommentsandtoreflectnewinformationorexperience.WrittencommentsmaybesubmittedtotheRulesandDirectivesBranch,ADM,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001.Regulatoryguidesareissuedintenbroaddivisions:1,PowerReactors;2,ResearchandTestReactors;3,FuelsandMaterialsFacilities;4,EnvironmentalandSiting;5,MaterialsandPlantProtection;6,Products;7,Transportation;8,OccupationalHealth;9,AntitrustandFinancialReview;and10,General.Singlecopiesofregulatoryguides(whichmaybereproduced)maybeobtainedfreeofchargebywritingtheDistributionServicesSection,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001,orbyfaxto(301)415-2289,orbyemailtoDISTRIBUTION@NRC.GOV.ElectroniccopiesofthisguideareavailableontheinternetatNRC'shomepageat<WWW.NRC.GOV>intheReferenceLibraryunderRegulatoryGuides.ThisguideisalsointheElectronicReadingRoomatNRC'shomepage,alongwithotherrecentlyissuedguides,AccessionNumberML011500010.U.S.NUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONMay2001 REGULATORY
1.191, Revision 0
GUIDEOFFICEOFNUCLEARREGULATORYRESEARCHREGULATORYGUIDE1.191(DraftwasDG-1069)FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAMFORNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSDURINGDECOMMISSIONINGANDPERMANENTSHUTDOWN
Title:  Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Plants During Decommissioning and Permanent Shutdown Office/Division/Branches:  NMSS/DUWP/RDB, NRR/DRA/APLB
  Technical Leads: 
John Hickman, Naeem Iqbal


Recommended Staff Action: 
==A. INTRODUCTION==
Revise  1.  What are the known technical or regulatory issues with the current version of the  Regulatory Guide (RG)?
ThisguidehasbeendevelopedtodescribemethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforcomplyingwiththeNRC'sregulationsregardingfireprotectionprogramsforlicenseeswhohavecertifiedthattheirplants havepermanentlyceasedoperationsandthatthefuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedfromthereactor


RG 1.191, Revision 0, was published in 2001 (Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) Accession No.
vessels.Theregulationsthatapplytofireprotectionprogramsfornuclearpowerplantsduringdecommissioningandpermanentshutdownarein10CFRPart50,"DomesticLicensingofProductionand UtilizationFacilities."Thecertificationconnectedwithdecommissioningisdescribedin10CFR50.82,
"TerminationofLicense."Thelicenseeofapermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantisrequiredby10CFR50.48(f)tomaintainafireprotectionprogramtoaddressthepotentialforfiresthatcouldresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.Theobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramareto(1)reasonablyprevent firesfromoccurring,(2)rapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccur,and(3)minimizethe riskoffire-inducedradiologicalhazardstothepublic,theenvironment,andplantpersonnel.


ML011500010) to describe methods acceptable to the NRC staff for complying with the NRC's regulations regarding fire protection programs for licensees who have certified that their plants have permanently ceased operations and that fuel has been permanently removed from the reactor vessels. Since 2001 plants that were licensed under Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) 50.48(b), "Fire protection," or Appendix R to 10 CFR Part 50, "Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Facilities Operating Prior to January 1, 1979," have used this RG.  This RG endorses several National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards.
1Asofthedateofthisregulatoryguide,theNRChasnotreceivedanysubmittalsofperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramsnorhasitreviewedanymethodsorapproachesfordevelopingorimplementingperformance-basedprograms.Moreover,the NRCstaffisnotawareoftheexistenceofspecificmethodsorapproachesfordevelopingandimplementinganacceptableperformance-basedprogram.Nevertheless,assuchmethodsandapproachesaredevelopedinthefuture,theycouldprovidea basisformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f).1.191-2Thisguidedoesnotapplytoindependentspentfuelstorageinstallations(ISFSIs)thatarelicensedinaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFRPart72,"LicensingRequirementsforthe IndependentStorageofSpentNuclearFuelandHigh-LevelRadioactiveWaste,"exceptforthefire exposurerisktoanISFSIfromareactorduringdecommissioning.Thisguidedoesapplytospent fuelstoragefacilitieslicensedunder10CFRPart50.Theregulationsprovideforaperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramthatcanreadilybemodifiedduringthedecommissioningprocesstoaddressresidualhazards.Theperformance goalsandmeasuresestablishedbythelicenseeshouldbefoundedonestablishedindustry standardsandpracticesandshouldprovidereasonableassurancethatthefireprotectionobjectives of10CFR50.48willbemet.Ifalicenseechoosestousefireprotectionmethodsdifferentfrom theguidelinesrecommendedinthisguide,thelicenseeshouldprovideanequivalentleveloffire protection.Thelicenseeisresponsiblefordemonstratingtheequivalencyofproposedalternative


However, the date of affirmation for each standard is not listed in the RG.
methods.1AppendixAtothisguideisaglossaryoftermsthathavebeenusedinthisguide.Thesedefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotection standardswhenpossible.Ifpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaffdefinedtheterms.


In July 2004, the NRC amended its fire protection rule in 10 CFR 50.48 to allow nuclear power plant licensees to voluntarily adopt the risk-informed and performance-based rule 10 CFR 50.48(c).  As an alternative to 10 CFR 50.48(b), many licensees adopted and maintain a fire protection program that meets 10 CFR 50.48(c), "National Fire Protection Association Standard NFPA 805," that incorporates by reference National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 805, "Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2001 Edition."  In addition, 10 CFR 50.48(c) amends 10 CFR 50.48(f) to allow decommissioning plants the option to use a risk- informed, performance-based fire protection program.
AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionthatisacceptabletothe NRCstaffforspentfuelareas.Theinformationcollectionscontainedinthisregulatoryguidearecoveredbytherequirementsof10CFRPart50,whichwereapprovedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudget, approvalno.3150-0011.Ifameansusedtoimposeaninformationcollectiondoesnotdisplaya currentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber,theNRCmaynotconductorsponsor,andapersonisnot requiredtorespondto,theinformationcollection.


In 2011 a periodic review was conducted (ADAMS Accession No. ML13087A491) of this RG and concluded that guidance on the new fire protection rule 10 CFR 50.48(c), NFPA 805, and its implementation is premature at that time for incorporation into this RG.
==B. DISCUSSION==
GENERALThefireprotectionrequirementsforoperatingreactorsareprovidedbyGeneralDesignCriterion(GDC)3ofAppendixAto10CFRPart50,10CFR50.48,andAppendixRto
10CFRPart50.BeforethedecommissioningrulewaspublishedonJuly29,1996,theNRC'sfire protectionregulationsdidnotaddressnuclearpowerplantsthathavepermanentlyceased operationsandareintheprocessofdecommissioning.Theprimaryobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramforoperatingreactorsaretominimizefiredamagetostructures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)importanttosafety;toensure thecapabilitytosafelyshutdownthereactor;andtomaintainitinasafeshutdowncondition.For
1.191-3aninitialperiodfollowingshutdown,accidentsthatcanchallengethe10CFRPart100limitsremaincredible.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldcontinuetoprovideprotectionagainstthese events.Theprimaryfireprotectionconcernforpermanentlyshutdownplantsisprotectingthe integrityofthespentfuelandpreventingorminimizingthereleaseofradioactivematerials resultingfromfiresinvolvingcontaminatedplantSSCsorradioactivewastes.Theradiationdose limitsspecifiedin10CFRPart20,"StandardsforProtectionAgainstRadiation,"applytoplant personnelandmembersofthepublicforfireincidentsatpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpower plants.Licenseesshouldmakeeveryefforttomaintainexposurestoradiationresultingfromafire aslowasreasonablyachievable.Thefireprotectionprogramforanoperatingreactorprovidesthebasisfordevelopingthefireprotectionprogramforthedecommissioningphase.Thegoalofthefireprotectionprogram duringdecommissioningofnuclearpowerplantsistoprovideanappropriatelevelofdefense- in-depthprotectionagainstthethreatoffires.Defenseindepth,relativetofireprotection, involvesacomprehensiveprogramofadministrativecontrols,physicalfireprotectionfeatures, emergencyresponsecapabilities,andprotectionofSSCsnecessarytopreventormitigatethe potentialofanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials.Thiscombinationoffireprotection elementsactstoreduceboththeprobabilityandconsequencesoffireevents,anditprovides assurancethatthefailureofanyoneelementwithinthefireprotectionprogramisadequately compensatedforbytheothers,therebyminimizingtheriskstothepublic,environment,andplant


While the guidance in the current version of RG 1.191 remains adequate for plants that were licensed under 10 CFR 50.48(b) or Appendix R, the current version of RG does not include guidance for plants that were licensed under 10 CFR 50.48(c). The next revision to RG 1.191 should add guidance from NFPA 805, 2001 Edition, for plants licensed
personnel.Licenseesthathavepermanentlyshutdowntheirnuclearpowerplants,andhavemadethesubmittalstotheNRCrequiredby10CFR50.82,mayeitherimmediatelybegindecommissioning anddismantlingthefacilityormaychoosetoplacethefacilityinamonitoredstorageconditionfor someperiodoftimebeforebeginningfinaldecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The fireprotectionrequirementsmaydifferconsiderably,dependingonthelicensee'sapproachto decommissioning.Ingeneral,theprocessesandactivitiesassociatedwithnuclearplantdecommissioningcanbedynamic,withplantconditionsandconfigurationscontinuouslychanging.Decommissioning activitiesmayincreasefirehazardsintheplantthroughmechanismsthatinclude,butarenot limitedto,increasedhotwork(e.g.,welding,cutting,grinding),increasedcombustibleloading, erectionoftemporarystructurestosupportdecommissioningordismantlementoftheplant,and deactivationorabandonmentofplantsystems.Inadditiontothephysicalchangestotheplant,the licensee'sorganizationalstructureandresponsibilitiesareexpectedtobedifferentduring decommissioning,withstaffinglevelssignificantlylowerthanduringplantoperations.


under 10 CFR 50.48(c).  
1.191-4C.REGULATORYPOSITION1.FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAM
1.1ObjectivesThisregulatoryguidedescribesafireprotectionprogramforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantsthatisacceptabletotheNRCstaffformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR
50.48(f)regardingfireprotectionforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplants.Becauseofthe dynamicsofthedecommissioningprocess,thelicensee'sfireprotectionprogramshouldbe reevaluatedatleastannuallyandrevisedasnecessarytoreflectthefacilityconditionthroughthe variousstagesofdecommissioninginaccordancewiththisregulatoryguide.Thefireprotection programshouldaddressthefollowingperformanceobjectives.


While the staff has identified new information related to RG 1.191, Revision 0, this new information is not related to any currently identified safety concerns.
&#xff;Preventfires.Administrativecontrolsand,wherepossible,physicalfeatures(e.g.,barriersorotherphysicalseparationofcombustiblesfromignitionsources)shouldbe implementedtoprovidereasonableassurancethatfireswillnotoccur.


NOTE:  This review was conducted in September 2017 and reflects the NRC staff plans as of that date. These plans are tentative and are subject to change.
&#xff;Rapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccurandcouldresultinaradiologicalhazard.Appropriatelevelsoffireprotection,includingdetectionsystems,automaticormanualfiresuppressionsystems,watersupplies,andemergencyresponse capability,shouldbeprovidedbasedonthefirehazardspresent.


2 2. What is the impact on internal and external stakeholders of not updating the RG for the known issues, in terms of anticipated numbers of licensing and inspection activities over the next several years?
&#xff;Minimizetherisktothepublic,environment,andplantpersonnelresultingfromfiresthatcouldresultinareleaseofradioactivematerials.PlantSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationoffire-inducedreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldhavean appropriateleveloffireprotection.Plantpersonnelshouldbeadequatelytrainedin emergencyresponseproceduresforfireevents.1.2FireProtectionProgramStandardsThefireprotectionprogramfordecommissioningshouldbebasedonsoundengineeringpracticesandestablishedindustrystandardssuchasthoseprovidedbytheNationalFireProtection Association(NFPA).Thisregulatoryguideendorsesseveralstandardsasguidancefor implementingvariouselementsofthefireprotectionprogram.Thesestandardsarecitedinthis guideasguidance,notNRCrequirements.Deviationsfromindustrycodesandstandardsshould bejustifiedonacase-by-casebasis.Thecitedstandardsshouldbeappliedinamannerconsistent withtheNRC'sregulations.Anindividualplant'sstandardsofrecordaregenerallyestablishedin theoperatingplant'sfireprotectionprogramandwillalsobeconsideredtoapplytothe decommissioningfireprotectionprogramasappropriate.Licenseesmayconsideradoptionof standardsmorerecentthantheplant'sstandardsofrecordwhentheyareconsistentwithNRC's regulationsandwithappropriateevaluationsforreductionsinprotection.
There are no identified safety concerns if the RG is not updated. However, there are consistency issues that merit resolving as discussed above. The benefit of updating would be inclusion of regulatory information for plants that have transitioned to NFPA


805.
1.191-51.3TransitionfromOperatingPlantProgramOperatingplantsarerequiredtohaveafireprotectionprograminaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFR50.48andGeneralDesignCriterion3,"FireProtection,"ofAppendixA
to10CFRPart50.Theprimaryobjectiveoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramisto providedefense-in-depthprotectionofthecapabilitytoshutdownthereactorandmaintainitina safeshutdowncondition.Thesafeshutdownobjectiveisnotapplicableduringdecommissioning, withthereactorpermanentlyshutdownandthefuelremovedfromthereactorvessel.However, manyoftheelementsoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramcontinuetobeapplicable underplantdecommissioning.Theoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramprovidesthebaseline analysisanddescriptionofplantfirehazards,administrativecontrols,physicalprotectionfeatures, andemergencyresponsecapabilities.Manyoftheseelementswillbecarriedovertothefire protectionprogramfordecommissioning.1.4FireProtectionProgramforDecommissioningThefireprotectionprogramisexpectedtochangethroughoutthevariousphasesofdecommissioning.Initially,withspentfuelremovedfromthereactorandstoredinthespentfuel pool,itisappropriatetodevelopandmaintainacomprehensivedecommissioningfireprotection programtoprovideassurancethattheprobabilityoffiresaffectingthespentfuelorother radiologicalhazardsisminimizedandthattheconsequencesoffires,shouldtheyoccur,are adequatelymitigated.Asdecommissioningprogressesandthespentfuelismovedtoan independentstoragefacilityorpermanentrepository,thefireprotectionrequirementsfortheplant maybescaleddowninaccordancewiththediminishingradiologicalhazard.However,eveninthe absenceofspentfuelinthespentfuelpool,afireprotectionprogramthatensuresadequate protectionfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialfromcontaminatedplantareasand combustiblewastesshouldbemaintained.Thedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramdescribedinthisregulatoryguideislimitedtodecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwiththeradiologicalhazardspresentintheplantorinthe ancillaryfacilities(e.g.,onsitewastestorage)thatdirectlysupportthedecommissioningprocess.


To date, 38 of the 99 operating reactor units are transitioned to NFPA 805. Safety evaluations are being finalized for two license amendment requests to transition to NFPA 805 (3 operating reactor units). The NRC staff expects one more license amendment request (2 operating reactor units) submittal in April 2018. One reactor unit (Fort Calhoun Station, Unit 1) licensed under 10 CFR 50.48(c) was permanently shut down in 2016.  Thus, there is a need for revising the guide to address fire protection licensing bases.  There are a number of power reactor decommissioning license applications anticipated in the next 5 years.  The fire protection program under 10 CFR
ThisguidedoesnotprovideguidanceonfireprotectionforISFSIs.Thelicenseealonewill determinefireprotectionrequirementsforplantareasthatthelicensee'sfirehazardsanalysishas showntohavepropertylossconcerns.ThelicenseeshouldmaintainafireprotectionprogramaslongasthereareradiologicalhazardsonthesiteoruntilthePart50licenseisterminatedandthesiteisreleasedforrestrictedor unrestricteduse.Subjecttotherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f)(3),alicenseemaymakechangestothefireprotectionprogramwithoutpriorNRCapprovalprovidedthechangesdonotreducethe effectivenessoffireprotectionforfacilities,systems,andequipmentthatcouldresultina radiologicalhazard,takingintoaccounttheplantconditionsandactivitiesduring decommissioning.
50.48(c) via NFPA 805 for an operating reactor provides the basis for developing the fire protection program for the decommissioning phase.  Therefore, the next revision of the RG 1.191 should add guidance for plants licensed under 10 CFR 50.48(c). 
3. What is an estimate of the level of effort needed to address identified issues in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE) and contractor resources?
Revision of the RG should take approximately between 0.2 FTE and 0.4 FTE of NRC
staff time.  The effort will involve incorporating Chapter 5 from NFPA 805, updating references, and developing additional changes as needed.  This activity will require coordination with other NRC Offices (Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguard, and Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research),
and the NRC Regional Offices.  The organizations that will be involved are cognizant of the need for updating this RG. Contractor support may be utilized in lieu of staff resources if dictated by resource constraints.


4. Based on the answers to the questions above, what is the staff action for this guide (Reviewed with no issues identified, Reviewed with issues identified for future consideration, Revise, or Withdraw)?
1.191-62.FIREHAZARDSANALYSISThefirehazardsanalysisprovidesacomprehensiveevaluationofthefacility'sfirehazards,thefireprotectioncapabilityrelativetotheidentifiedhazards,andtheabilitytoprotectspentfuel andotherradioactivematerialsfrompotentialfire-inducedreleases.Thefirehazardsanalysisin placeforplantoperationmaybeusedasthebaseline,butitshouldbereevaluatedandrevisedas necessarytoreflecttheuniqueordifferentfireprotectionissuesandstrategiesassociatedwith decommissioning.Ataminimum,thefirehazardsanalysisshouldaddressthefollowingitems.2.1FireHazardsThefirehazardsshouldbeidentifiedspecifically,typicallybyfirearea.Thefirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioningmaybesignificantlydifferentfromthoseforanoperating plant,andtheymaychangeasdecommissioningprogresses.Thefirehazardsanalysisshould considerthepotentialforincreasedcombustibleloadingfromsourcessuchasequipmentlaydown areas,wasteaccumulationandstorageareas,andmaterialsnecessarytosupportdecontamination anddismantlementactivities.Hotworkinvolvingopenflamesorsparksisalsolikelytoincrease duringdecommissioning.Otherfirehazardsmayincludetemporarystructuresandsupport systems(e.g.,electrical,heating,andventilation)thatmayimpactthefirehazardsintheplant.2.2PhysicalPlantConfigurationandConditionThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethelayout,configuration,andconditionoftheplantfireareasandshouldbeupdatedtoreflectanysignificantchangesthatoccurthroughthe variousdecommissioningphases.Dismantlementoformodificationstofacilitystructuresandthe deactivation,modification,orremovalofplantsystemsmayimpactfireprotectionprogram elements.2.3FireProtectionElementsThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribetheadministrativecontrols,firedetectionandsuppressionsystems,smokeexhaustsystems,firebarriers,andanyotherpertinentelementsofthe administrativeandphysicalfireprotectionprogramthatprotectagainsttheidentifiedfirehazards.2.4RadiologicalHazardsandSystemsImportanttoSafetyThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifytheradiologicalhazardsbyfireareaand,asappropriate,identifytheSSCssuchastheplantventilationsystemsnecessarytopreventor mitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsintheeventofafire.Considerationshouldbegiven tothecontrolofrunofffromfiresuppressionactivitiesinareascontainingradioactivematerials.
  Revise.


5. Provide a conceptual plan and timeframe to address the issues identified during the review.
Theonsiteandoffsiteradioactivereleasesexpectedfromafireshouldbequantifiedorreferenced inthefirehazardsanalysisandcomparedtothedoseacceptancecriteriain10CFRPart20.Asdecommissioningprogresses,theradiologicalhazardsmaychangeasareasandstructuresaredecontaminated,contaminatedcomponentsareremoved,thespentfuelstorage configurationischanged(e.g.,frompooltodrycaskorthefuelremovedtoanISFSI),and  
1.191-7contaminatedwasteaccumulates(beforebeingtransportedtoanoffsitestoragefacility).Systemconfigurationsandrequirementsmayalsochangewithchanginghazardsandthegeneral progressionofdecommissioningactivities;significantchangesshouldbereflectedintheanalysis.2.4.1SpentFuelTheSSCsnecessarytoprotectthespentfuelshouldbeidentifiedandmayincludethespentfuelstorageenclosureandpool,spentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystems,andanynecessary supportsystemssuchasinstrumentationandcontrol,ventilation,andelectricalpowersystems.


The NRC staff plans to develop a draft RG t hat will be published for public comment by the 4 th quarter CY 2018, and is dependent on availability of funds and resources.}}
Thefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethefirethreats,theassociatedmeasurestoprotectthe spentfuel,andanyassociatedSSCsthatareimportanttomaintainingspentfuelintegrity.
 
AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionacceptabletotheNRC
staffforspentfuelareas.2.4.2ContaminatedPlantAreasandWasteStorageThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifyareasoftheplantthatcontainsignificantradioactivecontaminationthatmightbereleasedorspreadbytheeffectsofafire.Astheplantis decontaminatedanddismantled,contaminatedwaste(includingcombustibleandpotentially contaminatedplantequipmentsuchaselectricalcables)mayaccumulate.Thefirehazards analysisshouldincludeanassessmentofthepotentialforthismaterialtobeinvolvedinafireand oftheprotectivemeasuresprovidedtominimizethepotentialforfire-inducedreleasesorspreadof radioactivematerial.AppendixBtothisguidecontainsanexampleoftheleveloffireprotection acceptabletothestaffforradioactivewastestorageareas.2.5ExposureRisksfromCo-LocatedFacilitiesThefirehazardsanalysisshouldevaluatetherisksofexposureassociatedwithfiresatthesamesiteoratnearbyfacilities.Considerationshouldbegiventotheeffectsofafireonshared systemsformulti-unitsitesandtothepotentialforfirestopropagatefromonefacilitytotheother.Decommissioningmayrequireerectingtemporaryonsitestructuresforthestorageofradioactiveandotherwastesgeneratedbythedecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The firehazardsassociatedwithfiresinthesefacilitiesshouldbeanalyzedinconjunctionwiththe potentialforsuchfirestopropagatetootherplantareasandresultinradiologicalreleases.3.ADMINISTRATIVECONTROLSAdministrativecontrolsinvolvethepolicies,procedures,andpracticesthatgoverntheperformanceorexecutionoffireprotectionprogramactivitiesnecessarytoensurethatthefire protectionobjectivesaremet.Thesecontrolsestablishthenecessaryfirepreventionmeasuresand containtherequirementsformaintenance,testing,inspection,andavailabilityofphysicalfire protectionfeatures(e.g.,barriers,detection,andsuppression);organizationalresponsibilities;and thetrainingorqualificationrequirementsforgeneralemployees,emergencyresponders,and licenseecontractors.
 
1.191-83.1OrganizationLicensees'decommissioningorganizationsarelikelytobesignificantlysmallerthanthosenecessaryforanoperatingplant.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifyandclearlyestablish theorganizationalresponsibilitiesformanagementandimplementationofthefireprotection program.Thefireprotectionresponsibilitiesoflicenseecontractorsshouldalsobeestablished.Organizationsorpositionsresponsibleforthefollowingfireprotectionactivitiesshouldbeidentified:
&#xff;Managementoftheoverallfireprotectionprogram,&#xff;Development,maintenance,updating,andverificationofcomplianceofthefireprotectionprogram,&#xff;Implementationoffireprotectionprogramrequirements(includingpoliciesandprocedures,training,fireprotectionsystemcontrols,systeminspection,testing, maintenanceanddesign,controlofcombustibles,andhotwork),&#xff;Theleadership,staffing,andtrainingoftheemergencyresponseteam(e.g.,firebrigade)andagreementswithoffsiteresponders.Theorganizationsresponsibleforimplementingthefireprotectionprogramshouldincludeanindividual(orindividuals),adequatelyqualifiedinnuclearsafetyandfireprotection engineering,whowillensurethatthefireprotectionprogramisimplementedinaccordancewith applicableindustrystandardsandNRCregulations.3.2FireProtectionProceduresProceduresshouldbeprovidedtoformallyestablishtheorganizationalresponsibilitiesandadministrativepracticesofthefireprotectionprogram.Emergencyproceduresshouldbeprovidedtodescribeemergencyresponseactions,includingtheoperationalactions(e.g.,ventilationsystemlineupsandoperationalrequirements),
necessarytomitigatetheconsequencesoffires.Firepre-plansshouldidentifythefirefighting strategytobeemployedaccordingtothefirelocationandthehazardsinvolved.Coordinationwith offsiterespondersandthefireresponseleadershipandcommandstructureforboththeonsitefire brigadeandoffsiterespondersshouldbeexplained.Theactivitiesassociatedwithdecommissioninganddismantlingaplantresultinconstantlychanginghazards.Maintainingadequatefireprotectionandsafetyinthischangingenvironment requiresconstantvigilanceonthepartofthefireprotectionstaff,plantpersonnel,and decommissioningcontractors.Forthisreason,thefireprotectionprogramshouldbeintegrated withtheworkcontrolprocessesandshouldprovideforproperreviewandauthorizationofwork activitiesinvolvingfirehazardsorfiresystemmaintenance,testing,impairments,ordeactivation.
 
1.191-93.3TrainingTrainingisnecessarytoensurethatthelicensee'semployees,contractors,andemergencyrespondershavethenecessaryknowledgeandskillstoproperlyexecutetheirresponsibilities regardingthefireprotectionprogram.3.3.1GeneralPlantpersonnelandcontractoremployeesshouldbeinformedoftheproperproceduresforreportingafire,respondingtoplantfirealarms,preventingfiresattheplant,locatingandusing fireextinguishers,andofthehazardsofincipient-stagefirefighting.Personnelwhoare designatedtouseafireextinguisheraspartofanemergencyactionplanshouldreceivetrainingin theappropriateuseoftheavailableequipment.Additionalguidanceandinformationisprovided inNFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."3.3.2FireWatchFirewatchpersonnelforbuildingsandhotworkoperationsshouldbeinformedoftheirspecificdutiesandresponsibilities.Firewatchpersonnelshouldbetrainedintheuseoffire extinguishersandshouldpracticeontrainingfires.Additionalinformationandguidanceisgiven inChapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"andChapter41,"SafeguardingBuilding ConstructionandDemolitionOperations,"ofNFPA1andinChapter3,"FirePrevention Precautions,"ofNFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWelding
 
Processes."3.3.3FireBrigadeandOffsiteSupportPlantpersonnelwhoareassignedmanualfirefightingresponsibilitiesshouldreceivetrainingcommensuratewiththeirresponsibilities.Firebrigademembersandrespondingoffsite emergencyservicespersonnelshouldreceivetrainingonfacilitylayout,firehazards,firepre-plans, firefightingequipment,radiationhazards,andhealthphysicsrelevanttofirefightingoperations.
 
Periodicdrillsshouldbeconductedtodeterminethereadinessandcapabilityoffirebrigade personnelandoffsiteresponders.Theplanttrainingprogramshouldbedescribedinwriting,and writtenrecordsofallplantfirebrigadetrainingshouldbemaintained.Fireprotectionstandards NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,"NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandling RadioactiveMaterials,"andNFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealth Program,"provideinformationandguidanceontrainingforfiresuppressionpersonnel.3.4ControlofCombustibleMaterialsCombustiblematerials,includingflammableandcombustibleliquids,compressedgases,constructionmaterials,andrefuse,shouldbeused,stored,anddisposedofinamannerthat minimizestheoccurrenceoffire.Chapter3-11,"CombustibleWasteandRefuse,"andPartV,
"SpecialProcessesandMaterialHandling,"ofNFPA1andChapter3,"ProcessesandHazards,"of NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations,"
provideinformationandguidanceonthecontrolofcombustiblematerials.NFPA30,"Flammable andCombustibleLiquidsCode,"andNFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefied GasesinPortableCylinders,"provideinformationandguidanceonthehandling,storage,anduse offlammableandcombustibleliquidsandgases.
 
1.191-103.4.1TransientCombustiblesTransientfirehazardsassociatedwithdecommissioningactivitiesshouldbeminimizedtotheextentpossible,andtheyshouldberemovedpromptlyuponcompletionoftheactivities.
 
Inparticular:
&#xff;Thequantityoftransientcombustiblematerialsshouldnotexceedactualneedsandshouldbeseparatedfromignitionsources.Accumulationandstorageofcombustiblewastes shouldbeminimized.
 
&#xff;Woodshouldnotbeusedforpermanentapplicationsinplantareaswithapotentialforaradiologicalrelease.Theuseofwoodfortemporarypurposesshouldbeminimizedand,if used,thewoodshouldbelistedaspressureimpregnatedfireretardantlumber.
 
&#xff;Theuseofplasticsheetingshouldbeminimizedand,ifused,theplasticsheetingshouldbefireretardant.NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextiles andFilms,"providesadditionalguidance.
 
&#xff;Combustiblewastematerialsthatareradioactivelycontaminatedorthatpresentafirerisktoradioactivematerialshouldbehandled,packaged,andstoredinamannerthatminimizes thethreatoffire.Suchwastematerialsshouldbeprotectedbyanactivefiresuppression systemorfirebarriersorbylimitingquantities.
 
&#xff;Oilyragsandmaterialssusceptibletospontaneousignitionshouldbestoredinalisteddisposalcontainerandshouldberemoveddailyfromareascontainingradioactivematerials orcontamination.
 
&#xff;Goodhousekeepingpracticesshouldbemaintained,withparticularattentiontoareascontainingradioactivematerialsorcontaminatedwasteandequipment.Accumulationsof combustiblematerial,includingwasteanddebris,shouldberemovedfromthework locationattheendofeachshift.Spillsofcombustibleorflammableliquidsshouldbe containedandcleanedupimmediately,withappropriateconsiderationforthesafetyof personnel.Thecleaningmaterialsandwasteshouldberemovedfromtheareadailyand disposedofappropriately.Generalhousekeepingpracticesshouldbeimplementedto removetrashandclutterandtomaintainclearaccessandegressroutesthroughoutthe
 
plant.3.4.2StorageofFlammableandCombustibleLiquidsandGasesFlammableandcombustibleliquidsandflammablecompressedgasesshouldbestoredwheretheydonotpresentafirerisktoareascontainingradioactivematerials,contamination,or SSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA30
andNFPA55foradditionalinformationandguidance.Smokingandworkingwithopenflameshouldnotbepermittedinareasusedforthestorageofflammableandcombustibleliquidsorcompressedgases.
 
1.191-113.5ControlofIgnitionSources3.5.1ControlofHotWorkCutting,welding,grinding,andworkinvolvingopenflameshouldbecontrolledsothatitdoesnotpresentanundueriskoffire.Chapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"of NFPA1,NFPA51B,andNFPA241provideinformationandguidanceforminimizingtheriskof firesfromhotwork.Aqualifiedfirewatchshouldbeprovidedduringthehotworkactivityand foratleastone-halfhouraftercompletionofthehotwork.3.5.2ControlofTemporaryorPortableHeat-ProducingEquipmentThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifythemeasuresnecessarytopreventportableheat-producingequipmentfromcausingafire.Listedheat-producingequipmentshouldbeused.
 
Temporaryheatingdevicesshouldbesecuredtopreventtip-overandseparatedfromcombustible materials,equipment,andconstructioninaccordancewiththeirlisting.Forfuel-firedheating,the fuelstorage,transferandrefuelingsystems,andoperationsshouldbeinaccordancewith applicableNFPAstandards.Theuseofportableheat-producingequipmentshouldbecontrolledin areaswithradiologicalhazardsorsignificantquantitiesofcombustiblematerialthatpresentsan exposurehazardtoradioactivematerialsorsystemsimportanttosafety.Additionalguidanceand informationiscontainedinChapter41ofNFPA1andinChapter3ofNFPA241.3.5.3ControlofSmokingSmokingshouldbepermittedonlyindesignatedareas.Wheresmokingispermitted,safereceptaclesforsmokingmaterialsshouldbeprovided.Smokingshouldbeprohibitedinother areasoftheplant,specificallyinthevicinityofhazardousoperationsorcombustibleorflammable materials.NoSmokingsignsshouldbepostedintheseareas.3.6ControlofFireProtectionSystemsandEquipment3.6.1ControlofFireProtectionEquipmentPersonnelprotectiveequipmentforfirebrigades,includingturnoutgearandself-containedbreathingapparatus,shouldregularlybeinventoried,inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensure properperformance.Manualfirefightingequipment,includingextinguishers,hoses,nozzles,tools,fittings,portablelighting,andcommunicationandventilationdevices,shouldberegularlyinventoried, inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensureproperoperationintheeventofafire.3.6.2FireProtectionSystemandFeaturesOperability,Inspection,Testing,andMaintenanceAprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbeprovidedtoverifytheoperabilityofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeatures.Fireprotectionfeaturesinclude passivefireprotectionsystemssuchasfirebarriercomponentsandfirebarrierseals.Fire protectionsystemsincludefirealarmsystems,firesuppressionsystems,andfirewatersupply systems.Theprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbebasedonvendor recommendations,insurancestandards,orfireprotectionengineeringjudgment,aswellason criteriaspecifiedinindustrycodesandstandardssuchasthosepublishedbytheNFPA.
 
1.191-12Inspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbedocumentedbymeansofwrittenprocedures,withresultsandfollowupactionsrecorded.Personnelperforminginspection,testing,andmaintenanceofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeaturesshouldbetrainedandqualifiedforthetypeofsystemtowhichtheyare assigned.3.6.3ControlofFireProtectionSystemOutagesandImpairmentsThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovidethenecessarycontrolstominimizethedurationandimpactofimpairmentstothefireprotectionsystems.Additionalguidanceandinformationis providedinChapter11,"Impairments,"ofNFPA25,"StandardfortheInspections,Testing,and MaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."Thecontrolsshouldprovidefor identifying,prioritizing,andpromptlycorrectingfireprotectionimpairments,informingfire protectionstaffoftheimpairment,andestablishingcompensatorymeasuresforthedurationofthe impairment.Compensatorymeasuresmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto,conductingfirewatch toursofaffectedareas,limitingworkactivitiesinvolvingfirehazards,providingalternativefire protectionfeatures,andrequestingspecialfiredepartmentsupport.Workcontrolpracticesduringdecommissioningshouldavoidschedulingactivitiesthatinvolvehotwork,theuseofflammableorcombustiblematerials,orotherfirehazardsinareas withimpairedfireprotectionsystems.3.6.4ControlofFireAreaBoundariesorBarriersThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressthecontroloffireareaboundariesorbarriersandthemaintenanceofthesestructuresasthefacilityismodifiedordismantledduring decommissioning.Breachesinthefirebarriers,causedbytheremovalofpenetrationsealsor othermodifications,shouldbeprotectedinaccordancewiththemodifiedbarrier'sfireresistance capabilityandtheassociatedfirehazards.Aprogramforinspecting,testing,andmaintainingfire doors,firedampers,andfirewallsorseparationsshouldbedevelopedandimplementedtoensure thesedeviceswillperformasintended.Thebarriercontrolprogramshouldallowfor redesignation,modification,orremovalofbarriers,basedonchangestothefacilityandhazards (i.e.,fireandradiological)asthefacilityisdecommissioned.NFPA221,"StandardforFireWalls andFireBarrierWalls,"containsadditionalinformationandguidance.3.7ControlofStructures,Enclosures,andExternalAreas3.7.1ControlofTemporaryEnclosuresandStructuresThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressfirehazardscreatedbytheconstructionandlocationoftemporaryenclosuresandstructures.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldevaluatethe needforautomaticormanualfiresuppressioncapabilityinsideandoutsideeachtemporary structure.Theuseofcombustibleconstructionmaterialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolledin accordancewithRegulatoryPosition3.4,"ControlofCombustibleMaterials,"ofthisguide.
 
Chapter2,"TemporaryConstruction,EquipmentandStorage,"ofNFPA241providesadditional informationandguidanceforcontrollingthefirehazardsassociatedwithtemporarystructures.
 
1.191-13Temporarystructuresshouldnotpresentafireexposurehazardtoplantstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsorradioactivecontamination,ortocontaminatedwastematerial accumulationorstorageareas.NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildings FromExteriorFireExposures,"providesguidancefortheappropriateseparationofstructuresto minimizethefireexposure.Tentsorothermembrane-typestructuresshouldbeconstructedofnoncombustible,fire-retardantmaterial.Membrane-typematerialsshouldbecertifiedasconformingtothe requirementsofthelarge-scaletestdescribedinNFPA701.3.7.2PreventingFireFromExposingStructuresandMaterialsThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifycontrolstoprotectstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsfromanexposurefire.Thefirehazardpresentedbytransientcombustibles, includingstoredmaterials,debris,vegetation,andnearbyorcontiguousstructures,shouldbe considered.AdditionalinformationcanbefoundinNFPA80A.4.PHYSICALFIREPROTECTIONFEATURESTheabilitytorapidlydetect,control,andsuppressfiresisoneoftheprimarydefense-in-depthobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogram.Theneedforphysicalprotectionfeaturesis governedbytheplant'sfirehazardsandbythepotentialofthesehazardstoresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.4.1FireDetectionandAlarmsSystemsDetectionsystemsinoperatingreactorfacilitiesaregenerallyplacedinlocationswherefirehazardspresentanexposurethreattosafety-relatedequipment.Alarmsystemsareprovidedto alertplantstaffintheeventofadetectedfireoroperationofanautomaticsuppressionsystem.
 
Duringdecommissioning,thefirehazardsandtheassociateddetectionandalarmrequirements maychangesignificantly.Thechangeinprioritiesfromprotectingsafety-relatedequipment requiredforsafeshutdowntoprotectingagainstthereleaseorspreadofradioactivematerialmay requirereevaluationofthedetectionandalarmsystemdesigntoensurethatdecommissioningfire hazardsareadequatelyprotected.Firealarmandsupervisorysignalsshouldbeannunciatedinaconstantlyattendedlocation.Thefirealarmsystemshouldprovideasignalingsystemfornotifyingplantpersonnel.Referto NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."Thefirealarmsystemshouldmeetthefollowingcriteria.
 
&#xff;Theoperationofanautomaticfiresuppressionsysteminitiatesafirealarm.
 
&#xff;Automaticfiredetectionsystemsusingsmoke,heat,orflamedetectors,asappropriate,aremaintainedforearlydetectionoffires.
 
&#xff;Supervisionofautomaticfiresuppressionsystemcontrolfunctionsmaintained,asappropriate,bythealarmsystem.
 
1.191-144.2FireBarriers4.2.1DesignatingFireAreasFireareasareestablishedtopreventorrestrictthepropagationoffiresfromoneareaofafacilitytoanother,toprotectpersonnel,andtolimittheconsequencesofafire.Foroperating reactors,fireareaboundariesaregenerallybasedontheneedtoseparateandprotectsafeshutdown systems.Basedonafirehazardsanalysis,fireareasmayberedesignatedtoaddresstheunique hazardsandprotectionrequirementsofthedecommissioningprocess.Thedesignationoffire areasshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotentialforafireinagiven areatoresultinanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilitytoeffectivelycontain, fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityofpersonneltosafelyevacuate theplant.4.2.2FireBarrierRequirementsFireareasshouldbeseparatedbyfire-ratedbarriers.Thefireresistanceratingofafirebarriershouldbecommensuratewiththepotentialfireseverityineachfirearea.Thecomponents offirebarriersarewalls,ceilings,andfloors,alongwithstructuralsupportssuchasbeams,joists, andcolumns.Openingsinafirebarriershouldbesealedbytheinstallationoffiredampers,fire doorassemblies,firewindowassemblies,fire-ratedpenetrationseals,andspecialfloordrains.
 
Firebarriercomponentsandsealsshouldbequalifiedbytesting.Thedesignandinstallationof firebarriersshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsand FireWindows,"NFPA221,andNFPA801.Anyunprotectedopeningsinafirebarriershouldbe identifiedandjustifiedintheFireHazardsAnalysis.4.3FireSuppressionSystems4.3.1FireWaterSupplyDuringdecommissioning,theplantfirewatersupplysystemshouldbemaintained,andthesystemshouldbecapableofprovidingthemaximumwaterflowneededtosupplyautomaticfire suppressionsystemsandmanualfirefighting.Thesystemshouldbecapableofdeliveringthe maximumwaterflowdemandforaminimumof2hours.Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe consideredindeterminingtheadequacyofthewatersupply:
&#xff;Reliabilityofthewatersupplysource
&#xff;Availabilityoftanksorotherwatersources,pumps,firehydrants,anddistributionsystem
&#xff;Adequateflowandpressuretomeetwaterflowdemandsofautomaticormanualfiresuppression,orboth,atthepointofdelivery
&#xff;Capacityofthewatersupplysourceanddistributionsystem.Ifthewatersystemisacombineddomestic,process,andfiresystem,thesystemshouldbecapableofsupplying themaximumdailyconsumptionorthepeakhourlyflowrate,whicheverishigher,plusthe maximumrequiredfireflow.Decommissioningactivitiesmayresultintheisolation,removal,orabandonmentofportionsofthedistributionsystem.Anysystemchangesshouldbereviewedtoensurethat adequateflowandcoverageisprovidedfortheremainingplantareasthatcontainradioactive
1.191-15materials,presentafireexposurethreattoareascontainingradioactivematerials,orincludesystemsnecessarytomitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerials.Wheretemperaturescannotreliablybemaintainedatorabove4C(40F),water-basedfiresuppressionsystemcomponentsshouldbeprotectedagainstfreezinginaccordancewiththe applicableNFPAcode.Freezeprotectionforsprinklersystemcomponentsshouldbereviewed regularlyduringdecommissioningactivities.Decommissioningactivitiesshouldnotbeallowedtoaffectthewatersupplytotheoperatingunitsorthefirewatersuppliesanddistributionsystemsthataresharedatmulti-unit sites,andthecapabilitytoisolatetheunitsshouldbemaintained.ThedesignandinstallationofthewatersupplysystemsshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps";NFPA22,
"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection";NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationof PrivateFireServiceMainsandtheirAppurtenances";andNFPA801.4.3.2AutomaticFireSuppressionSystemsAutomaticfiresuppressionsystemsthatexistwhenaplantentersthedecommissioningphaseshouldbemaintainedoperablebasedonthefirehazardsanalysis;thesesystemsshouldbe abletoprotectplantegressroutesforevacuationofplantpersonnelintheeventofafire.Automaticfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedwhereflammableorcombustiblematerialsareusedorstored.Constructionofnewortemporarystructurestosupport decommissioningmayrequiretheinstallationofautomaticsystemsbasedonthefireand radiologicalhazardsofthestructures.Somefactorstoconsiderinselectingthetypeof suppressionsystemtobeinstalledarethetypesoffirehazardsandhealthhazards,cleanupofthe suppressionagent,andtheeffectofthesuppressionagentonvitalsystems,structures,and componentsinthearea.NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam";NFPA11A,"Standard forMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems";NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxide ExtinguishingSystems";NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems";NFPA13,
"InstallationofSprinklerSystems";NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFire Protection";NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,and Foam-WaterSpraySystems";NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-Head Foam-WaterSprinklerSystems";NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems";
NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems";andNFPA75,"Standardforthe ProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment,"shouldbeusedasthebasesfor thedesign,installation,andoperationofautomaticfireprotectionsystems.Theneedforautomaticfireprotectionsystemsinplantareasduringdecommissioningactivitiesmaychange,dependingonthetypeofoperationsbeingperformedinanarea,the additionorremovalofcombustiblematerials,ortheremovalofradioactivematerialsand contamination.Plantareasshouldbereviewedforchangingconditionsthatcouldaffecttheneed forautomaticfiresuppressionsystems.
 
1.191-164.3.3ManualFireSuppressionSystemsManualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedintheplanttosupplementautomaticfireprotectionsystemsandtoprovidesuppressioncoveragetoareasnotprotectedbyautomatic systems.Decommissioningactivitiesmaychangetheplantconfigurationandfirehazards,may requiretheconstructionoftemporaryenclosuresorstructures,andmaynecessitatethe abandonmentorremovalofautomaticsystemsasfacilitiesaredismantledormodifiedand radiologicalhazardsareremoved.Adequatemanualfiresuppressioncapabilitymustbeprovided ormaintainedbasedonthedecommissioningfirehazardsanalysistoensureprotectionagainst fire-inducedradioactivematerialreleases.Thefollowingconsiderationsareimportantinevaluatingthemanualfireprotectionsystems:&#xff;Standpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedtoprovidemanualfiresuppressioncapabilities.Standpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedinareasoftheplantthatare aboveorbelowgrade,thatrequirelonghoselaysfromthenearesthydrant,orthatare requiredtomaintaintheconfinementofairborneradioactivematerials.RefertoNFPA14,
"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."&#xff;Manuallyoperatedfiresuppressionsystemsmaybeprovidedtosupplementautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsorinareaswhereautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsarenotinstalled andarenotneededtorapidlycontrolafire.Theneedformanuallyoperatedfire suppressionsystemsshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotential thatafireinagivenareacouldresultinreleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilityto effectivelycontain,fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityof personneltosafelyevacuatethearea.
 
&#xff;Outsidehydrantsandhosehousesshouldbemaintainedtosupportmanualfiresuppressionofinternalfiresandtoprovideprotectionfromthethreatofexternalexposurefirestothose plantareasthatcontainradioactivematerialsorSSCsnecessaryforthepreventionor mitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA24foradditionalinformation andguidance.4.3.4OnsiteFireBrigadeandOffsiteFireEmergencyResponseManualfirefightingcapabilityshouldbeprovidedbyanonsitefirebrigadeorbyoffsiteemergencyservices,orbyboth.Afireemergencyplanshouldbedevelopeddescribingthe responsetofirealarmsandtheresponsibilitiesassignedtoemergencyresponsepersonnel(see RegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and5.2).RefertoNFPA600,NFPA801,andNFPA1500for informationandguidanceonfirefightingactivities,training,equipment,andfireemergencyplans.
 
Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredindeterminingthemanualfirefightingcapability:
&#xff;Themagnitudeandcomplexityofpotentialfiresinandaroundplantareaswhereradioactivematerialsorcontaminationarepresent
&#xff;Theavailabilityofonsitestaffingforafirebrigadeatanytime
&#xff;Theavailabilityofoffsiteemergencyservices,thecapabilityoftheirstaffandequipment,theresponsetime,thestaff'straining,andaccesstotheplantsite
1.191-17&#xff;Thecompatibilityoftheplant'sfiresystemconnectionsandfittingswiththefireapparatusandequipmentofoffsiteresponders.Firefightingequipmentshouldbeprovidedformanualfirefighting,includinghoses,nozzles,protectiveclothing,breathingapparatus,communicationsequipment,salvageequipment, ladders,smokeremovalequipment,portablelighting,portableradiationmonitoringequipment, extinguishers,andmiscellaneoustools.(SeeRegulatoryPosition3.6.1.)Periodicdrillsandexercisesshouldbeperformedbytheonsitefirebrigadeandoffsiteemergencyservices.SeeRegulatoryPosition3.3.3regardingthetrainingofthefirebrigadeand offsitepersonnel.5.RISKMANAGEMENT5.1PersonnelSafetyThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovideforpersonnelsafetyintheeventofafire.Egressandevacuationroutesshouldbeclearlyestablishedandmaintainedastheplant configurationchanges.Theeffectofsmokeonexitingpersonnelshouldbeconsidered.
 
Emergencylightingandalarmsshouldbeprovided,andpersonnelshouldbeappropriatelytrained infireresponse.Policiesandproceduresshouldestablishradiologicalcontrolandsecurity practicestobeimplementedunderemergencyfireevacuationscenarios.NFPA101,"Codefor SafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures,"providesadditionalinformationand guidanceonensuringpersonnelsafety.5.2EmergencyResponseForoperatingreactors,earlydetectionandapplicationofmanualsuppressioncanbecriticalinminimizingthefiredamagetosafeshutdownsystemsthatarenecessarytoprevent damagetothereactorcoreandsubsequentreleasesofradioactivematerial.Whenareactoris permanentlyshutdownandthespentfuelisstoredinthespentfuelpoolordrycaskstorage,fire suppressionresponsetimesmaynotbeascritical.Thenecessaryfireemergencyresponse capabilityshouldbedeterminedbythefirehazardsandthepotentialforthosehazardstoinvolve radioactivematerial.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifytheresponsibilitiesofthelicensee'sorganizationandofoffsiterespondersintheeventofafireemergency.Althoughanadequately prepared,trained,andequippedplantfirebrigademaysuppresssmallfiresandprovidetheinitial assaultonandcontroloflargerfires,afullyequippedfireserviceshouldbetheprimaryforcein themanualsuppressionoflargestructureorsite-areafires.Thisfireservicemaybeprovidedby offsiteagenciesprovidedtheoffsiterespondershavethenecessaryqualificationsandcapabilities, asdescribedinRegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and4.3.4.Ifthelicenseemaintainsanonsite firebrigade,theassignmentofpersonneltothebrigadeshouldnotimpairtheabilityofthe remainingplantstafftorespondtotheeventandmaintainplantfunctionssuchassecurity, radiationcontrol,andoperations.
 
1.191-18Theeventmanagementandcommandstructureshouldbeclearlyestablished,includingthefireattackrolesandresponsibilitiesoftheonsitebrigadeandoffsiteresponders.Securitycontrol andradiationdosimetryrequirementsforoffsiteemergencyrespondersshouldbeclearly establishedandshouldnotdelaytheresponse.
 
==D. IMPLEMENTATION==
ThepurposeofthissectionistoinformlicenseesandapplicantsoftheNRCstaff'splansforusingthisregulatoryguide.ExceptwhentheapplicantorlicenseeproposesanacceptablealternativemethodforcomplyingwithspecifiedportionsoftheNRC'sregulations,themethodsdescribedinthisguide willbeusedinevaluatingsubmittalsforlicensing-basisdocumentsandperiodicrevisionsor updatestothedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramthatissubmittedinaccordancewiththe requiredupdatestothefinalsafetyanalysisreport.
 
1.191-19REFERENCESThefollowingisalistoftheNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)standardsreferencedinthisregulatoryguide.Theexistingfireprotectionprogramforagivenplantmay includeadditionalNFPAandindustrystandards.Continuedcompliancewithexistingprogram standardsshouldbereviewedwithdueconsiderationofexistinglicensecommitmentsand conditions,andthefireprotectiondesignbasisofthespecificplant.NFPAstandardsmaybe purchasedfromtheNationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,P.O.Box9146, Quincy,MA02269-9959(telephone1-800-344-3555).NFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."
NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam."
NFPA11A,"StandardforMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems."
NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems."
NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems."
NFPA13,"InstallationofSprinklerSystems."
NFPA14,"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."
NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection."
NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,andFoam-WaterSpraySystems."NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-HeadFoam-WaterSprinklerSystems."
NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems."
NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems."
NFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps."
NFPA22,"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection."
NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheirAppurtenances."
NFPA25,"StandardfortheInspection,Testing,andMaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."NFPA30,"FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode."
1.191-20NFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWeldingProcesses."NFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefiedGasesinPortableCylinders."
NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."
NFPA75,"StandardfortheProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment."
NFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsandFireWindows."
NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildingsfromExteriorFireExposures."
NFPA101,"CodeforSafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures."
NFPA221,"StandardforFireWallsandFireBarrierWalls."
NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations."
NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades."
NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextilesandFilms."
NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandlingRadioactiveMaterials."
NFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram."
1.191-21APPENDIXAGLOSSARYThefollowingdefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotectionstandardswhenpossible.Whenpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaff definedtheterms.Abandonment.Permanentlyceasingtheuse,operation,andmaintenanceofastructure,system,orcomponentthroughdeactivationandisolationwithoutintenttoreturnthestructure,system,or componenttoservice.Co-locatedfacilities.Facilitiesthatshareacommonsitewiththenuclearpowerplant,includinganytemporarystructures.Combustiblematerial.Anymaterialthatwillburnorsustainthecombustionprocesswhenignitedorexposedtofireconditions.Contamination.Fixedorlooseresidualradioactivematerialdepositedinsideoroutsidestructures,systems,andcomponentswhereitpresentsapotentialradiologicalhazard.
 
Deactivation.Shuttingdownorotherwiseidlingplantsystemsandcomponentstopreventtheiroperation,particularlyinpreparationforabandonmentorremoval.Decommissioning.Safelyremovingafacilityorsitefromserviceandreducingresidualradioactivitytoalevelthatpermitsreleasingthepropertyforunrestricteduseandterminatingthe licenseorreleasingthepropertyunderrestrictedconditionsandterminatingthelicense.Dismantlement.Physicallydisassemblingandremovingplantstructures,systems,and components.Emergencyresponders.Organizationsandindividualswhorespondtoplantemergencyevents(includinglicenseeemergencymanagementandresponsestaff,securitypersonnel,andfire brigades)andoffsiteresponders(includinglawenforcementofficials,medicalpersonnel,andfire
 
departments).Fireapparatus.Avehiclespecificallydesignedtorespondtofireeventsandprovidedwithfirefightingtools,equipment,andfiresuppressioncapability.Firearea.Apartofastructurethatisseparatedfromotherareasbyfirebarriers.Firebarrier.Constructioncomponents(e.g.,walls,floors,andceilings,andtheirsupports,suchasbeams,joists,andcolumns;penetrationseals;firedoors;andfiredampers)thatareusedto preventthespreadoffireandthatareratedbyapprovinglaboratoriesinhoursoffireresistance.
 
1.191-22Firebrigade.Ateamofonsiteplantpersonnelwhohavebeenspecificallyassignedtheresponsibilityforfirefightingandwhoareadequatelyequippedforandtrainedinfightingfires.Fireexposurehazard.Afirehazardthatisexternaltoastructure,system,orcomponentinoradjacenttothesamearea.Theexposuretofireeffects(e.g.,smoke,heat,ignition)mayimpactthe capabilitiesofadjacentstructures,systems,andcomponentstopreventormitigatethereleaseof radioactivematerial.Firehazard.Conditionsnecessarytoinitiateandsupportcombustion,includinginsituortransientcombustiblematerials,ignitionsources(e.g.,heat,sparks,openflames),andanoxygen
 
environment.Fire-retardantmaterial.Materialthathasbeencoatedortreatedwithchemicals,paints,orothermaterialsdesignedtoreducethecombustibilityofthematerial.Firerisk.Thecombinationoftheprobabilityofafireeventandtheestimatedconsequencesoftheevent.Firewatch.Oneormorepersonsresponsibleforprovidingadditionalcoverage(e.g.,duringhotwork)orcompensatorycoverage(e.g.,forsystemimpairments)ofplantactivitiesorareasforthe purposeofdetectingfiresoridentifyingactivitiesandconditionsthatpresentapotentialfire hazard.Thepersonorpersonsshouldbetrainedinidentifyingconditionsoractivitiesthatpresent potentialfirehazardsandintheuseoffireextinguishersandtheproperfirenotification
 
procedures.Hotwork.Activities(suchascutting,welding,andgrinding)thatinvolvetheuseofheat,sparks,oropenflameandthataretypicallycontrolledbyaformalizedworkpermitsystemcontrolledor reviewedbyafireprotectionengineer.Impairment.Degradationofafireprotectionsystemthatdecreasestheabilityofthesystemtoperformitsintendedfunctions.Independentspentfuelstorageinstallation(ISFSI).Afacilitydesignedandconstructedfortheinterimstorageofspentnuclearfuelandotherradioactivematerialsassociatedwithspentfuel storage.Laydownareas.Areasusedforthetemporarystagingofmaterialsbeforetheiruseordisposal.Listed.Equipmentormaterialsonalistpublishedbyanationallyrecognizedtestinglaboratory,inspectionagency,orsomeotherproductevaluationorganizationthatperiodicallyinspects productionofthelistedequipmentormaterials.Thelistingstatesthattheequipmentormaterials meetnationallyrecognizedstandardsandhavebeentestedandfoundsuitableforuseinaspecified
 
manner.Monitoredstorage.Theoperationsandconditionsassociatedwithapermanentlyshutdownplantthathasnofuelinthereactorandforwhichdecommissioninghasbeendeferredtothefuture.
 
1ASTME-84isavailablefromtheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.1.191-23Noncombustiblematerial.Amaterialwhich,intheformitisusedandunderanticipatedconditions,willnotignite,burn,supportcombustion,orreleaseflammablevaporswhensubjected tofireorheat.Alsoamaterialwithastructuralbaseofnoncombustiblematerial,asdefined above,withasurfacingnotover1/8inchthick,thathasaflame-spreadratingnothigherthan50
whenmeasuredusingASTME-84(1997),"StandardTestMethodforSurfaceBurning CharacteristicsofBuildingMaterials." 1Performance-basedapproach.Amethodofimplementationbasedonmeasurableperformancegoalsandobjectives.Permanentlyceasedoperations.OperationshavepermanentlyceasedwhenalicenseecertifiestotheNRCthatithaspermanentlyceasedorwillpermanentlyceasereactoroperations,orafinal legallyeffectiveordertopermanentlyceaseoperationshascomeintoeffect.Permanentfuelremoval.FuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedwhenallfuelassemblieshavebeenremovedfromthereactorvesselandthelicenseehascertifiedtotheNRCthatithas permanentlyremovedallfuelassembliesfromthereactorvessel.Pre-plan.Adocumentthatdescribesthefacilitylayout,access,contents,construction,hazards,hazardousmaterials,typesandlocationsoffireprotectionsystems,andotherinformation importanttotheplanningofemergencyfireresponse.Radiologicalhazard.Thepresenceofradioactivematerial,includingsources,contamination,wastes,andspentfuel,thatpresentsaradiologicalexposurehazardthatmaybereleasedinthe eventofafireandthatisinexcessofthedoselimitstoplantpersonnelspecifiedin10CFRPart
 
20.Safeshutdown.Forfireevents,thesequenceofplantconditionsspecifiedintheplanttechnicalspecificationsashotstandby,hotshutdown,orcoldshutdown.Spentfuel.Reactorfuelassembliesthathavebeenirradiatedinthereactorcore.Standardsofrecord.Thestandards,includingspecificeditions,thatconstitutethelicensingordesignbasisfortheplant.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs).Structuralelements,plantsystems,andcomponentswhosefunctionistopreventormitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsinthe eventofafire,includingphysicalconfinementbarriers(buildingwalls,floors,ceilings),
ventilationsystems,spentfuelcoolingsystemsandsupportsystems,andwastestoragecontainers.Temporarystructures.Buildings,tents,shelters,platforms,andotherstructuresthatareerectedduringdecommissioningactivities.Theyarenotpermanentsitefacilities.
 
1.191-24Turnoutgear.Protectiveclothingforfirefightingsuchascoats,pants,boots,helmets,gloves,andself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBAs).Transientcombustibles.Combustiblematerialsthatarenotfixedinplaceoranintegralpartofanoperatingsystemorcomponent.Unrestricteduse.Areasinwhichthelicenseeneitherlimitsnorcontrolsaccessbythegeneralpublicandtowhichthepublicexposurerequirementsof10CFRPart20apply.
 
1.191-25APPENDIXBEXAMPLESOFFIREPROTECTIONFORSELECTEDFIREAREAS,STRUCTURES,SYSTEMS,ANDCOMPONENTSThefollowingexamplesdescribeacceptablefireprotectionforselectedplantareasthatmaycontainradiologicalhazards.Theseexamplesaregenericanddonotencompassallpossible radiologicalandfirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioning.Theseexamplesare providedforguidanceandinformationandarenotNRCrequirements.SpentFuelPoolAreaThefirehazardsinthespentfuelpoolareaandthoseinadjacentareasshouldbequantifiediftheypresentanexposurehazardorcouldpropagatetothespentfuelpoolarea.Thepotentialfor thesefirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerials,includingthespentfuel,shouldbeevaluated.Theradiologicalhazardsintheareashouldbequantified,includinghazardsofthespentfuelandanyradioactivewasteorcontaminationthatmaycontributetoaradiologicalreleaseif exposedtofire.Potentialreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyaconservative analysisofthefire-relatedsourceterm,thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergency responseactions.Exposuresresultingfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerials shouldnotexceedthelimitsof10CFRPart20.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)thatarenecessarytoprovideprotectionofthespentfuelandmitigateanyradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffects offire,asappropriate.Thesesystemsmayincludebuildingventilation,spentfuelpoolcooling andmakeup,instrumentationandcontrols,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbe maintainedthatprovideseparationbetweensignificantfirehazardsandSSCsimportanttothesafe operationofthespentfuelpool.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseorstorage ofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Ifafireinthespentfuelpoolareacouldresultinalossofthenormalspentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystemsorarapidlossofpoolinventory,thecapabilitytomaintainspentfuel integrityandminimizethepotentialforradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandalternative coolingandmakeupcapabilitiesshouldbeprovided.Theresponsetimeforreestablishingcooling andmakeupcapabilityforthespentfuelpoolshouldbequantifiedaccordingtotheneedtoensure thatfuelintegrityismaintainedandradiologicalexposurelimitsforemergencyresponse personnel,includingfire-fighters,arenotexceeded.Proceduresshouldbedevelopedthatdescribeequipmentconfigurationsandnecessaryoperatoractionsinresponsetoafireinthespentfuelpoolarea.Forexample,ventilationsystems andanyotherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineradioactive materialsandminimizethepotentialfortheirreleasetotheenvironment.Spentfuelcoolingand makeupsystemcomponentsmayhavetobede-energizedoroperatedfromoutsidethefireareaif electricalandcontrolsystemsaresubjecttopotentialfiredamage.
 
1.191-26Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinthespentfuelareashouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensure thatdecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwithspentfuelpooloperationsandmaintenance, includinganyfuelmovementorhandlingoperationssuchascaskloadingandshipment,are subjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityforthespentfuelpoolareashouldbeprovided.Firealarmsandemergencylightingforpersonnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asa minimum,manualsuppressioncapabilityshouldbeavailablefromportablefireextinguishersand standpipesorhosestations,orboth.Manualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequate coverageaccordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Water suppliesshouldbesufficienttomeetsuppressionsystemdemands.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedforthespentfuelpoolareathatidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationofsuppressionsystems,significantfirehazards, radioactiveandtoxicmaterialhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyforthespentfuelpoolarea.RadioactiveWasteStorageandAccumulationAreas,IncludingTemporaryStructuresSpecificplantareasorseparatestructuresshouldbeprovidedforthestorageofradioactivewastes.Wasteaccumulationareaswithintheplantmaybenecessarytosupportcertain decommissioningactivities.Combustiblewasteshouldbemoveddailyfromaccumulationareas todesignatedstorageareas.Thewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldprovideadequate separationandprotectionofthewastefromexposurefirehazards.Temporarystructuresprovided forinterimwastestorageshouldcomplywiththeappropriatefirecodesandshouldbedesignedto preventorminimizethepotentialforradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Thefirehazardsintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasandfireexposurehazardsinadjacentareasthatcouldpropagatetothewastestorageandaccumulationareasshould bequantified.Thepotentialforfirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerialsshouldbeevaluated.
 
Specialhazardssuchascontaminatedelectricalcablesandplasticsthat,ifignited,canbedifficult tosuppressandcanemitconsiderablequantitiesofacridsmokeandtoxicgasesandhamperfire fightingandevacuationeffortsshouldbeevaluated.Confinementmeasuresshouldbeprovidedas necessarytomitigatereleaseofradioactivematerialsentrainedinthesmokeandgases.Conservativeestimatesoftheradioactivematerialcontentforstoredwastesshouldbeestablished,totheextentpossible,basedonstandardsurveyandmeasurementrequirements.
 
Theseestimates,combinedwithanycontaminationinthearea,shouldbeusedasthebasisfor estimatingpotentialradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Potentialreleasesof radioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyconservativeanalysesofthefire-relatedsourceterm, thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergencyresponseactions.Exposuresresultingfrom thefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialsmustnotexceedthelimitsin10CFRPart20.
 
1.191-27Radioactivewastestorageareaswithinexistingplantstructuresshouldprovideadequatefireprotectiontominimizethepotentialforfireandthesubsequentreleaseofradioactive materials.SSCsnecessarytoprotectradioactivewasteandmitigateanyradiologicalrelease shouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffectsoffire,asappropriate.TheseSSCsinclude structuresthatprovideseparationandconfinement,buildingventilation,instrumentationand controls,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbemaintainedthatseparatesignificant firehazards,thewastestorageandaccumulationareas,andSSCsimportanttothesafestorageof thecontaminatedwastematerials.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseand storageofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Temporarystructuresusedforradioactivewastestorageareasshouldbeconstructedwithnoncombustiblematerialstotheextentpossible.Radioactivewastepackagingshouldbe fabricatedofnoncombustibleorfire-retardantmaterials.Activitiesandequipmentthatarea potentialignitionsourceshouldbeprohibitedorstrictlycontrolledwithinwastestorageareas.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityshouldbeprovidedforareasinwhichradioactivewastematerialswillbeaccumulatedorstored.Firealarmsandemergencylightingfor personnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asaminimum,manualsuppressioncapability, includingportablefireextinguishers,shouldbeavailable.Confinementmeasuresshouldbe providedtocontrolpotentiallycontaminatedrunofffromautomaticormanualfiresuppression, includinginadvertentlyactuatedautomaticsystems.Fortemporarystructures,automaticor manualfiresuppressionorbothshouldbeprovidedaccordingtothefirehazardsandtheneedto maintainadequateconfinementtopreventorminimizethepotentialreleaseofradioactive materials.Automaticandmanualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequatecoverage accordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Watersuppliesshould besufficienttomeetautomatic(ifapplicable)andmanualsuppressionsystemdemands.Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.
 
Noncombustibleorfire-resistantmaterialsshouldbeusedforpackagingradioactivewaste materials.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensurethatdecommissioningactivitiesassociated withtheremovalandstorageofradioactivewaste,includingpackagingandshipmentof radioactivematerials,aresubjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Proceduresthatdescribenecessaryactionsinresponsetoafireintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbedeveloped.Forexample,ventilationsystemsandany otherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineandminimizethe potentialforareleaseofradioactivematerialstotheenvironment.Considerationshouldbegiven tothewastestoragearealayoutandtheavailabilityofstandpipes(i.e.,toavoidhoselaysthrough doors)toallowfirefightingactivitiesandatthesametimemaintainadequateconfinement.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.Thepre-plansshouldidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationof suppressionsystems,radiologicalhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.
 
1.191-28REGULATORYANALYSISAseparateregulatoryanalysiswasnotpreparedforthisregulatoryguide.TheregulatorybasisforthisguideistheregulatoryanalysispreparedfortheamendmentstoParts2,50,and51,
"DecommissioningofNuclearPowerReactors,"issuedonJuly29,1996(61FR39278),which examinesthecostsandbenefitsoftheruleasimplementedbytheguide.Acopyofthisregulatory analysisisavailableforinspectionandmaybecopiedforafeeattheNRC'sPublicDocument RoomatOneWhiteFlintNorth,11555RockvillePike,Rockville,Maryland,telephone(301)415-
4737;fax(301)415-3548.}}


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Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Plants During Decommissioning and Permanent Shutdown
ML011500010
Person / Time
Issue date: 05/31/2001
From:
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research
To:
Hickman J (301)415-3017
References
RG-1.191
Download: ML011500010 (27)
v • d • e


RegulatoryguidesareissuedtodescribeandmakeavailabletothepublicsuchinformationasmethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforimplementingspecificpartsoftheNRC'sregulations,techniquesusedbythestaffinevaluatingspecificproblemsorpostulatedaccidents,anddataneededbytheNRCstaffinitsreviewofapplicationsforpermitsandlicenses.Regulatoryguidesarenotsubstitutesforregulations,andcompliancewiththemisnotrequired.MethodsandsolutionsdifferentfromthosesetoutintheguideswillbeacceptableiftheyprovideabasisforthefindingsrequisitetotheissuanceorcontinuanceofapermitorlicensebytheCommission.Thisguidewasissuedafterconsiderationofcommentsreceivedfromthepublic.Commentsandsuggestionsforimprovementsintheseguidesareencour agedatalltimes,andguideswillberevised,asappropriate,toaccommodatecommentsandtoreflectnewinformationorexperience.WrittencommentsmaybesubmittedtotheRulesandDirectivesBranch,ADM,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001.Regulatoryguidesareissuedintenbroaddivisions:1,PowerReactors;2,ResearchandTestReactors;3,FuelsandMaterialsFacilities;4,EnvironmentalandSiting;5,MaterialsandPlantProtection;6,Products;7,Transportation;8,OccupationalHealth;9,AntitrustandFinancialReview;and10,General.Singlecopiesofregulatoryguides(whichmaybereproduced)maybeobtainedfreeofchargebywritingtheDistributionServicesSection,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555-0001,orbyfaxto(301)415-2289,orbyemailtoDISTRIBUTION@NRC.GOV.ElectroniccopiesofthisguideareavailableontheinternetatNRC'shomepageat<WWW.NRC.GOV>intheReferenceLibraryunderRegulatoryGuides.ThisguideisalsointheElectronicReadingRoomatNRC'shomepage,alongwithotherrecentlyissuedguides,AccessionNumberML011500010.U.S.NUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONMay2001 REGULATORY

GUIDEOFFICEOFNUCLEARREGULATORYRESEARCHREGULATORYGUIDE1.191(DraftwasDG-1069)FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAMFORNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSDURINGDECOMMISSIONINGANDPERMANENTSHUTDOWN

A. INTRODUCTION

ThisguidehasbeendevelopedtodescribemethodsacceptabletotheNRCstaffforcomplyingwiththeNRC'sregulationsregardingfireprotectionprogramsforlicenseeswhohavecertifiedthattheirplants havepermanentlyceasedoperationsandthatthefuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedfromthereactor

vessels.Theregulationsthatapplytofireprotectionprogramsfornuclearpowerplantsduringdecommissioningandpermanentshutdownarein10CFRPart50,"DomesticLicensingofProductionand UtilizationFacilities."Thecertificationconnectedwithdecommissioningisdescribedin10CFR50.82,

"TerminationofLicense."Thelicenseeofapermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantisrequiredby10CFR50.48(f)tomaintainafireprotectionprogramtoaddressthepotentialforfiresthatcouldresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.Theobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramareto(1)reasonablyprevent firesfromoccurring,(2)rapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccur,and(3)minimizethe riskoffire-inducedradiologicalhazardstothepublic,theenvironment,andplantpersonnel.

1Asofthedateofthisregulatoryguide,theNRChasnotreceivedanysubmittalsofperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramsnorhasitreviewedanymethodsorapproachesfordevelopingorimplementingperformance-basedprograms.Moreover,the NRCstaffisnotawareoftheexistenceofspecificmethodsorapproachesfordevelopingandimplementinganacceptableperformance-basedprogram.Nevertheless,assuchmethodsandapproachesaredevelopedinthefuture,theycouldprovidea basisformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f).1.191-2Thisguidedoesnotapplytoindependentspentfuelstorageinstallations(ISFSIs)thatarelicensedinaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFRPart72,"LicensingRequirementsforthe IndependentStorageofSpentNuclearFuelandHigh-LevelRadioactiveWaste,"exceptforthefire exposurerisktoanISFSIfromareactorduringdecommissioning.Thisguidedoesapplytospent fuelstoragefacilitieslicensedunder10CFRPart50.Theregulationsprovideforaperformance-basedfireprotectionprogramthatcanreadilybemodifiedduringthedecommissioningprocesstoaddressresidualhazards.Theperformance goalsandmeasuresestablishedbythelicenseeshouldbefoundedonestablishedindustry standardsandpracticesandshouldprovidereasonableassurancethatthefireprotectionobjectives of10CFR50.48willbemet.Ifalicenseechoosestousefireprotectionmethodsdifferentfrom theguidelinesrecommendedinthisguide,thelicenseeshouldprovideanequivalentleveloffire protection.Thelicenseeisresponsiblefordemonstratingtheequivalencyofproposedalternative

methods.1AppendixAtothisguideisaglossaryoftermsthathavebeenusedinthisguide.Thesedefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotection standardswhenpossible.Ifpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaffdefinedtheterms.

AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionthatisacceptabletothe NRCstaffforspentfuelareas.Theinformationcollectionscontainedinthisregulatoryguidearecoveredbytherequirementsof10CFRPart50,whichwereapprovedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudget, approvalno.3150-0011.Ifameansusedtoimposeaninformationcollectiondoesnotdisplaya currentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber,theNRCmaynotconductorsponsor,andapersonisnot requiredtorespondto,theinformationcollection.

B. DISCUSSION

GENERALThefireprotectionrequirementsforoperatingreactorsareprovidedbyGeneralDesignCriterion(GDC)3ofAppendixAto10CFRPart50,10CFR50.48,andAppendixRto

10CFRPart50.BeforethedecommissioningrulewaspublishedonJuly29,1996,theNRC'sfire protectionregulationsdidnotaddressnuclearpowerplantsthathavepermanentlyceased operationsandareintheprocessofdecommissioning.Theprimaryobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogramforoperatingreactorsaretominimizefiredamagetostructures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)importanttosafety;toensure thecapabilitytosafelyshutdownthereactor;andtomaintainitinasafeshutdowncondition.For

1.191-3aninitialperiodfollowingshutdown,accidentsthatcanchallengethe10CFRPart100limitsremaincredible.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldcontinuetoprovideprotectionagainstthese events.Theprimaryfireprotectionconcernforpermanentlyshutdownplantsisprotectingthe integrityofthespentfuelandpreventingorminimizingthereleaseofradioactivematerials resultingfromfiresinvolvingcontaminatedplantSSCsorradioactivewastes.Theradiationdose limitsspecifiedin10CFRPart20,"StandardsforProtectionAgainstRadiation,"applytoplant personnelandmembersofthepublicforfireincidentsatpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpower plants.Licenseesshouldmakeeveryefforttomaintainexposurestoradiationresultingfromafire aslowasreasonablyachievable.Thefireprotectionprogramforanoperatingreactorprovidesthebasisfordevelopingthefireprotectionprogramforthedecommissioningphase.Thegoalofthefireprotectionprogram duringdecommissioningofnuclearpowerplantsistoprovideanappropriatelevelofdefense- in-depthprotectionagainstthethreatoffires.Defenseindepth,relativetofireprotection, involvesacomprehensiveprogramofadministrativecontrols,physicalfireprotectionfeatures, emergencyresponsecapabilities,andprotectionofSSCsnecessarytopreventormitigatethe potentialofanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials.Thiscombinationoffireprotection elementsactstoreduceboththeprobabilityandconsequencesoffireevents,anditprovides assurancethatthefailureofanyoneelementwithinthefireprotectionprogramisadequately compensatedforbytheothers,therebyminimizingtheriskstothepublic,environment,andplant

personnel.Licenseesthathavepermanentlyshutdowntheirnuclearpowerplants,andhavemadethesubmittalstotheNRCrequiredby10CFR50.82,mayeitherimmediatelybegindecommissioning anddismantlingthefacilityormaychoosetoplacethefacilityinamonitoredstorageconditionfor someperiodoftimebeforebeginningfinaldecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The fireprotectionrequirementsmaydifferconsiderably,dependingonthelicensee'sapproachto decommissioning.Ingeneral,theprocessesandactivitiesassociatedwithnuclearplantdecommissioningcanbedynamic,withplantconditionsandconfigurationscontinuouslychanging.Decommissioning activitiesmayincreasefirehazardsintheplantthroughmechanismsthatinclude,butarenot limitedto,increasedhotwork(e.g.,welding,cutting,grinding),increasedcombustibleloading, erectionoftemporarystructurestosupportdecommissioningordismantlementoftheplant,and deactivationorabandonmentofplantsystems.Inadditiontothephysicalchangestotheplant,the licensee'sorganizationalstructureandresponsibilitiesareexpectedtobedifferentduring decommissioning,withstaffinglevelssignificantlylowerthanduringplantoperations.

1.191-4C.REGULATORYPOSITION1.FIREPROTECTIONPROGRAM

1.1ObjectivesThisregulatoryguidedescribesafireprotectionprogramforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplantsthatisacceptabletotheNRCstaffformeetingtherequirementsof10CFR

50.48(f)regardingfireprotectionforpermanentlyshutdownnuclearpowerplants.Becauseofthe dynamicsofthedecommissioningprocess,thelicensee'sfireprotectionprogramshouldbe reevaluatedatleastannuallyandrevisedasnecessarytoreflectthefacilityconditionthroughthe variousstagesofdecommissioninginaccordancewiththisregulatoryguide.Thefireprotection programshouldaddressthefollowingperformanceobjectives.

ÿPreventfires.Administrativecontrolsand,wherepossible,physicalfeatures(e.g.,barriersorotherphysicalseparationofcombustiblesfromignitionsources)shouldbe implementedtoprovidereasonableassurancethatfireswillnotoccur.

ÿRapidlydetect,control,andextinguishfiresthatdooccurandcouldresultinaradiologicalhazard.Appropriatelevelsoffireprotection,includingdetectionsystems,automaticormanualfiresuppressionsystems,watersupplies,andemergencyresponse capability,shouldbeprovidedbasedonthefirehazardspresent.

ÿMinimizetherisktothepublic,environment,andplantpersonnelresultingfromfiresthatcouldresultinareleaseofradioactivematerials.PlantSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationoffire-inducedreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldhavean appropriateleveloffireprotection.Plantpersonnelshouldbeadequatelytrainedin emergencyresponseproceduresforfireevents.1.2FireProtectionProgramStandardsThefireprotectionprogramfordecommissioningshouldbebasedonsoundengineeringpracticesandestablishedindustrystandardssuchasthoseprovidedbytheNationalFireProtection Association(NFPA).Thisregulatoryguideendorsesseveralstandardsasguidancefor implementingvariouselementsofthefireprotectionprogram.Thesestandardsarecitedinthis guideasguidance,notNRCrequirements.Deviationsfromindustrycodesandstandardsshould bejustifiedonacase-by-casebasis.Thecitedstandardsshouldbeappliedinamannerconsistent withtheNRC'sregulations.Anindividualplant'sstandardsofrecordaregenerallyestablishedin theoperatingplant'sfireprotectionprogramandwillalsobeconsideredtoapplytothe decommissioningfireprotectionprogramasappropriate.Licenseesmayconsideradoptionof standardsmorerecentthantheplant'sstandardsofrecordwhentheyareconsistentwithNRC's regulationsandwithappropriateevaluationsforreductionsinprotection.

1.191-51.3TransitionfromOperatingPlantProgramOperatingplantsarerequiredtohaveafireprotectionprograminaccordancewiththerequirementsof10CFR50.48andGeneralDesignCriterion3,"FireProtection,"ofAppendixA

to10CFRPart50.Theprimaryobjectiveoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramisto providedefense-in-depthprotectionofthecapabilitytoshutdownthereactorandmaintainitina safeshutdowncondition.Thesafeshutdownobjectiveisnotapplicableduringdecommissioning, withthereactorpermanentlyshutdownandthefuelremovedfromthereactorvessel.However, manyoftheelementsoftheoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramcontinuetobeapplicable underplantdecommissioning.Theoperatingplantfireprotectionprogramprovidesthebaseline analysisanddescriptionofplantfirehazards,administrativecontrols,physicalprotectionfeatures, andemergencyresponsecapabilities.Manyoftheseelementswillbecarriedovertothefire protectionprogramfordecommissioning.1.4FireProtectionProgramforDecommissioningThefireprotectionprogramisexpectedtochangethroughoutthevariousphasesofdecommissioning.Initially,withspentfuelremovedfromthereactorandstoredinthespentfuel pool,itisappropriatetodevelopandmaintainacomprehensivedecommissioningfireprotection programtoprovideassurancethattheprobabilityoffiresaffectingthespentfuelorother radiologicalhazardsisminimizedandthattheconsequencesoffires,shouldtheyoccur,are adequatelymitigated.Asdecommissioningprogressesandthespentfuelismovedtoan independentstoragefacilityorpermanentrepository,thefireprotectionrequirementsfortheplant maybescaleddowninaccordancewiththediminishingradiologicalhazard.However,eveninthe absenceofspentfuelinthespentfuelpool,afireprotectionprogramthatensuresadequate protectionfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialfromcontaminatedplantareasand combustiblewastesshouldbemaintained.Thedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramdescribedinthisregulatoryguideislimitedtodecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwiththeradiologicalhazardspresentintheplantorinthe ancillaryfacilities(e.g.,onsitewastestorage)thatdirectlysupportthedecommissioningprocess.

ThisguidedoesnotprovideguidanceonfireprotectionforISFSIs.Thelicenseealonewill determinefireprotectionrequirementsforplantareasthatthelicensee'sfirehazardsanalysishas showntohavepropertylossconcerns.ThelicenseeshouldmaintainafireprotectionprogramaslongasthereareradiologicalhazardsonthesiteoruntilthePart50licenseisterminatedandthesiteisreleasedforrestrictedor unrestricteduse.Subjecttotherequirementsof10CFR50.48(f)(3),alicenseemaymakechangestothefireprotectionprogramwithoutpriorNRCapprovalprovidedthechangesdonotreducethe effectivenessoffireprotectionforfacilities,systems,andequipmentthatcouldresultina radiologicalhazard,takingintoaccounttheplantconditionsandactivitiesduring decommissioning.

1.191-62.FIREHAZARDSANALYSISThefirehazardsanalysisprovidesacomprehensiveevaluationofthefacility'sfirehazards,thefireprotectioncapabilityrelativetotheidentifiedhazards,andtheabilitytoprotectspentfuel andotherradioactivematerialsfrompotentialfire-inducedreleases.Thefirehazardsanalysisin placeforplantoperationmaybeusedasthebaseline,butitshouldbereevaluatedandrevisedas necessarytoreflecttheuniqueordifferentfireprotectionissuesandstrategiesassociatedwith decommissioning.Ataminimum,thefirehazardsanalysisshouldaddressthefollowingitems.2.1FireHazardsThefirehazardsshouldbeidentifiedspecifically,typicallybyfirearea.Thefirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioningmaybesignificantlydifferentfromthoseforanoperating plant,andtheymaychangeasdecommissioningprogresses.Thefirehazardsanalysisshould considerthepotentialforincreasedcombustibleloadingfromsourcessuchasequipmentlaydown areas,wasteaccumulationandstorageareas,andmaterialsnecessarytosupportdecontamination anddismantlementactivities.Hotworkinvolvingopenflamesorsparksisalsolikelytoincrease duringdecommissioning.Otherfirehazardsmayincludetemporarystructuresandsupport systems(e.g.,electrical,heating,andventilation)thatmayimpactthefirehazardsintheplant.2.2PhysicalPlantConfigurationandConditionThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethelayout,configuration,andconditionoftheplantfireareasandshouldbeupdatedtoreflectanysignificantchangesthatoccurthroughthe variousdecommissioningphases.Dismantlementoformodificationstofacilitystructuresandthe deactivation,modification,orremovalofplantsystemsmayimpactfireprotectionprogram elements.2.3FireProtectionElementsThefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribetheadministrativecontrols,firedetectionandsuppressionsystems,smokeexhaustsystems,firebarriers,andanyotherpertinentelementsofthe administrativeandphysicalfireprotectionprogramthatprotectagainsttheidentifiedfirehazards.2.4RadiologicalHazardsandSystemsImportanttoSafetyThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifytheradiologicalhazardsbyfireareaand,asappropriate,identifytheSSCssuchastheplantventilationsystemsnecessarytopreventor mitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsintheeventofafire.Considerationshouldbegiven tothecontrolofrunofffromfiresuppressionactivitiesinareascontainingradioactivematerials.

Theonsiteandoffsiteradioactivereleasesexpectedfromafireshouldbequantifiedorreferenced inthefirehazardsanalysisandcomparedtothedoseacceptancecriteriain10CFRPart20.Asdecommissioningprogresses,theradiologicalhazardsmaychangeasareasandstructuresaredecontaminated,contaminatedcomponentsareremoved,thespentfuelstorage configurationischanged(e.g.,frompooltodrycaskorthefuelremovedtoanISFSI),and

1.191-7contaminatedwasteaccumulates(beforebeingtransportedtoanoffsitestoragefacility).Systemconfigurationsandrequirementsmayalsochangewithchanginghazardsandthegeneral progressionofdecommissioningactivities;significantchangesshouldbereflectedintheanalysis.2.4.1SpentFuelTheSSCsnecessarytoprotectthespentfuelshouldbeidentifiedandmayincludethespentfuelstorageenclosureandpool,spentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystems,andanynecessary supportsystemssuchasinstrumentationandcontrol,ventilation,andelectricalpowersystems.

Thefirehazardsanalysisshoulddescribethefirethreats,theassociatedmeasurestoprotectthe spentfuel,andanyassociatedSSCsthatareimportanttomaintainingspentfuelintegrity.

AppendixBtothisguideprovidesexamplesoftheleveloffireprotectionacceptabletotheNRC

staffforspentfuelareas.2.4.2ContaminatedPlantAreasandWasteStorageThefirehazardsanalysisshouldidentifyareasoftheplantthatcontainsignificantradioactivecontaminationthatmightbereleasedorspreadbytheeffectsofafire.Astheplantis decontaminatedanddismantled,contaminatedwaste(includingcombustibleandpotentially contaminatedplantequipmentsuchaselectricalcables)mayaccumulate.Thefirehazards analysisshouldincludeanassessmentofthepotentialforthismaterialtobeinvolvedinafireand oftheprotectivemeasuresprovidedtominimizethepotentialforfire-inducedreleasesorspreadof radioactivematerial.AppendixBtothisguidecontainsanexampleoftheleveloffireprotection acceptabletothestaffforradioactivewastestorageareas.2.5ExposureRisksfromCo-LocatedFacilitiesThefirehazardsanalysisshouldevaluatetherisksofexposureassociatedwithfiresatthesamesiteoratnearbyfacilities.Considerationshouldbegiventotheeffectsofafireonshared systemsformulti-unitsitesandtothepotentialforfirestopropagatefromonefacilitytotheother.Decommissioningmayrequireerectingtemporaryonsitestructuresforthestorageofradioactiveandotherwastesgeneratedbythedecommissioninganddismantlementactivities.The firehazardsassociatedwithfiresinthesefacilitiesshouldbeanalyzedinconjunctionwiththe potentialforsuchfirestopropagatetootherplantareasandresultinradiologicalreleases.3.ADMINISTRATIVECONTROLSAdministrativecontrolsinvolvethepolicies,procedures,andpracticesthatgoverntheperformanceorexecutionoffireprotectionprogramactivitiesnecessarytoensurethatthefire protectionobjectivesaremet.Thesecontrolsestablishthenecessaryfirepreventionmeasuresand containtherequirementsformaintenance,testing,inspection,andavailabilityofphysicalfire protectionfeatures(e.g.,barriers,detection,andsuppression);organizationalresponsibilities;and thetrainingorqualificationrequirementsforgeneralemployees,emergencyresponders,and licenseecontractors.

1.191-83.1OrganizationLicensees'decommissioningorganizationsarelikelytobesignificantlysmallerthanthosenecessaryforanoperatingplant.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifyandclearlyestablish theorganizationalresponsibilitiesformanagementandimplementationofthefireprotection program.Thefireprotectionresponsibilitiesoflicenseecontractorsshouldalsobeestablished.Organizationsorpositionsresponsibleforthefollowingfireprotectionactivitiesshouldbeidentified:

ÿManagementoftheoverallfireprotectionprogram,ÿDevelopment,maintenance,updating,andverificationofcomplianceofthefireprotectionprogram,ÿImplementationoffireprotectionprogramrequirements(includingpoliciesandprocedures,training,fireprotectionsystemcontrols,systeminspection,testing, maintenanceanddesign,controlofcombustibles,andhotwork),ÿTheleadership,staffing,andtrainingoftheemergencyresponseteam(e.g.,firebrigade)andagreementswithoffsiteresponders.Theorganizationsresponsibleforimplementingthefireprotectionprogramshouldincludeanindividual(orindividuals),adequatelyqualifiedinnuclearsafetyandfireprotection engineering,whowillensurethatthefireprotectionprogramisimplementedinaccordancewith applicableindustrystandardsandNRCregulations.3.2FireProtectionProceduresProceduresshouldbeprovidedtoformallyestablishtheorganizationalresponsibilitiesandadministrativepracticesofthefireprotectionprogram.Emergencyproceduresshouldbeprovidedtodescribeemergencyresponseactions,includingtheoperationalactions(e.g.,ventilationsystemlineupsandoperationalrequirements),

necessarytomitigatetheconsequencesoffires.Firepre-plansshouldidentifythefirefighting strategytobeemployedaccordingtothefirelocationandthehazardsinvolved.Coordinationwith offsiterespondersandthefireresponseleadershipandcommandstructureforboththeonsitefire brigadeandoffsiterespondersshouldbeexplained.Theactivitiesassociatedwithdecommissioninganddismantlingaplantresultinconstantlychanginghazards.Maintainingadequatefireprotectionandsafetyinthischangingenvironment requiresconstantvigilanceonthepartofthefireprotectionstaff,plantpersonnel,and decommissioningcontractors.Forthisreason,thefireprotectionprogramshouldbeintegrated withtheworkcontrolprocessesandshouldprovideforproperreviewandauthorizationofwork activitiesinvolvingfirehazardsorfiresystemmaintenance,testing,impairments,ordeactivation.

1.191-93.3TrainingTrainingisnecessarytoensurethatthelicensee'semployees,contractors,andemergencyrespondershavethenecessaryknowledgeandskillstoproperlyexecutetheirresponsibilities regardingthefireprotectionprogram.3.3.1GeneralPlantpersonnelandcontractoremployeesshouldbeinformedoftheproperproceduresforreportingafire,respondingtoplantfirealarms,preventingfiresattheplant,locatingandusing fireextinguishers,andofthehazardsofincipient-stagefirefighting.Personnelwhoare designatedtouseafireextinguisheraspartofanemergencyactionplanshouldreceivetrainingin theappropriateuseoftheavailableequipment.Additionalguidanceandinformationisprovided inNFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."3.3.2FireWatchFirewatchpersonnelforbuildingsandhotworkoperationsshouldbeinformedoftheirspecificdutiesandresponsibilities.Firewatchpersonnelshouldbetrainedintheuseoffire extinguishersandshouldpracticeontrainingfires.Additionalinformationandguidanceisgiven inChapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"andChapter41,"SafeguardingBuilding ConstructionandDemolitionOperations,"ofNFPA1andinChapter3,"FirePrevention Precautions,"ofNFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWelding

Processes."3.3.3FireBrigadeandOffsiteSupportPlantpersonnelwhoareassignedmanualfirefightingresponsibilitiesshouldreceivetrainingcommensuratewiththeirresponsibilities.Firebrigademembersandrespondingoffsite emergencyservicespersonnelshouldreceivetrainingonfacilitylayout,firehazards,firepre-plans, firefightingequipment,radiationhazards,andhealthphysicsrelevanttofirefightingoperations.

Periodicdrillsshouldbeconductedtodeterminethereadinessandcapabilityoffirebrigade personnelandoffsiteresponders.Theplanttrainingprogramshouldbedescribedinwriting,and writtenrecordsofallplantfirebrigadetrainingshouldbemaintained.Fireprotectionstandards NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades,"NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandling RadioactiveMaterials,"andNFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealth Program,"provideinformationandguidanceontrainingforfiresuppressionpersonnel.3.4ControlofCombustibleMaterialsCombustiblematerials,includingflammableandcombustibleliquids,compressedgases,constructionmaterials,andrefuse,shouldbeused,stored,anddisposedofinamannerthat minimizestheoccurrenceoffire.Chapter3-11,"CombustibleWasteandRefuse,"andPartV,

"SpecialProcessesandMaterialHandling,"ofNFPA1andChapter3,"ProcessesandHazards,"of NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations,"

provideinformationandguidanceonthecontrolofcombustiblematerials.NFPA30,"Flammable andCombustibleLiquidsCode,"andNFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefied GasesinPortableCylinders,"provideinformationandguidanceonthehandling,storage,anduse offlammableandcombustibleliquidsandgases.

1.191-103.4.1TransientCombustiblesTransientfirehazardsassociatedwithdecommissioningactivitiesshouldbeminimizedtotheextentpossible,andtheyshouldberemovedpromptlyuponcompletionoftheactivities.

Inparticular:

ÿThequantityoftransientcombustiblematerialsshouldnotexceedactualneedsandshouldbeseparatedfromignitionsources.Accumulationandstorageofcombustiblewastes shouldbeminimized.

ÿWoodshouldnotbeusedforpermanentapplicationsinplantareaswithapotentialforaradiologicalrelease.Theuseofwoodfortemporarypurposesshouldbeminimizedand,if used,thewoodshouldbelistedaspressureimpregnatedfireretardantlumber.

ÿTheuseofplasticsheetingshouldbeminimizedand,ifused,theplasticsheetingshouldbefireretardant.NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextiles andFilms,"providesadditionalguidance.

ÿCombustiblewastematerialsthatareradioactivelycontaminatedorthatpresentafirerisktoradioactivematerialshouldbehandled,packaged,andstoredinamannerthatminimizes thethreatoffire.Suchwastematerialsshouldbeprotectedbyanactivefiresuppression systemorfirebarriersorbylimitingquantities.

ÿOilyragsandmaterialssusceptibletospontaneousignitionshouldbestoredinalisteddisposalcontainerandshouldberemoveddailyfromareascontainingradioactivematerials orcontamination.

ÿGoodhousekeepingpracticesshouldbemaintained,withparticularattentiontoareascontainingradioactivematerialsorcontaminatedwasteandequipment.Accumulationsof combustiblematerial,includingwasteanddebris,shouldberemovedfromthework locationattheendofeachshift.Spillsofcombustibleorflammableliquidsshouldbe containedandcleanedupimmediately,withappropriateconsiderationforthesafetyof personnel.Thecleaningmaterialsandwasteshouldberemovedfromtheareadailyand disposedofappropriately.Generalhousekeepingpracticesshouldbeimplementedto removetrashandclutterandtomaintainclearaccessandegressroutesthroughoutthe

plant.3.4.2StorageofFlammableandCombustibleLiquidsandGasesFlammableandcombustibleliquidsandflammablecompressedgasesshouldbestoredwheretheydonotpresentafirerisktoareascontainingradioactivematerials,contamination,or SSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA30

andNFPA55foradditionalinformationandguidance.Smokingandworkingwithopenflameshouldnotbepermittedinareasusedforthestorageofflammableandcombustibleliquidsorcompressedgases.

1.191-113.5ControlofIgnitionSources3.5.1ControlofHotWorkCutting,welding,grinding,andworkinvolvingopenflameshouldbecontrolledsothatitdoesnotpresentanundueriskoffire.Chapter34,"Welding,Cutting,andUseofTorches,"of NFPA1,NFPA51B,andNFPA241provideinformationandguidanceforminimizingtheriskof firesfromhotwork.Aqualifiedfirewatchshouldbeprovidedduringthehotworkactivityand foratleastone-halfhouraftercompletionofthehotwork.3.5.2ControlofTemporaryorPortableHeat-ProducingEquipmentThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifythemeasuresnecessarytopreventportableheat-producingequipmentfromcausingafire.Listedheat-producingequipmentshouldbeused.

Temporaryheatingdevicesshouldbesecuredtopreventtip-overandseparatedfromcombustible materials,equipment,andconstructioninaccordancewiththeirlisting.Forfuel-firedheating,the fuelstorage,transferandrefuelingsystems,andoperationsshouldbeinaccordancewith applicableNFPAstandards.Theuseofportableheat-producingequipmentshouldbecontrolledin areaswithradiologicalhazardsorsignificantquantitiesofcombustiblematerialthatpresentsan exposurehazardtoradioactivematerialsorsystemsimportanttosafety.Additionalguidanceand informationiscontainedinChapter41ofNFPA1andinChapter3ofNFPA241.3.5.3ControlofSmokingSmokingshouldbepermittedonlyindesignatedareas.Wheresmokingispermitted,safereceptaclesforsmokingmaterialsshouldbeprovided.Smokingshouldbeprohibitedinother areasoftheplant,specificallyinthevicinityofhazardousoperationsorcombustibleorflammable materials.NoSmokingsignsshouldbepostedintheseareas.3.6ControlofFireProtectionSystemsandEquipment3.6.1ControlofFireProtectionEquipmentPersonnelprotectiveequipmentforfirebrigades,includingturnoutgearandself-containedbreathingapparatus,shouldregularlybeinventoried,inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensure properperformance.Manualfirefightingequipment,includingextinguishers,hoses,nozzles,tools,fittings,portablelighting,andcommunicationandventilationdevices,shouldberegularlyinventoried, inspected,tested,andmaintainedtoensureproperoperationintheeventofafire.3.6.2FireProtectionSystemandFeaturesOperability,Inspection,Testing,andMaintenanceAprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbeprovidedtoverifytheoperabilityofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeatures.Fireprotectionfeaturesinclude passivefireprotectionsystemssuchasfirebarriercomponentsandfirebarrierseals.Fire protectionsystemsincludefirealarmsystems,firesuppressionsystems,andfirewatersupply systems.Theprogramforinspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbebasedonvendor recommendations,insurancestandards,orfireprotectionengineeringjudgment,aswellason criteriaspecifiedinindustrycodesandstandardssuchasthosepublishedbytheNFPA.

1.191-12Inspection,testing,andmaintenanceshouldbedocumentedbymeansofwrittenprocedures,withresultsandfollowupactionsrecorded.Personnelperforminginspection,testing,andmaintenanceofinstalledfireprotectionsystemsandfeaturesshouldbetrainedandqualifiedforthetypeofsystemtowhichtheyare assigned.3.6.3ControlofFireProtectionSystemOutagesandImpairmentsThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovidethenecessarycontrolstominimizethedurationandimpactofimpairmentstothefireprotectionsystems.Additionalguidanceandinformationis providedinChapter11,"Impairments,"ofNFPA25,"StandardfortheInspections,Testing,and MaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."Thecontrolsshouldprovidefor identifying,prioritizing,andpromptlycorrectingfireprotectionimpairments,informingfire protectionstaffoftheimpairment,andestablishingcompensatorymeasuresforthedurationofthe impairment.Compensatorymeasuresmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto,conductingfirewatch toursofaffectedareas,limitingworkactivitiesinvolvingfirehazards,providingalternativefire protectionfeatures,andrequestingspecialfiredepartmentsupport.Workcontrolpracticesduringdecommissioningshouldavoidschedulingactivitiesthatinvolvehotwork,theuseofflammableorcombustiblematerials,orotherfirehazardsinareas withimpairedfireprotectionsystems.3.6.4ControlofFireAreaBoundariesorBarriersThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressthecontroloffireareaboundariesorbarriersandthemaintenanceofthesestructuresasthefacilityismodifiedordismantledduring decommissioning.Breachesinthefirebarriers,causedbytheremovalofpenetrationsealsor othermodifications,shouldbeprotectedinaccordancewiththemodifiedbarrier'sfireresistance capabilityandtheassociatedfirehazards.Aprogramforinspecting,testing,andmaintainingfire doors,firedampers,andfirewallsorseparationsshouldbedevelopedandimplementedtoensure thesedeviceswillperformasintended.Thebarriercontrolprogramshouldallowfor redesignation,modification,orremovalofbarriers,basedonchangestothefacilityandhazards (i.e.,fireandradiological)asthefacilityisdecommissioned.NFPA221,"StandardforFireWalls andFireBarrierWalls,"containsadditionalinformationandguidance.3.7ControlofStructures,Enclosures,andExternalAreas3.7.1ControlofTemporaryEnclosuresandStructuresThefireprotectionprogramshouldaddressfirehazardscreatedbytheconstructionandlocationoftemporaryenclosuresandstructures.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldevaluatethe needforautomaticormanualfiresuppressioncapabilityinsideandoutsideeachtemporary structure.Theuseofcombustibleconstructionmaterialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolledin accordancewithRegulatoryPosition3.4,"ControlofCombustibleMaterials,"ofthisguide.

Chapter2,"TemporaryConstruction,EquipmentandStorage,"ofNFPA241providesadditional informationandguidanceforcontrollingthefirehazardsassociatedwithtemporarystructures.

1.191-13Temporarystructuresshouldnotpresentafireexposurehazardtoplantstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsorradioactivecontamination,ortocontaminatedwastematerial accumulationorstorageareas.NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildings FromExteriorFireExposures,"providesguidancefortheappropriateseparationofstructuresto minimizethefireexposure.Tentsorothermembrane-typestructuresshouldbeconstructedofnoncombustible,fire-retardantmaterial.Membrane-typematerialsshouldbecertifiedasconformingtothe requirementsofthelarge-scaletestdescribedinNFPA701.3.7.2PreventingFireFromExposingStructuresandMaterialsThefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifycontrolstoprotectstructurescontainingradioactivematerialsfromanexposurefire.Thefirehazardpresentedbytransientcombustibles, includingstoredmaterials,debris,vegetation,andnearbyorcontiguousstructures,shouldbe considered.AdditionalinformationcanbefoundinNFPA80A.4.PHYSICALFIREPROTECTIONFEATURESTheabilitytorapidlydetect,control,andsuppressfiresisoneoftheprimarydefense-in-depthobjectivesofthefireprotectionprogram.Theneedforphysicalprotectionfeaturesis governedbytheplant'sfirehazardsandbythepotentialofthesehazardstoresultinthereleaseor spreadofradioactivematerials.4.1FireDetectionandAlarmsSystemsDetectionsystemsinoperatingreactorfacilitiesaregenerallyplacedinlocationswherefirehazardspresentanexposurethreattosafety-relatedequipment.Alarmsystemsareprovidedto alertplantstaffintheeventofadetectedfireoroperationofanautomaticsuppressionsystem.

Duringdecommissioning,thefirehazardsandtheassociateddetectionandalarmrequirements maychangesignificantly.Thechangeinprioritiesfromprotectingsafety-relatedequipment requiredforsafeshutdowntoprotectingagainstthereleaseorspreadofradioactivematerialmay requirereevaluationofthedetectionandalarmsystemdesigntoensurethatdecommissioningfire hazardsareadequatelyprotected.Firealarmandsupervisorysignalsshouldbeannunciatedinaconstantlyattendedlocation.Thefirealarmsystemshouldprovideasignalingsystemfornotifyingplantpersonnel.Referto NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."Thefirealarmsystemshouldmeetthefollowingcriteria.

ÿTheoperationofanautomaticfiresuppressionsysteminitiatesafirealarm.

ÿAutomaticfiredetectionsystemsusingsmoke,heat,orflamedetectors,asappropriate,aremaintainedforearlydetectionoffires.

ÿSupervisionofautomaticfiresuppressionsystemcontrolfunctionsmaintained,asappropriate,bythealarmsystem.

1.191-144.2FireBarriers4.2.1DesignatingFireAreasFireareasareestablishedtopreventorrestrictthepropagationoffiresfromoneareaofafacilitytoanother,toprotectpersonnel,andtolimittheconsequencesofafire.Foroperating reactors,fireareaboundariesaregenerallybasedontheneedtoseparateandprotectsafeshutdown systems.Basedonafirehazardsanalysis,fireareasmayberedesignatedtoaddresstheunique hazardsandprotectionrequirementsofthedecommissioningprocess.Thedesignationoffire areasshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotentialforafireinagiven areatoresultinanunacceptablereleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilitytoeffectivelycontain, fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityofpersonneltosafelyevacuate theplant.4.2.2FireBarrierRequirementsFireareasshouldbeseparatedbyfire-ratedbarriers.Thefireresistanceratingofafirebarriershouldbecommensuratewiththepotentialfireseverityineachfirearea.Thecomponents offirebarriersarewalls,ceilings,andfloors,alongwithstructuralsupportssuchasbeams,joists, andcolumns.Openingsinafirebarriershouldbesealedbytheinstallationoffiredampers,fire doorassemblies,firewindowassemblies,fire-ratedpenetrationseals,andspecialfloordrains.

Firebarriercomponentsandsealsshouldbequalifiedbytesting.Thedesignandinstallationof firebarriersshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsand FireWindows,"NFPA221,andNFPA801.Anyunprotectedopeningsinafirebarriershouldbe identifiedandjustifiedintheFireHazardsAnalysis.4.3FireSuppressionSystems4.3.1FireWaterSupplyDuringdecommissioning,theplantfirewatersupplysystemshouldbemaintained,andthesystemshouldbecapableofprovidingthemaximumwaterflowneededtosupplyautomaticfire suppressionsystemsandmanualfirefighting.Thesystemshouldbecapableofdeliveringthe maximumwaterflowdemandforaminimumof2hours.Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe consideredindeterminingtheadequacyofthewatersupply:

ÿReliabilityofthewatersupplysource

ÿAvailabilityoftanksorotherwatersources,pumps,firehydrants,anddistributionsystem

ÿAdequateflowandpressuretomeetwaterflowdemandsofautomaticormanualfiresuppression,orboth,atthepointofdelivery

ÿCapacityofthewatersupplysourceanddistributionsystem.Ifthewatersystemisacombineddomestic,process,andfiresystem,thesystemshouldbecapableofsupplying themaximumdailyconsumptionorthepeakhourlyflowrate,whicheverishigher,plusthe maximumrequiredfireflow.Decommissioningactivitiesmayresultintheisolation,removal,orabandonmentofportionsofthedistributionsystem.Anysystemchangesshouldbereviewedtoensurethat adequateflowandcoverageisprovidedfortheremainingplantareasthatcontainradioactive

1.191-15materials,presentafireexposurethreattoareascontainingradioactivematerials,orincludesystemsnecessarytomitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerials.Wheretemperaturescannotreliablybemaintainedatorabove4C(40F),water-basedfiresuppressionsystemcomponentsshouldbeprotectedagainstfreezinginaccordancewiththe applicableNFPAcode.Freezeprotectionforsprinklersystemcomponentsshouldbereviewed regularlyduringdecommissioningactivities.Decommissioningactivitiesshouldnotbeallowedtoaffectthewatersupplytotheoperatingunitsorthefirewatersuppliesanddistributionsystemsthataresharedatmulti-unit sites,andthecapabilitytoisolatetheunitsshouldbemaintained.ThedesignandinstallationofthewatersupplysystemsshouldbebasedontheapplicableguidanceinNFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps";NFPA22,

"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection";NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationof PrivateFireServiceMainsandtheirAppurtenances";andNFPA801.4.3.2AutomaticFireSuppressionSystemsAutomaticfiresuppressionsystemsthatexistwhenaplantentersthedecommissioningphaseshouldbemaintainedoperablebasedonthefirehazardsanalysis;thesesystemsshouldbe abletoprotectplantegressroutesforevacuationofplantpersonnelintheeventofafire.Automaticfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedwhereflammableorcombustiblematerialsareusedorstored.Constructionofnewortemporarystructurestosupport decommissioningmayrequiretheinstallationofautomaticsystemsbasedonthefireand radiologicalhazardsofthestructures.Somefactorstoconsiderinselectingthetypeof suppressionsystemtobeinstalledarethetypesoffirehazardsandhealthhazards,cleanupofthe suppressionagent,andtheeffectofthesuppressionagentonvitalsystems,structures,and componentsinthearea.NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam";NFPA11A,"Standard forMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems";NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxide ExtinguishingSystems";NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems";NFPA13,

"InstallationofSprinklerSystems";NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFire Protection";NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,and Foam-WaterSpraySystems";NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-Head Foam-WaterSprinklerSystems";NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems";

NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems";andNFPA75,"Standardforthe ProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment,"shouldbeusedasthebasesfor thedesign,installation,andoperationofautomaticfireprotectionsystems.Theneedforautomaticfireprotectionsystemsinplantareasduringdecommissioningactivitiesmaychange,dependingonthetypeofoperationsbeingperformedinanarea,the additionorremovalofcombustiblematerials,ortheremovalofradioactivematerialsand contamination.Plantareasshouldbereviewedforchangingconditionsthatcouldaffecttheneed forautomaticfiresuppressionsystems.

1.191-164.3.3ManualFireSuppressionSystemsManualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldbeprovidedintheplanttosupplementautomaticfireprotectionsystemsandtoprovidesuppressioncoveragetoareasnotprotectedbyautomatic systems.Decommissioningactivitiesmaychangetheplantconfigurationandfirehazards,may requiretheconstructionoftemporaryenclosuresorstructures,andmaynecessitatethe abandonmentorremovalofautomaticsystemsasfacilitiesaredismantledormodifiedand radiologicalhazardsareremoved.Adequatemanualfiresuppressioncapabilitymustbeprovided ormaintainedbasedonthedecommissioningfirehazardsanalysistoensureprotectionagainst fire-inducedradioactivematerialreleases.Thefollowingconsiderationsareimportantinevaluatingthemanualfireprotectionsystems:ÿStandpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedtoprovidemanualfiresuppressioncapabilities.Standpipeandhosesystemsshouldbemaintainedinareasoftheplantthatare aboveorbelowgrade,thatrequirelonghoselaysfromthenearesthydrant,orthatare requiredtomaintaintheconfinementofairborneradioactivematerials.RefertoNFPA14,

"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."ÿManuallyoperatedfiresuppressionsystemsmaybeprovidedtosupplementautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsorinareaswhereautomaticfiresuppressionsystemsarenotinstalled andarenotneededtorapidlycontrolafire.Theneedformanuallyoperatedfire suppressionsystemsshouldbebasedonconsiderationofthehazardspresent;thepotential thatafireinagivenareacouldresultinreleaseofradioactivematerials;theabilityto effectivelycontain,fight,andcontrolthefireusingmanualsuppression;andtheabilityof personneltosafelyevacuatethearea.

ÿOutsidehydrantsandhosehousesshouldbemaintainedtosupportmanualfiresuppressionofinternalfiresandtoprovideprotectionfromthethreatofexternalexposurefirestothose plantareasthatcontainradioactivematerialsorSSCsnecessaryforthepreventionor mitigationofradioactivematerialreleases.RefertoNFPA24foradditionalinformation andguidance.4.3.4OnsiteFireBrigadeandOffsiteFireEmergencyResponseManualfirefightingcapabilityshouldbeprovidedbyanonsitefirebrigadeorbyoffsiteemergencyservices,orbyboth.Afireemergencyplanshouldbedevelopeddescribingthe responsetofirealarmsandtheresponsibilitiesassignedtoemergencyresponsepersonnel(see RegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and5.2).RefertoNFPA600,NFPA801,andNFPA1500for informationandguidanceonfirefightingactivities,training,equipment,andfireemergencyplans.

Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredindeterminingthemanualfirefightingcapability:

ÿThemagnitudeandcomplexityofpotentialfiresinandaroundplantareaswhereradioactivematerialsorcontaminationarepresent

ÿTheavailabilityofonsitestaffingforafirebrigadeatanytime

ÿTheavailabilityofoffsiteemergencyservices,thecapabilityoftheirstaffandequipment,theresponsetime,thestaff'straining,andaccesstotheplantsite

1.191-17ÿThecompatibilityoftheplant'sfiresystemconnectionsandfittingswiththefireapparatusandequipmentofoffsiteresponders.Firefightingequipmentshouldbeprovidedformanualfirefighting,includinghoses,nozzles,protectiveclothing,breathingapparatus,communicationsequipment,salvageequipment, ladders,smokeremovalequipment,portablelighting,portableradiationmonitoringequipment, extinguishers,andmiscellaneoustools.(SeeRegulatoryPosition3.6.1.)Periodicdrillsandexercisesshouldbeperformedbytheonsitefirebrigadeandoffsiteemergencyservices.SeeRegulatoryPosition3.3.3regardingthetrainingofthefirebrigadeand offsitepersonnel.5.RISKMANAGEMENT5.1PersonnelSafetyThefireprotectionprogramshouldprovideforpersonnelsafetyintheeventofafire.Egressandevacuationroutesshouldbeclearlyestablishedandmaintainedastheplant configurationchanges.Theeffectofsmokeonexitingpersonnelshouldbeconsidered.

Emergencylightingandalarmsshouldbeprovided,andpersonnelshouldbeappropriatelytrained infireresponse.Policiesandproceduresshouldestablishradiologicalcontrolandsecurity practicestobeimplementedunderemergencyfireevacuationscenarios.NFPA101,"Codefor SafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures,"providesadditionalinformationand guidanceonensuringpersonnelsafety.5.2EmergencyResponseForoperatingreactors,earlydetectionandapplicationofmanualsuppressioncanbecriticalinminimizingthefiredamagetosafeshutdownsystemsthatarenecessarytoprevent damagetothereactorcoreandsubsequentreleasesofradioactivematerial.Whenareactoris permanentlyshutdownandthespentfuelisstoredinthespentfuelpoolordrycaskstorage,fire suppressionresponsetimesmaynotbeascritical.Thenecessaryfireemergencyresponse capabilityshouldbedeterminedbythefirehazardsandthepotentialforthosehazardstoinvolve radioactivematerial.Thefireprotectionprogramshouldidentifytheresponsibilitiesofthelicensee'sorganizationandofoffsiterespondersintheeventofafireemergency.Althoughanadequately prepared,trained,andequippedplantfirebrigademaysuppresssmallfiresandprovidetheinitial assaultonandcontroloflargerfires,afullyequippedfireserviceshouldbetheprimaryforcein themanualsuppressionoflargestructureorsite-areafires.Thisfireservicemaybeprovidedby offsiteagenciesprovidedtheoffsiterespondershavethenecessaryqualificationsandcapabilities, asdescribedinRegulatoryPositions3.1,3.2,3.3,and4.3.4.Ifthelicenseemaintainsanonsite firebrigade,theassignmentofpersonneltothebrigadeshouldnotimpairtheabilityofthe remainingplantstafftorespondtotheeventandmaintainplantfunctionssuchassecurity, radiationcontrol,andoperations.

1.191-18Theeventmanagementandcommandstructureshouldbeclearlyestablished,includingthefireattackrolesandresponsibilitiesoftheonsitebrigadeandoffsiteresponders.Securitycontrol andradiationdosimetryrequirementsforoffsiteemergencyrespondersshouldbeclearly establishedandshouldnotdelaytheresponse.

D. IMPLEMENTATION

ThepurposeofthissectionistoinformlicenseesandapplicantsoftheNRCstaff'splansforusingthisregulatoryguide.ExceptwhentheapplicantorlicenseeproposesanacceptablealternativemethodforcomplyingwithspecifiedportionsoftheNRC'sregulations,themethodsdescribedinthisguide willbeusedinevaluatingsubmittalsforlicensing-basisdocumentsandperiodicrevisionsor updatestothedecommissioningfireprotectionprogramthatissubmittedinaccordancewiththe requiredupdatestothefinalsafetyanalysisreport.

1.191-19REFERENCESThefollowingisalistoftheNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)standardsreferencedinthisregulatoryguide.Theexistingfireprotectionprogramforagivenplantmay includeadditionalNFPAandindustrystandards.Continuedcompliancewithexistingprogram standardsshouldbereviewedwithdueconsiderationofexistinglicensecommitmentsand conditions,andthefireprotectiondesignbasisofthespecificplant.NFPAstandardsmaybe purchasedfromtheNationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,P.O.Box9146, Quincy,MA02269-9959(telephone1-800-344-3555).NFPA1,"FirePreventionCode."

NFPA11,"StandardforLow-ExpansionFoam."

NFPA11A,"StandardforMedium-andHigh-ExpansionFoamSystems."

NFPA12,"StandardonCarbonDioxideExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA12A,"Halon1301FireExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA13,"InstallationofSprinklerSystems."

NFPA14,"StandardfortheInstallationofStandpipeandHoseSystems."

NFPA15,"StandardforWaterSprayFixedSystemsforFireProtection."

NFPA16,"StandardfortheInstallationofDelugeFoam-WaterSprinkler,andFoam-WaterSpraySystems."NFPA16A,"StandardfortheInstallationofClosed-HeadFoam-WaterSprinklerSystems."

NFPA17,"StandardforDryChemicalExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA17A,"StandardforWetChemicalExtinguishingSystems."

NFPA20,"StandardfortheInstallationofCentrifugalFirePumps."

NFPA22,"StandardforWaterTanksforPrivateFireProtection."

NFPA24,"StandardfortheInstallationofPrivateFireServiceMainsandTheirAppurtenances."

NFPA25,"StandardfortheInspection,Testing,andMaintenanceofWater-BasedFireProtectionSystems."NFPA30,"FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode."

1.191-20NFPA51B,"StandardforFirePreventioninUseofCuttingandWeldingProcesses."NFPA55,"UseandHandlingofCompressedandLiquefiedGasesinPortableCylinders."

NFPA72,"NationalFireAlarmCode."

NFPA75,"StandardfortheProtectionofElectronicComputer/DataProcessingEquipment."

NFPA80,"StandardforFireDoorsandFireWindows."

NFPA80A,"RecommendedPracticeforProtectionofBuildingsfromExteriorFireExposures."

NFPA101,"CodeforSafetytoLifefromFireinBuildingsandStructures."

NFPA221,"StandardforFireWallsandFireBarrierWalls."

NFPA241,"StandardforSafeguardingConstruction,Alteration,andDemolitionOperations."

NFPA600,"StandardonIndustrialFireBrigades."

NFPA701,"StandardMethodsofFireTestsforFlame-ResistantTextilesandFilms."

NFPA801,"StandardforFacilitiesHandlingRadioactiveMaterials."

NFPA1500,"FireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram."

1.191-21APPENDIXAGLOSSARYThefollowingdefinitionshavebeentakenfromexistingregulatorydocumentsandindustryfireprotectionstandardswhenpossible.Whenpublisheddefinitionswerenotavailable,thestaff definedtheterms.Abandonment.Permanentlyceasingtheuse,operation,andmaintenanceofastructure,system,orcomponentthroughdeactivationandisolationwithoutintenttoreturnthestructure,system,or componenttoservice.Co-locatedfacilities.Facilitiesthatshareacommonsitewiththenuclearpowerplant,includinganytemporarystructures.Combustiblematerial.Anymaterialthatwillburnorsustainthecombustionprocesswhenignitedorexposedtofireconditions.Contamination.Fixedorlooseresidualradioactivematerialdepositedinsideoroutsidestructures,systems,andcomponentswhereitpresentsapotentialradiologicalhazard.

Deactivation.Shuttingdownorotherwiseidlingplantsystemsandcomponentstopreventtheiroperation,particularlyinpreparationforabandonmentorremoval.Decommissioning.Safelyremovingafacilityorsitefromserviceandreducingresidualradioactivitytoalevelthatpermitsreleasingthepropertyforunrestricteduseandterminatingthe licenseorreleasingthepropertyunderrestrictedconditionsandterminatingthelicense.Dismantlement.Physicallydisassemblingandremovingplantstructures,systems,and components.Emergencyresponders.Organizationsandindividualswhorespondtoplantemergencyevents(includinglicenseeemergencymanagementandresponsestaff,securitypersonnel,andfire brigades)andoffsiteresponders(includinglawenforcementofficials,medicalpersonnel,andfire

departments).Fireapparatus.Avehiclespecificallydesignedtorespondtofireeventsandprovidedwithfirefightingtools,equipment,andfiresuppressioncapability.Firearea.Apartofastructurethatisseparatedfromotherareasbyfirebarriers.Firebarrier.Constructioncomponents(e.g.,walls,floors,andceilings,andtheirsupports,suchasbeams,joists,andcolumns;penetrationseals;firedoors;andfiredampers)thatareusedto preventthespreadoffireandthatareratedbyapprovinglaboratoriesinhoursoffireresistance.

1.191-22Firebrigade.Ateamofonsiteplantpersonnelwhohavebeenspecificallyassignedtheresponsibilityforfirefightingandwhoareadequatelyequippedforandtrainedinfightingfires.Fireexposurehazard.Afirehazardthatisexternaltoastructure,system,orcomponentinoradjacenttothesamearea.Theexposuretofireeffects(e.g.,smoke,heat,ignition)mayimpactthe capabilitiesofadjacentstructures,systems,andcomponentstopreventormitigatethereleaseof radioactivematerial.Firehazard.Conditionsnecessarytoinitiateandsupportcombustion,includinginsituortransientcombustiblematerials,ignitionsources(e.g.,heat,sparks,openflames),andanoxygen

environment.Fire-retardantmaterial.Materialthathasbeencoatedortreatedwithchemicals,paints,orothermaterialsdesignedtoreducethecombustibilityofthematerial.Firerisk.Thecombinationoftheprobabilityofafireeventandtheestimatedconsequencesoftheevent.Firewatch.Oneormorepersonsresponsibleforprovidingadditionalcoverage(e.g.,duringhotwork)orcompensatorycoverage(e.g.,forsystemimpairments)ofplantactivitiesorareasforthe purposeofdetectingfiresoridentifyingactivitiesandconditionsthatpresentapotentialfire hazard.Thepersonorpersonsshouldbetrainedinidentifyingconditionsoractivitiesthatpresent potentialfirehazardsandintheuseoffireextinguishersandtheproperfirenotification

procedures.Hotwork.Activities(suchascutting,welding,andgrinding)thatinvolvetheuseofheat,sparks,oropenflameandthataretypicallycontrolledbyaformalizedworkpermitsystemcontrolledor reviewedbyafireprotectionengineer.Impairment.Degradationofafireprotectionsystemthatdecreasestheabilityofthesystemtoperformitsintendedfunctions.Independentspentfuelstorageinstallation(ISFSI).Afacilitydesignedandconstructedfortheinterimstorageofspentnuclearfuelandotherradioactivematerialsassociatedwithspentfuel storage.Laydownareas.Areasusedforthetemporarystagingofmaterialsbeforetheiruseordisposal.Listed.Equipmentormaterialsonalistpublishedbyanationallyrecognizedtestinglaboratory,inspectionagency,orsomeotherproductevaluationorganizationthatperiodicallyinspects productionofthelistedequipmentormaterials.Thelistingstatesthattheequipmentormaterials meetnationallyrecognizedstandardsandhavebeentestedandfoundsuitableforuseinaspecified

manner.Monitoredstorage.Theoperationsandconditionsassociatedwithapermanentlyshutdownplantthathasnofuelinthereactorandforwhichdecommissioninghasbeendeferredtothefuture.

1ASTME-84isavailablefromtheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.1.191-23Noncombustiblematerial.Amaterialwhich,intheformitisusedandunderanticipatedconditions,willnotignite,burn,supportcombustion,orreleaseflammablevaporswhensubjected tofireorheat.Alsoamaterialwithastructuralbaseofnoncombustiblematerial,asdefined above,withasurfacingnotover1/8inchthick,thathasaflame-spreadratingnothigherthan50

whenmeasuredusingASTME-84(1997),"StandardTestMethodforSurfaceBurning CharacteristicsofBuildingMaterials." 1Performance-basedapproach.Amethodofimplementationbasedonmeasurableperformancegoalsandobjectives.Permanentlyceasedoperations.OperationshavepermanentlyceasedwhenalicenseecertifiestotheNRCthatithaspermanentlyceasedorwillpermanentlyceasereactoroperations,orafinal legallyeffectiveordertopermanentlyceaseoperationshascomeintoeffect.Permanentfuelremoval.FuelhasbeenpermanentlyremovedwhenallfuelassemblieshavebeenremovedfromthereactorvesselandthelicenseehascertifiedtotheNRCthatithas permanentlyremovedallfuelassembliesfromthereactorvessel.Pre-plan.Adocumentthatdescribesthefacilitylayout,access,contents,construction,hazards,hazardousmaterials,typesandlocationsoffireprotectionsystems,andotherinformation importanttotheplanningofemergencyfireresponse.Radiologicalhazard.Thepresenceofradioactivematerial,includingsources,contamination,wastes,andspentfuel,thatpresentsaradiologicalexposurehazardthatmaybereleasedinthe eventofafireandthatisinexcessofthedoselimitstoplantpersonnelspecifiedin10CFRPart

20.Safeshutdown.Forfireevents,thesequenceofplantconditionsspecifiedintheplanttechnicalspecificationsashotstandby,hotshutdown,orcoldshutdown.Spentfuel.Reactorfuelassembliesthathavebeenirradiatedinthereactorcore.Standardsofrecord.Thestandards,includingspecificeditions,thatconstitutethelicensingordesignbasisfortheplant.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs).Structuralelements,plantsystems,andcomponentswhosefunctionistopreventormitigatethereleaseofradioactivematerialsinthe eventofafire,includingphysicalconfinementbarriers(buildingwalls,floors,ceilings),

ventilationsystems,spentfuelcoolingsystemsandsupportsystems,andwastestoragecontainers.Temporarystructures.Buildings,tents,shelters,platforms,andotherstructuresthatareerectedduringdecommissioningactivities.Theyarenotpermanentsitefacilities.

1.191-24Turnoutgear.Protectiveclothingforfirefightingsuchascoats,pants,boots,helmets,gloves,andself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBAs).Transientcombustibles.Combustiblematerialsthatarenotfixedinplaceoranintegralpartofanoperatingsystemorcomponent.Unrestricteduse.Areasinwhichthelicenseeneitherlimitsnorcontrolsaccessbythegeneralpublicandtowhichthepublicexposurerequirementsof10CFRPart20apply.

1.191-25APPENDIXBEXAMPLESOFFIREPROTECTIONFORSELECTEDFIREAREAS,STRUCTURES,SYSTEMS,ANDCOMPONENTSThefollowingexamplesdescribeacceptablefireprotectionforselectedplantareasthatmaycontainradiologicalhazards.Theseexamplesaregenericanddonotencompassallpossible radiologicalandfirehazardsforaplantundergoingdecommissioning.Theseexamplesare providedforguidanceandinformationandarenotNRCrequirements.SpentFuelPoolAreaThefirehazardsinthespentfuelpoolareaandthoseinadjacentareasshouldbequantifiediftheypresentanexposurehazardorcouldpropagatetothespentfuelpoolarea.Thepotentialfor thesefirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerials,includingthespentfuel,shouldbeevaluated.Theradiologicalhazardsintheareashouldbequantified,includinghazardsofthespentfuelandanyradioactivewasteorcontaminationthatmaycontributetoaradiologicalreleaseif exposedtofire.Potentialreleasesofradioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyaconservative analysisofthefire-relatedsourceterm,thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergency responseactions.Exposuresresultingfromthefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerials shouldnotexceedthelimitsof10CFRPart20.Structures,systems,andcomponents(SSCs)thatarenecessarytoprovideprotectionofthespentfuelandmitigateanyradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffects offire,asappropriate.Thesesystemsmayincludebuildingventilation,spentfuelpoolcooling andmakeup,instrumentationandcontrols,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbe maintainedthatprovideseparationbetweensignificantfirehazardsandSSCsimportanttothesafe operationofthespentfuelpool.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseorstorage ofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Ifafireinthespentfuelpoolareacouldresultinalossofthenormalspentfuelpoolcoolingandmakeupsystemsorarapidlossofpoolinventory,thecapabilitytomaintainspentfuel integrityandminimizethepotentialforradiologicalreleaseshouldbeevaluatedandalternative coolingandmakeupcapabilitiesshouldbeprovided.Theresponsetimeforreestablishingcooling andmakeupcapabilityforthespentfuelpoolshouldbequantifiedaccordingtotheneedtoensure thatfuelintegrityismaintainedandradiologicalexposurelimitsforemergencyresponse personnel,includingfire-fighters,arenotexceeded.Proceduresshouldbedevelopedthatdescribeequipmentconfigurationsandnecessaryoperatoractionsinresponsetoafireinthespentfuelpoolarea.Forexample,ventilationsystems andanyotherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineradioactive materialsandminimizethepotentialfortheirreleasetotheenvironment.Spentfuelcoolingand makeupsystemcomponentsmayhavetobede-energizedoroperatedfromoutsidethefireareaif electricalandcontrolsystemsaresubjecttopotentialfiredamage.

1.191-26Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinthespentfuelareashouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensure thatdecommissioningactivitiesassociatedwithspentfuelpooloperationsandmaintenance, includinganyfuelmovementorhandlingoperationssuchascaskloadingandshipment,are subjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityforthespentfuelpoolareashouldbeprovided.Firealarmsandemergencylightingforpersonnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asa minimum,manualsuppressioncapabilityshouldbeavailablefromportablefireextinguishersand standpipesorhosestations,orboth.Manualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequate coverageaccordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Water suppliesshouldbesufficienttomeetsuppressionsystemdemands.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedforthespentfuelpoolareathatidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationofsuppressionsystems,significantfirehazards, radioactiveandtoxicmaterialhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyforthespentfuelpoolarea.RadioactiveWasteStorageandAccumulationAreas,IncludingTemporaryStructuresSpecificplantareasorseparatestructuresshouldbeprovidedforthestorageofradioactivewastes.Wasteaccumulationareaswithintheplantmaybenecessarytosupportcertain decommissioningactivities.Combustiblewasteshouldbemoveddailyfromaccumulationareas todesignatedstorageareas.Thewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldprovideadequate separationandprotectionofthewastefromexposurefirehazards.Temporarystructuresprovided forinterimwastestorageshouldcomplywiththeappropriatefirecodesandshouldbedesignedto preventorminimizethepotentialforradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Thefirehazardsintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasandfireexposurehazardsinadjacentareasthatcouldpropagatetothewastestorageandaccumulationareasshould bequantified.Thepotentialforfirehazardstoimpactradioactivematerialsshouldbeevaluated.

Specialhazardssuchascontaminatedelectricalcablesandplasticsthat,ifignited,canbedifficult tosuppressandcanemitconsiderablequantitiesofacridsmokeandtoxicgasesandhamperfire fightingandevacuationeffortsshouldbeevaluated.Confinementmeasuresshouldbeprovidedas necessarytomitigatereleaseofradioactivematerialsentrainedinthesmokeandgases.Conservativeestimatesoftheradioactivematerialcontentforstoredwastesshouldbeestablished,totheextentpossible,basedonstandardsurveyandmeasurementrequirements.

Theseestimates,combinedwithanycontaminationinthearea,shouldbeusedasthebasisfor estimatingpotentialradioactivematerialreleasesintheeventofafire.Potentialreleasesof radioactivematerialsshouldbequantifiedbyconservativeanalysesofthefire-relatedsourceterm, thecapabilitiesofmitigatingsystems,andemergencyresponseactions.Exposuresresultingfrom thefire-inducedreleaseofradioactivematerialsmustnotexceedthelimitsin10CFRPart20.

1.191-27Radioactivewastestorageareaswithinexistingplantstructuresshouldprovideadequatefireprotectiontominimizethepotentialforfireandthesubsequentreleaseofradioactive materials.SSCsnecessarytoprotectradioactivewasteandmitigateanyradiologicalrelease shouldbeevaluatedandprotectedfromtheeffectsoffire,asappropriate.TheseSSCsinclude structuresthatprovideseparationandconfinement,buildingventilation,instrumentationand controls,andelectricalpower.Ratedfirebarriersshouldbemaintainedthatseparatesignificant firehazards,thewastestorageandaccumulationareas,andSSCsimportanttothesafestorageof thecontaminatedwastematerials.Whereadequateseparationcannotbeprovided,theuseand storageofcombustiblematerialsshouldbeminimizedandcontrolled.Temporarystructuresusedforradioactivewastestorageareasshouldbeconstructedwithnoncombustiblematerialstotheextentpossible.Radioactivewastepackagingshouldbe fabricatedofnoncombustibleorfire-retardantmaterials.Activitiesandequipmentthatarea potentialignitionsourceshouldbeprohibitedorstrictlycontrolledwithinwastestorageareas.Smokedetectionandfiresuppressioncapabilityshouldbeprovidedforareasinwhichradioactivewastematerialswillbeaccumulatedorstored.Firealarmsandemergencylightingfor personnelevacuationshouldbeprovided.Asaminimum,manualsuppressioncapability, includingportablefireextinguishers,shouldbeavailable.Confinementmeasuresshouldbe providedtocontrolpotentiallycontaminatedrunofffromautomaticormanualfiresuppression, includinginadvertentlyactuatedautomaticsystems.Fortemporarystructures,automaticor manualfiresuppressionorbothshouldbeprovidedaccordingtothefirehazardsandtheneedto maintainadequateconfinementtopreventorminimizethepotentialreleaseofradioactive materials.Automaticandmanualfiresuppressionsystemsshouldprovideadequatecoverage accordingtothefirehazards,evacuationroutes,andfireattackstrategies.Watersuppliesshould besufficienttomeetautomatic(ifapplicable)andmanualsuppressionsystemdemands.Administrativecontrolsforhousekeeping,transientcombustibles,andhotworkinradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbeestablishedbyprocedures.

Noncombustibleorfire-resistantmaterialsshouldbeusedforpackagingradioactivewaste materials.Theworkcontrolproceduresshouldensurethatdecommissioningactivitiesassociated withtheremovalandstorageofradioactivewaste,includingpackagingandshipmentof radioactivematerials,aresubjecttoappropriatefireprotectionreviews.Proceduresthatdescribenecessaryactionsinresponsetoafireintheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareasshouldbedeveloped.Forexample,ventilationsystemsandany otherbuildingopeningssuchasaccessdoorsshouldbeconfiguredtoconfineandminimizethe potentialforareleaseofradioactivematerialstotheenvironment.Considerationshouldbegiven tothewastestoragearealayoutandtheavailabilityofstandpipes(i.e.,toavoidhoselaysthrough doors)toallowfirefightingactivitiesandatthesametimemaintainadequateconfinement.Firepre-plansshouldbedevelopedfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.Thepre-plansshouldidentifythearealayout,accessandegresspoints,typeandlocationof suppressionsystems,radiologicalhazards,andSSCsimportanttothepreventionormitigationof releasesofradioactivematerialthatshouldbeprotectedfromtheeffectsoffires.Onsitefire brigadesandoffsiterespondersshouldbeadequatelytrainedanddrilledonthepre-plansand generalfireattackstrategyfortheradioactivewastestorageandaccumulationareas.

1.191-28REGULATORYANALYSISAseparateregulatoryanalysiswasnotpreparedforthisregulatoryguide.TheregulatorybasisforthisguideistheregulatoryanalysispreparedfortheamendmentstoParts2,50,and51,

"DecommissioningofNuclearPowerReactors,"issuedonJuly29,1996(61FR39278),which examinesthecostsandbenefitsoftheruleasimplementedbytheguide.Acopyofthisregulatory analysisisavailableforinspectionandmaybecopiedforafeeattheNRC'sPublicDocument RoomatOneWhiteFlintNorth,11555RockvillePike,Rockville,Maryland,telephone(301)415-

4737;fax(301)415-3548.


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