Regulatory Guide 5.44: Difference between revisions
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{{#Wiki_filter:I.January 1975 U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION | {{#Wiki_filter:I. | ||
REGULATORY | |||
DIRECTORATE | January 1975 U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION | ||
OF REGULATORY | REGULATORY | ||
DIRECTORATE OF REGULATORY STANDARDS | |||
GUIDE 5.44 PERIMETER | GUIDE | ||
INTRUSION | REGULATORY GUIDE 5.44 PERIMETER INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS | ||
ALARM SYSTEMS | |||
==A. INTRODUCTION== | ==A. INTRODUCTION== | ||
Paragraph (bX4) of §73.50 of the Commiision's regulations requires that, at fuel reprocessing plants and certain other plants at which highly enriched uranium, uranium-233, or plutonium is used or processed, the isolation zone surrounding the physical barrier at the perimeter of the protected area be monitored to detedt the presence of individuals or vehicles within the zone so as to allow response by armed members of the licensee | alarm initiated. Segmenting tof the petimetet alarm system also allows testing and maintenance ot a portion Paragraph (bX4) of §73.50 of the Commiision's of the system while maintaining the rernainder Gf the regulations requires that, at fuel reprocessing plants and perimeter under monitoring. It is gVracatly desirable that certain other plants at which highly enriched uranium, the individual segments be limfited to a length which uranium-233, or plutonium is used or processed, the allows obsci iation of the zntixe segment by an individual isolation zone surrounding the physical barrier at the standing at one end of the segment.. | ||
perimeter of the protected area be monitored to detedt the presence of individuals or vehicles within the zone so as to allow response by armed members of the licensee Effective use of a periwetel intrusion alarm system security organization to be initiated at the time of is facilitated by a regular program of system testing. | |||
penetration of the protected area. "lhi* guide describes Testing for operability can be performed by a guard or five types of perimeter intrusion alarm systems and sets watchman penetrating the zone protected by the alarm forth criteria for their performance and use as a means system during routine patrols. Functional performance acceptable to the Regulatory staff of meeting the abnve testing, however, is usually more elaborate. In an), case, requirement. testing can. be meaningful without comptomising security only if performed under controlled circur*- | |||
1. DISCUSSION stances such as direct visual observation of the area being tested while a specified test is conducted. | |||
The | Perimeter intrusion alarm systems can be used to The following discus~ion describes the operations, detect intrusion into or through the isolation zone at the limitations, and envirornental considetations of five perimeter of the protected area.. A system generally basie types of commercially available perimeter intrusion consists of one or more sensors, electronic processing alarm systems-microwave, ferrous metal detector, equipment, a power supply, and an alarm monitor. pressure-sensitive, infrared, and vibration- or stress- Detection of an intruder is accomplished by the alarm sensitive fence protection systems. | ||
system responding to some change in its operating condition caused by the intruder, e.g., interruption of a 1. Microwave Peimeter Alarm System transmitted infrared or microwave beam or stress ex- erted on a piezoelectric crystal. The choice of a Each link of a microwave perimeter alarm system is perimeter alarm system is influenced by considerations composed of a transmitter, receiver, and power supply. | |||
of terrain and climate. At present. no single perimeter The microwave transmitter produces a beam-like pattern intrusion alarm system is capable of operating effectively of microwave energy directed to the receiver, which in all varieties of environments. senses the microwave beam. A partial or total inter- The mode of installation of the perimeter alarm ruption of the beam will cause an alarm cmidition. The system influences the effectiveness of the perimeter microwave beam can be modulated to reduce inter- intrusion alarm. In general, dividing the Aite perimeter ference from spurious sources of radiofrequency energy, into segments that are independently alarmed and to increase sensitivity, and to decrease the vulnerability uniquely monitored .ssists the security organization in to defeat from "capture" of the receiver by a false response to an alarm by localizing the area in which the microwave source. | |||
USAEC REGULATORY GUIDE$ Copm at of pmstwshOukla fWV be cebtaived by request Iindlest, the C"isso#s daenwd to Itte US. Asomfra ~wgy Comnmaihson. Wn~mpaý, D.C. 2054S. | |||
Regulatory Guides sre isue~d to desaib. ansdrnsk. rev bto to the pubic Attat-ion: Dsr~Vr 01 RagwIatu' Smt"Lb.ft COW"t' en a t MOi ftZA for trWthasodtaroapia to tho AE C Raouiatorv is"a of implfl9*~tir specific o"aofl4 il?~ imrerrntt thw pal WS'qded IaMb at t f.Srew lisa Conttustijon's reguletiont. to detInsstetachslqvue .*J by Ith. staff in of 016 Caflnt,,Ilsak. U.S. Asl EWT COrnmbeictt. WahWtO"s O.C. 7.0&0, | |||
avekselinfp specifi probterms ot poetubtatd acidesnn, oro crowd@ grklsrsor to Attentions: 0occtatisg nd Se"weasuctoss. | |||
The | aW~inmttt Regulatory Guides anenot ssebatlutae for regulaions and -otfec withts ites nesttreAqured. Meathods aOW solutiom diltarat fromiOae an WIout ins The psidn a isue A% ItM fOOWIvW* W breed dWovtss the pulde, swillbe ,cpalS It they V Ovid$ a bestsfer the fIndings requisit to l~isasasaoror aoititsssaseaof apermit as ilcaee bytheCo Fosrm ftaca | ||
and | 1*~f1. &. pfodwmt | ||
2. Aeemrth and Teest ftactn . TtoatsmpStioA | |||
3. Fushtan~d Measarlta Facititles IL Oca0 at0s0aIe mob"% | |||
Published gu=a witl be sashed perodcall. aesspprowiate. to smormrnvodats, 4. fEsrossmassts *me Sltwqs 9. Asstttlus: Na.1e comsnftretsmd reflect few Iseforrsiutln or essasianca. 5. uritermia Ord P"&n% Protection 1 | |||
===0. OatOrat=== | |||
71. I..,,, | |||
at least 3 meters from parallel running metal fences and wall so that the transmitter and receiver units are at least 20 meters from public roads to minimize positioned between 0.3 and 1.0 meter from the fence or nuisance alarms. wall. If the infrared alarm sys4 em is installed inside and parallel to a fence, the transmitter and receiver units d. Presume-Sensitive Pesimeter Alarm Systems should be positioned between 2.0 and 2.5 meters from the fence to prevent an individual from jumpthng over | |||
(1) Performance Criteria. A pies-ure-sensitive the infrared beams fronm atop the fence or sprinting perimeter alarm system should be capable of detecting thrmugh the beams. Installation of the infrared alarm an individual weighing no more than 35 kilograms system inside and adjacent to a wall should be avoided crossing the sensitive area of the system at a ninimunim since the wall provides a sti,0 ba.c Iron which an speed of 0.3 meter per second whether walking, crawl. intruder can jump over the *eies into the protected ing, or rolling. The system design should employ aICO. | |||
techniques (etg.. electronic signpi processing) to elimi- nate nuisance alarms from wind noise. f. Vibration or Strain Dketection | |||
(2) Ins*alation Criteria. The sensors should be (1) Performance Criteria. Vibration- or strain. | |||
installed at the depth below the ground wurfa~e stated by detection systems uted for fence protction should the manufacturer. To obtain a high probability of detect an intruder weighiig no more than 3S kilograins detection, the sensors should be in two separate parallel attempting to climb the fence. The system should also lines at a distance from 1.5 to 2 meters apart. The detect any att empt to cut the fence Mrlift the lfence sensors and electronic circuitry buried in the ground more than 15 cut above grade. The system should not should be of a durable, moisturepfouf, rt(Aent-resistant generate alarms due to wind-produced vibration of the material. When a pressure-sensitive perimeter alarm fence. | |||
The | system is being installed in rocky soil, all rocks should be removed during backfilling to prevent damage to sensors. (2) Installation Criteria. The vibration or strain If the frost line exceeds 10 cm, a buried sensors should be attached firmly to the fence (post or pressure-sensitive system should nit be used unless the fabric. as appropriate) so that the vibration or stress soil is specifically prepared to eliminate freezing above caused by an intruder climbing, cutting, or lifting the the sensor. fence will generate an alarm. | ||
e. Infrared Perimeter Alarm Systems | |||
2. Testing Perimeter Intrusion Alarm Systems | |||
(1) Performance Criteria. An infrared pen- meter alarm system should be a nhultibeam modulated a. Routine Testing type consisting of a minimum of three transmitters and three receivers per unit. An alarm condition should be Perimeter intrusion alarm systems sh-iuld be generated when 90% of the beams are blocked for a tested at least unce each seven days. Testing may be period of 75 milliseconds or more or when any one accomplished during routine patrols by the members of beam is blocked for a period of 1.25 seconds or more. the licensee security force, The alarm systems should be Furthermore. the system should be able to operate as tested in segments at random with only one or two abovemwith a factor of 20 (13 dB) insertion loss due to segments tested per patrol. However, every segment atmospheric attenuation (e.g., fog) at maximum range should be tested at least once every seven days. The | |||
(100 meters). testing should be wonducted by crossing the isolation Yone where the alarm system is located or by clinbing | |||
(2) nstallation Criteria. An infrared perimeter the fence to which the system is attached. Where alarm system should be installed so that, at any point, appropriate, a specific test procedure should be fol- the lowest beam Is no higher than 21 cm above grade. lowed. Prior to making the test, the individual making The distance between transmitters and receivers of a unit the test should notify the central alarm station that a should not exceed 100 meters. test is about to be conducted. The area under test should The transmitters and receivers should be be maintained under visual observation by a guard. | |||
mounted rigidly (e.g., installed on a rigid post or concrete pad) to prevent nuisance alarms from vibra- tions. Installation should provide "overlap" of adjacent b. Performance Testing units. The maximum distance between transmitter and receiver should be selected to permit proper operation At least quarterly, the perimeter Intrusion during conditions of severe atmospheric attenuation that alarm system should be, tested against Its functional are typical for the site, generally a maximum of 100 performance specifications. The test procedure recom- meters. mended by the manufacturer should be followed. While The infrared perimeter alarm system the test is being conducted, the area under test should be should be installed outside of and parallel to a fence or maintained under direct visual observation by a guard. | |||
5.44-5 | |||
Successive microwave links can be overlapped to fluid-filled flexible tube, or a specially fabricated elec- form a protective perimeter around a facility. However, trical cable. | |||
as. the transmitter/receiver link is a line-of-sight.system, . Like the ferro!us metal detector system. the hills or other obstructions will interrupt the beam, and pressure-sensitive system does not require line-of.sight ditches may provide crawl space for an intruder. installation and can be sited on uneven terrain. However. | |||
.. | |||
Moreover, objects such as tumbieweeds, paper, and installation in rocky soil may result in daniage to the bushes moving in the path of the beam can cause pressure transducers either during installation or as a nuisance alarms. Systems utilizing the Doppler shift for resuft of soil settlement afte: installation. High winds motion detection are especially sensitive to the motion can produce pressure waves on the ground surface which of trees and grass and to falling rain and snow. can be sensed by the transducer and could nectssitate The maximum and minimum separation of the operation at reduced sesnsitivity to avowd nuisance transmitter and receiver usually is specified by the alarms; however, features to cumpensate for winid- manufacturer. Typically, a microwave perimeter alarm generated noise can be de.iigned into the equipment. | |||
system will operate effectively in the range between 70 Prissure systems also may lose sensitivity if the buried and 150 meters. sensors axe covered with snow, by snow with a frozen crust that will support the weight cf a man, or by frozen ground. Other natural phenomena such as hail and rain | |||
2. Ferrous Metal Detector Perimeter Alarm System can cause nuisance alarms. | |||
sensors, | |||
The sensitive area consists of a rtarrow corridor, A ferrous metal detector system cornsists of buried usually about one meter in width. A greater degree of electrical cables, amplifiers, inhibitors, and a central security can be azhieved by employing two such alarm unit. The system is passive and is susceptible to corridors to prevent an intruder jumping over the buried changes in the ambient magnetic field. Such changes are transducers. Typical maximum length monitored by a caused either by electromagnetic disturbances such as transducer (i.e., a set of piezoelectric crystals, a liquid- lightning or by ferrous metal being carried over the filled tube, or an electrical cable) is about 100 meteis. | |||
If | buried cables. The change in the local magnetic field induces a current in the buried cable whiLch is filtered 4. Infrared Perimeter Alarm Systems and sensed by the electronics, If the change exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm is generated. To Uke the microwave system, each link of an infrared reduce nuisance alarms from external electromagnetic system is composed of a transmitter, receiver, power sources (e.g., electrical power transmission lines), the supply, and alarm annunciator. The transmitter directs a electrical cable is laid in loops which are transposed at narrow beam to a receiver. " -he infrared beam between regular Intervals. The inhibitor, which operates on the the transmitter and receiver is interrupted, an alarm same principle as the cable loops and is buried near a signal is generated. As with the microwave system, the cable loop, senses strong temporary electromagnetic infrared system is line of sight. In addition, the infrared interference (e.g., lightning) and disables the alarm be'm is usually modulated. Since the infrared beam does system for approxir,,mtely one second, thus reducing not diverge significasitly as does the microwave beam, nuisance alarms. multiple infrared beams between transmitter and re- The ferrous metal detector system is not a line-of- ceiver can be used to define a "wall". If this "'wall" is sight system and therefore can be installed on uneven then penetrated by an individual, an alarm will result. | ||
ground and need not be laid in a straight line. The loops Fog both attentuates and disperses the infrared formed by the cables must be fairly regular, however. As beam and can cause nuisance alarms. However, the the system will detect only ferrous metal, animals, birds, system can be designed to operate properly with severe or flying leaves will not initiate alarms. However, atmospheric attenuation. Dust on the faceplates also will electromagnetic interferences can cause nuisance alarms attenuate the infrared beam as will an accumulation of or even disable the alarm system if the interference is condensation, frost, or ice on the faceplate. | |||
severe. Like the microwave system, vegetation such as Each sensing cable (and amplifier) can monitor a bushes, trees, grass, etc., will interfere with the infrared line up to 500 meters in length. Multiple cables and beam, and ditches, gullies, or hills will allow areas where amplifiers can be used to extend the monitoring length. the passage of an inruder may be und:tected. | |||
The typical maximum distance between transnitter | |||
3. Pressure-Sensitive Perimeter Alarm System and receiver is about 100 meters. | |||
Buried pressure transducers detect small variations S. Vibration or Stress Detector In the mechanical stress exerted on the surrounding soil by the presence of an individual passing above the A variety of devices which detect strain or vibration sensor. The signals produced by the transducers are are available for use as fence protection systems. | |||
amplified and compared with a preestablished threshold. Although the devices vary greatly in design, each If the signal exceeds the threshold, an alarm occurs. The basically detects strain or vibration of the fence such as transducer may be a set of piezoelectric crystals, a that produced by an intruder climbing or cutting the | |||
that | 5.44-2 | ||
..' | |||
ace. In the simplest devices, the vibration or strain resistant enclosure. All signal lines connecting the a.larm relays with alarm monitors should be supervised; if the makes or breaks electrical continuity and thereby generates an alarm. processing electronics is separated from the sensor Vibration- or strain- detection devices for fence elements and not located wilhin the detection a;ea of the sensor elements, the signal lines linking the 3ensors protection generally are susceptible to nuisance alarms to the processing elec tro nics should also be supc vise .. | |||
generated by wind-produccl vibration of the fences to All key locks or key-operated switche.% | |||
which they are attached. Rigid mounting of the fence will lessen the propensity of the fence to vibrate and used to protect equipment and control.- should have UL- | |||
of | listed locking cylinders (see Regulatory (.uide 5.12, therefore will reduce the frequency of nuisance alarms. "General Use of Locks in tht lrotection of Facilities aod However, making the fence too rigid will render the Special Nuclear Materiafl). | ||
alarm system insensitive to an intruder. This situation is especially common with post-mounted switch-contact- type alarm systems. The utilization of electronic signal. (3) EvIronment. Pcrimeter intrusion 'latin processing equipment in conjunction with signal- systems should be capable of operating throughout the generating strain or vibration transducers can effectively climatic extremes of the environs in which they are used; | |||
reduce nuisance alarm rates without sacrificing scnsi. as ý,. minimum, the syst ems should be capable of tivity to climbing or cutting the fence. efiective operation between -35" and +50 'C. Corn- Depending upon the variety of sensor, each sensor ponents that necessarily must be located out of doors can monitor a length of fence ranging from about one should be protected from moisture damage by such meter to several hundred meters. methods as hermetic sealing or potting in an epoxy compound. | |||
==C. REGULATORY POSITION== | |||
(4) Alarm Condition | |||
====s. Perimeter intrusion==== | |||
1. Minimum Qualification for Perimeter Intrusion alarm systems should wenerate an alarm under any of the Alarm Systems following conditions: | |||
a. General (a) Detection of stimulus or condition for which it was designed to react, (I) Electrical, All components-- sensors, elec- (b) Failure of emergency power to piop- tronic processing equipment, power supplies, alarm erly operate the system in the'event of monitors-should be approved by the Underwriter's loss of primary power, Laboratory (UL) for fire safety. If alarm power is (c) Indication of tampering (e.g., opening. | |||
furnished by public utility, the syst-em should contain shorting, or grounding of the sensor provisions for automatic switchover to emergency bat- circuitry) that can render the device tery or generator power without generating alarms in the incapable of normal operation. | |||
event primary power is interrupted. Eimergency power (d) Indication of tampering by activation should be capable of sustaining operation for a minimum of a tamper switch or other triggering of 24 hours without replacing or recharging batteries or mechanism, refueling generators. If sufficient battery or fuel capacity (e) Failure or aging of any component(s) | |||
is not attainable for 24-hour operation as stated above, to the extent that the device is ren- additional batteries or fuel should be stored on site dered incapable of normal operation. | |||
expressly for augmenting the emergency power supply. | |||
If | If emergency power is furnished by battery, all batteries An automatic and distinctly recognizable (including stored batteries) should be maintained at a indicat.4on should be generated by the alarm monitor minimum of 90% of full charge by automatic battery- upon switchover to emergency power. if primary power charging circuitry. is supplied from the central alarm station. In addition, for emergency power supplied by battery from the | ||
below | (2) Tamper Indication. All enclosures for central alarm station, an automatic and disfinctly recog- equipment should be equipped with tamper switches or nizable indication should be generated if. at any time triggering mechanisms compatible with the alarm sys- during operation on primary power, the available emer- tems. The electronics should be designed so that gency battery power is below 80% of rated capacity. | ||
tamper-indicating devices remain in operation even Loss or reduction of power (either primary though the system itself may be placed in the access or emergency) to the degree that the system is no longer mode.* All controls that affect the sensitivity of operating properly should result in an alarm condition or the alarm system should be located within a tamper- be otherwise indicated in the central alarm station. | |||
*Access mode means the condition that maintains the *Signal supervision will be disussed in a replaory guide system sensitive to Intrusion but that inhibits the audible (and in currendy undet development on interior intrusion &Lam syi- some cases visible) annunciation or an alarm. tems. | |||
5.44-3 | |||
- I | |||
Placement of any portion of a perimeter Typically, a chain link security fence with an overall Intrusion alarm system Into the access mode should be height of 8 feet will necessitate a minimum of 2 meters indicated automatically and distinctly by the alarm between fence and the center of the microwave beam. | |||
monitor. Moreover, the segment(s) of the bystent placed Successive microwave links and comers in the access mode should be indicated clearly. should overlap three meters to eliminate the dead spot (areas where movement is not detected) below and (S) Installation. Perimeter intrusion alarm immediately in front of transmitter and receivers. The systems generally may be loceicd ,n either side of the overlap of successive links should be arranged so that perimeter physical barrier. If, ir.,wvver, installation is rece vez units are within t6e area protected by the outside the perimetra barrier, a second barrier or fence microwave beam. | |||
(e.g., a cattle fence), should be erected so that the alarm system is located between the barriers. The second c. Ferrous Metal De~tector Perimeter Alarm barrier or fence will serve to reduce the inmidence of System nuisance alarms from animals and passersby. Of course, fence protectlon systems must be located on a fence. (1) Performance Criteria. A ferrous metal Where possible, the perimeter should be detector perimeter alarm system should be able to detect segmented so that an'individual standing at one end of a a 400-pole.centimeter (CGS units) magnet moving at a segment will have a clear view of the entire segment. In rate of 0.3 meter pei second within 0.3 netcr of a sensor no case should any segment exceed 200 meters in length. cable. The detection system should be equipped with Each segment should independently and uniquely indi- inhibitors to minirnf7e nuisance alarms due to electso- cate intrusion and should be capable of placement into magnetic interference. Multiple inhibitors should be used the access mode indepcndendy of the other segments. to prevent undetected simultaneous dexensitizing of the entire system. | |||
b. Microwave Perimeter Alarm System | |||
(1) Performance Criteria. A microwave peri. (2) Installation Criteria. To determine if the ferrous metal deteclion system will operate in the meter alarm system should be capable of detecting an intruder passing between the transmitter and receiver at proposed environment, a preengineering site survey a rate between 0.15 and IS meters per second, whether should be made using an ehetrornagnetic detection survey meter. This survey meter can be furnished by the walking, running, jumping, crawling, or rolling. The microwave beani should be modulated, and the receiver manufacturer. if the electromagnetic disturbances are within the limits prescribed by the manufacturer, this should be frequency selective to decrease susceptibility to receiver "capture". Generally, because of suscepti- type of system can be used effectively. Special looping configurations can be made in areas of high electro- bility to motion beyond the area to be protected, magnetic irierference to reduce the incidents of nui- Doppler microwave systems should not be used as perimeter intrusion alarms. sance alarms. | |||
The cable should be | The sensing loops of electrical cable should be buried in the ground according to the manufacturer's | ||
(2) Installation Criteria. The transmitters and receivers should be installed on even terrain cicar of stated depth. Multiple units (cable and amplifier) sht uld be used to protect a perimeter. All associated buried trees, tall grass, and bushes. Each unit should be mounted rigidly at a distance of about 1 meter above the circuitry should be buried in the detection zvne of the ground. The distance between a transmitter and its sensor and packaged in hermetically sealed containerm. | |||
receiver should be at least 70 meters. Neither the The cable should be laid in accordance with the transmitter nor the receiver should be mounted on a manufacturer's recommended geometrical configurations fence. To prevent passage under the microwave beam in to reduce nuisance alarms from external sources. When the shadow of an obstruction, hills should be leveled, cable is being installed in rocky soil. care should be ditches filled, and obstructions removed so that the area taken to remove sharp rocks during backfilling over the between transmitter and receiver is clear of obstructions cable. | |||
The | and free of rises or depressions of height or depth greater Inhibitors should be buried in the ground at least 6 meters from the cable inside the protected titan 15 cm. The clear area should be sufficiently wide to preclude generation of alarms by objects moving near perimeter. | ||
the cable should be placed 5.44-4 | the microwave link (e.g., personnel walking or vehicular Continuous electromagnetic interference obstructs the detection of an intruder carrying metal traffic). Approximate widths of the microwave pattern should be provided by the manufacturer. over the buried cable by keeping the inhibitor activated, If the microwave link is installed inside and thereby preventing the alarm unit from responding to a roughly parallel to a perimeter fence or wall, the change in flux. The device should therefore be used only where the environment is relatively free of severe transmitter and receiver should be positioned so as to prevent someone from jumping over the microwave man-made electromagnetic interference. The cable beam into'the protected area from atop the fence should never be installed close to overhead power or wall. transmission lines. Moreover. the cable should be placed | ||
5.44-4 | |||
d | |||
The purpose of this wectioti is to piovide iuifor- | 0. IMPLEMENTATION of subnLmilsa in connecajion with spec-LiI nucicar material license. onctag'rag ticense. or consti uction rwetuil atppliw~- | ||
The purpose of this wectioti is to piovide iuifor- lionsducictcý afite Augus~t 1. 19 7 | |||
===5. W=== | |||
niation to applicanits and Iiccen~.sct tcgifdingr the Regula- If an zkpplicant mliose appbc.ation foi a special tory stafrs pluans for utilizing thi3 regubaury giidc. nuclcar materiai licensc, an opetating licvnsc, or a Except iW those casses in which 'lie appbcaj~t Constniclion permit is dockcied on or Moefa August 1, pruposes an aitc-rnaiive method1 fiur complying w.ith '69757 wishcs it) use this regulatory guide in devcloping specified portitin! of (ice CoMail IWJ% 11S rcgulaikylms. "11c f | |||
4ubtuiti-a~lot ppiicstions. the per-tinent portions, of thle method described hereia, wall be used in. th,- ov-luatioi; 3ppkcat-ion will be cvaluated on flth: basis of~ this guide. | |||
4ubtuiti-a~lot | |||
5.44-6}} | |||
{{RG-Nav}} | {{RG-Nav}} | ||
Revision as of 10:19, 4 November 2019
| ML13350A239 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 01/31/1975 |
| From: | US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| RG-5.044 | |
| Download: ML13350A239 (6) | |
I.
January 1975 U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
REGULATORY
DIRECTORATE OF REGULATORY STANDARDS
GUIDE
REGULATORY GUIDE 5.44 PERIMETER INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS
A. INTRODUCTION
alarm initiated. Segmenting tof the petimetet alarm system also allows testing and maintenance ot a portion Paragraph (bX4) of §73.50 of the Commiision's of the system while maintaining the rernainder Gf the regulations requires that, at fuel reprocessing plants and perimeter under monitoring. It is gVracatly desirable that certain other plants at which highly enriched uranium, the individual segments be limfited to a length which uranium-233, or plutonium is used or processed, the allows obsci iation of the zntixe segment by an individual isolation zone surrounding the physical barrier at the standing at one end of the segment..
perimeter of the protected area be monitored to detedt the presence of individuals or vehicles within the zone so as to allow response by armed members of the licensee Effective use of a periwetel intrusion alarm system security organization to be initiated at the time of is facilitated by a regular program of system testing.
penetration of the protected area. "lhi* guide describes Testing for operability can be performed by a guard or five types of perimeter intrusion alarm systems and sets watchman penetrating the zone protected by the alarm forth criteria for their performance and use as a means system during routine patrols. Functional performance acceptable to the Regulatory staff of meeting the abnve testing, however, is usually more elaborate. In an), case, requirement. testing can. be meaningful without comptomising security only if performed under controlled circur*-
1. DISCUSSION stances such as direct visual observation of the area being tested while a specified test is conducted.
Perimeter intrusion alarm systems can be used to The following discus~ion describes the operations, detect intrusion into or through the isolation zone at the limitations, and envirornental considetations of five perimeter of the protected area.. A system generally basie types of commercially available perimeter intrusion consists of one or more sensors, electronic processing alarm systems-microwave, ferrous metal detector, equipment, a power supply, and an alarm monitor. pressure-sensitive, infrared, and vibration- or stress- Detection of an intruder is accomplished by the alarm sensitive fence protection systems.
system responding to some change in its operating condition caused by the intruder, e.g., interruption of a 1. Microwave Peimeter Alarm System transmitted infrared or microwave beam or stress ex- erted on a piezoelectric crystal. The choice of a Each link of a microwave perimeter alarm system is perimeter alarm system is influenced by considerations composed of a transmitter, receiver, and power supply.
of terrain and climate. At present. no single perimeter The microwave transmitter produces a beam-like pattern intrusion alarm system is capable of operating effectively of microwave energy directed to the receiver, which in all varieties of environments. senses the microwave beam. A partial or total inter- The mode of installation of the perimeter alarm ruption of the beam will cause an alarm cmidition. The system influences the effectiveness of the perimeter microwave beam can be modulated to reduce inter- intrusion alarm. In general, dividing the Aite perimeter ference from spurious sources of radiofrequency energy, into segments that are independently alarmed and to increase sensitivity, and to decrease the vulnerability uniquely monitored .ssists the security organization in to defeat from "capture" of the receiver by a false response to an alarm by localizing the area in which the microwave source.
USAEC REGULATORY GUIDE$ Copm at of pmstwshOukla fWV be cebtaived by request Iindlest, the C"isso#s daenwd to Itte US. Asomfra ~wgy Comnmaihson. Wn~mpaý, D.C. 2054S.
Regulatory Guides sre isue~d to desaib. ansdrnsk. rev bto to the pubic Attat-ion: Dsr~Vr 01 RagwIatu' Smt"Lb.ft COW"t' en a t MOi ftZA for trWthasodtaroapia to tho AE C Raouiatorv is"a of implfl9*~tir specific o"aofl4 il?~ imrerrntt thw pal WS'qded IaMb at t f.Srew lisa Conttustijon's reguletiont. to detInsstetachslqvue .*J by Ith. staff in of 016 Caflnt,,Ilsak. U.S. Asl EWT COrnmbeictt. WahWtO"s O.C. 7.0&0,
avekselinfp specifi probterms ot poetubtatd acidesnn, oro crowd@ grklsrsor to Attentions: 0occtatisg nd Se"weasuctoss.
aW~inmttt Regulatory Guides anenot ssebatlutae for regulaions and -otfec withts ites nesttreAqured. Meathods aOW solutiom diltarat fromiOae an WIout ins The psidn a isue A% ItM fOOWIvW* W breed dWovtss the pulde, swillbe ,cpalS It they V Ovid$ a bestsfer the fIndings requisit to l~isasasaoror aoititsssaseaof apermit as ilcaee bytheCo Fosrm ftaca
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2. Aeemrth and Teest ftactn . TtoatsmpStioA
3. Fushtan~d Measarlta Facititles IL Oca0 at0s0aIe mob"%
Published gu=a witl be sashed perodcall. aesspprowiate. to smormrnvodats, 4. fEsrossmassts *me Sltwqs 9. Asstttlus: Na.1e comsnftretsmd reflect few Iseforrsiutln or essasianca. 5. uritermia Ord P"&n% Protection 1
0. OatOrat
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at least 3 meters from parallel running metal fences and wall so that the transmitter and receiver units are at least 20 meters from public roads to minimize positioned between 0.3 and 1.0 meter from the fence or nuisance alarms. wall. If the infrared alarm sys4 em is installed inside and parallel to a fence, the transmitter and receiver units d. Presume-Sensitive Pesimeter Alarm Systems should be positioned between 2.0 and 2.5 meters from the fence to prevent an individual from jumpthng over
(1) Performance Criteria. A pies-ure-sensitive the infrared beams fronm atop the fence or sprinting perimeter alarm system should be capable of detecting thrmugh the beams. Installation of the infrared alarm an individual weighing no more than 35 kilograms system inside and adjacent to a wall should be avoided crossing the sensitive area of the system at a ninimunim since the wall provides a sti,0 ba.c Iron which an speed of 0.3 meter per second whether walking, crawl. intruder can jump over the *eies into the protected ing, or rolling. The system design should employ aICO.
techniques (etg.. electronic signpi processing) to elimi- nate nuisance alarms from wind noise. f. Vibration or Strain Dketection
(2) Ins*alation Criteria. The sensors should be (1) Performance Criteria. Vibration- or strain.
installed at the depth below the ground wurfa~e stated by detection systems uted for fence protction should the manufacturer. To obtain a high probability of detect an intruder weighiig no more than 3S kilograins detection, the sensors should be in two separate parallel attempting to climb the fence. The system should also lines at a distance from 1.5 to 2 meters apart. The detect any att empt to cut the fence Mrlift the lfence sensors and electronic circuitry buried in the ground more than 15 cut above grade. The system should not should be of a durable, moisturepfouf, rt(Aent-resistant generate alarms due to wind-produced vibration of the material. When a pressure-sensitive perimeter alarm fence.
system is being installed in rocky soil, all rocks should be removed during backfilling to prevent damage to sensors. (2) Installation Criteria. The vibration or strain If the frost line exceeds 10 cm, a buried sensors should be attached firmly to the fence (post or pressure-sensitive system should nit be used unless the fabric. as appropriate) so that the vibration or stress soil is specifically prepared to eliminate freezing above caused by an intruder climbing, cutting, or lifting the the sensor. fence will generate an alarm.
e. Infrared Perimeter Alarm Systems
2. Testing Perimeter Intrusion Alarm Systems
(1) Performance Criteria. An infrared pen- meter alarm system should be a nhultibeam modulated a. Routine Testing type consisting of a minimum of three transmitters and three receivers per unit. An alarm condition should be Perimeter intrusion alarm systems sh-iuld be generated when 90% of the beams are blocked for a tested at least unce each seven days. Testing may be period of 75 milliseconds or more or when any one accomplished during routine patrols by the members of beam is blocked for a period of 1.25 seconds or more. the licensee security force, The alarm systems should be Furthermore. the system should be able to operate as tested in segments at random with only one or two abovemwith a factor of 20 (13 dB) insertion loss due to segments tested per patrol. However, every segment atmospheric attenuation (e.g., fog) at maximum range should be tested at least once every seven days. The
(100 meters). testing should be wonducted by crossing the isolation Yone where the alarm system is located or by clinbing
(2) nstallation Criteria. An infrared perimeter the fence to which the system is attached. Where alarm system should be installed so that, at any point, appropriate, a specific test procedure should be fol- the lowest beam Is no higher than 21 cm above grade. lowed. Prior to making the test, the individual making The distance between transmitters and receivers of a unit the test should notify the central alarm station that a should not exceed 100 meters. test is about to be conducted. The area under test should The transmitters and receivers should be be maintained under visual observation by a guard.
mounted rigidly (e.g., installed on a rigid post or concrete pad) to prevent nuisance alarms from vibra- tions. Installation should provide "overlap" of adjacent b. Performance Testing units. The maximum distance between transmitter and receiver should be selected to permit proper operation At least quarterly, the perimeter Intrusion during conditions of severe atmospheric attenuation that alarm system should be, tested against Its functional are typical for the site, generally a maximum of 100 performance specifications. The test procedure recom- meters. mended by the manufacturer should be followed. While The infrared perimeter alarm system the test is being conducted, the area under test should be should be installed outside of and parallel to a fence or maintained under direct visual observation by a guard.
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Successive microwave links can be overlapped to fluid-filled flexible tube, or a specially fabricated elec- form a protective perimeter around a facility. However, trical cable.
as. the transmitter/receiver link is a line-of-sight.system, . Like the ferro!us metal detector system. the hills or other obstructions will interrupt the beam, and pressure-sensitive system does not require line-of.sight ditches may provide crawl space for an intruder. installation and can be sited on uneven terrain. However.
Moreover, objects such as tumbieweeds, paper, and installation in rocky soil may result in daniage to the bushes moving in the path of the beam can cause pressure transducers either during installation or as a nuisance alarms. Systems utilizing the Doppler shift for resuft of soil settlement afte: installation. High winds motion detection are especially sensitive to the motion can produce pressure waves on the ground surface which of trees and grass and to falling rain and snow. can be sensed by the transducer and could nectssitate The maximum and minimum separation of the operation at reduced sesnsitivity to avowd nuisance transmitter and receiver usually is specified by the alarms; however, features to cumpensate for winid- manufacturer. Typically, a microwave perimeter alarm generated noise can be de.iigned into the equipment.
system will operate effectively in the range between 70 Prissure systems also may lose sensitivity if the buried and 150 meters. sensors axe covered with snow, by snow with a frozen crust that will support the weight cf a man, or by frozen ground. Other natural phenomena such as hail and rain
2. Ferrous Metal Detector Perimeter Alarm System can cause nuisance alarms.
The sensitive area consists of a rtarrow corridor, A ferrous metal detector system cornsists of buried usually about one meter in width. A greater degree of electrical cables, amplifiers, inhibitors, and a central security can be azhieved by employing two such alarm unit. The system is passive and is susceptible to corridors to prevent an intruder jumping over the buried changes in the ambient magnetic field. Such changes are transducers. Typical maximum length monitored by a caused either by electromagnetic disturbances such as transducer (i.e., a set of piezoelectric crystals, a liquid- lightning or by ferrous metal being carried over the filled tube, or an electrical cable) is about 100 meteis.
buried cables. The change in the local magnetic field induces a current in the buried cable whiLch is filtered 4. Infrared Perimeter Alarm Systems and sensed by the electronics, If the change exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm is generated. To Uke the microwave system, each link of an infrared reduce nuisance alarms from external electromagnetic system is composed of a transmitter, receiver, power sources (e.g., electrical power transmission lines), the supply, and alarm annunciator. The transmitter directs a electrical cable is laid in loops which are transposed at narrow beam to a receiver. " -he infrared beam between regular Intervals. The inhibitor, which operates on the the transmitter and receiver is interrupted, an alarm same principle as the cable loops and is buried near a signal is generated. As with the microwave system, the cable loop, senses strong temporary electromagnetic infrared system is line of sight. In addition, the infrared interference (e.g., lightning) and disables the alarm be'm is usually modulated. Since the infrared beam does system for approxir,,mtely one second, thus reducing not diverge significasitly as does the microwave beam, nuisance alarms. multiple infrared beams between transmitter and re- The ferrous metal detector system is not a line-of- ceiver can be used to define a "wall". If this "'wall" is sight system and therefore can be installed on uneven then penetrated by an individual, an alarm will result.
ground and need not be laid in a straight line. The loops Fog both attentuates and disperses the infrared formed by the cables must be fairly regular, however. As beam and can cause nuisance alarms. However, the the system will detect only ferrous metal, animals, birds, system can be designed to operate properly with severe or flying leaves will not initiate alarms. However, atmospheric attenuation. Dust on the faceplates also will electromagnetic interferences can cause nuisance alarms attenuate the infrared beam as will an accumulation of or even disable the alarm system if the interference is condensation, frost, or ice on the faceplate.
severe. Like the microwave system, vegetation such as Each sensing cable (and amplifier) can monitor a bushes, trees, grass, etc., will interfere with the infrared line up to 500 meters in length. Multiple cables and beam, and ditches, gullies, or hills will allow areas where amplifiers can be used to extend the monitoring length. the passage of an inruder may be und:tected.
The typical maximum distance between transnitter
3. Pressure-Sensitive Perimeter Alarm System and receiver is about 100 meters.
Buried pressure transducers detect small variations S. Vibration or Stress Detector In the mechanical stress exerted on the surrounding soil by the presence of an individual passing above the A variety of devices which detect strain or vibration sensor. The signals produced by the transducers are are available for use as fence protection systems.
amplified and compared with a preestablished threshold. Although the devices vary greatly in design, each If the signal exceeds the threshold, an alarm occurs. The basically detects strain or vibration of the fence such as transducer may be a set of piezoelectric crystals, a that produced by an intruder climbing or cutting the
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ace. In the simplest devices, the vibration or strain resistant enclosure. All signal lines connecting the a.larm relays with alarm monitors should be supervised; if the makes or breaks electrical continuity and thereby generates an alarm. processing electronics is separated from the sensor Vibration- or strain- detection devices for fence elements and not located wilhin the detection a;ea of the sensor elements, the signal lines linking the 3ensors protection generally are susceptible to nuisance alarms to the processing elec tro nics should also be supc vise ..
generated by wind-produccl vibration of the fences to All key locks or key-operated switche.%
which they are attached. Rigid mounting of the fence will lessen the propensity of the fence to vibrate and used to protect equipment and control.- should have UL-
listed locking cylinders (see Regulatory (.uide 5.12, therefore will reduce the frequency of nuisance alarms. "General Use of Locks in tht lrotection of Facilities aod However, making the fence too rigid will render the Special Nuclear Materiafl).
alarm system insensitive to an intruder. This situation is especially common with post-mounted switch-contact- type alarm systems. The utilization of electronic signal. (3) EvIronment. Pcrimeter intrusion 'latin processing equipment in conjunction with signal- systems should be capable of operating throughout the generating strain or vibration transducers can effectively climatic extremes of the environs in which they are used;
reduce nuisance alarm rates without sacrificing scnsi. as ý,. minimum, the syst ems should be capable of tivity to climbing or cutting the fence. efiective operation between -35" and +50 'C. Corn- Depending upon the variety of sensor, each sensor ponents that necessarily must be located out of doors can monitor a length of fence ranging from about one should be protected from moisture damage by such meter to several hundred meters. methods as hermetic sealing or potting in an epoxy compound.
C. REGULATORY POSITION
(4) Alarm Condition
s. Perimeter intrusion
1. Minimum Qualification for Perimeter Intrusion alarm systems should wenerate an alarm under any of the Alarm Systems following conditions:
a. General (a) Detection of stimulus or condition for which it was designed to react, (I) Electrical, All components-- sensors, elec- (b) Failure of emergency power to piop- tronic processing equipment, power supplies, alarm erly operate the system in the'event of monitors-should be approved by the Underwriter's loss of primary power, Laboratory (UL) for fire safety. If alarm power is (c) Indication of tampering (e.g., opening.
furnished by public utility, the syst-em should contain shorting, or grounding of the sensor provisions for automatic switchover to emergency bat- circuitry) that can render the device tery or generator power without generating alarms in the incapable of normal operation.
event primary power is interrupted. Eimergency power (d) Indication of tampering by activation should be capable of sustaining operation for a minimum of a tamper switch or other triggering of 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> without replacing or recharging batteries or mechanism, refueling generators. If sufficient battery or fuel capacity (e) Failure or aging of any component(s)
is not attainable for 24-hour operation as stated above, to the extent that the device is ren- additional batteries or fuel should be stored on site dered incapable of normal operation.
expressly for augmenting the emergency power supply.
If emergency power is furnished by battery, all batteries An automatic and distinctly recognizable (including stored batteries) should be maintained at a indicat.4on should be generated by the alarm monitor minimum of 90% of full charge by automatic battery- upon switchover to emergency power. if primary power charging circuitry. is supplied from the central alarm station. In addition, for emergency power supplied by battery from the
(2) Tamper Indication. All enclosures for central alarm station, an automatic and disfinctly recog- equipment should be equipped with tamper switches or nizable indication should be generated if. at any time triggering mechanisms compatible with the alarm sys- during operation on primary power, the available emer- tems. The electronics should be designed so that gency battery power is below 80% of rated capacity.
tamper-indicating devices remain in operation even Loss or reduction of power (either primary though the system itself may be placed in the access or emergency) to the degree that the system is no longer mode.* All controls that affect the sensitivity of operating properly should result in an alarm condition or the alarm system should be located within a tamper- be otherwise indicated in the central alarm station.
- Access mode means the condition that maintains the *Signal supervision will be disussed in a replaory guide system sensitive to Intrusion but that inhibits the audible (and in currendy undet development on interior intrusion &Lam syi- some cases visible) annunciation or an alarm. tems.
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Placement of any portion of a perimeter Typically, a chain link security fence with an overall Intrusion alarm system Into the access mode should be height of 8 feet will necessitate a minimum of 2 meters indicated automatically and distinctly by the alarm between fence and the center of the microwave beam.
monitor. Moreover, the segment(s) of the bystent placed Successive microwave links and comers in the access mode should be indicated clearly. should overlap three meters to eliminate the dead spot (areas where movement is not detected) below and (S) Installation. Perimeter intrusion alarm immediately in front of transmitter and receivers. The systems generally may be loceicd ,n either side of the overlap of successive links should be arranged so that perimeter physical barrier. If, ir.,wvver, installation is rece vez units are within t6e area protected by the outside the perimetra barrier, a second barrier or fence microwave beam.
(e.g., a cattle fence), should be erected so that the alarm system is located between the barriers. The second c. Ferrous Metal De~tector Perimeter Alarm barrier or fence will serve to reduce the inmidence of System nuisance alarms from animals and passersby. Of course, fence protectlon systems must be located on a fence. (1) Performance Criteria. A ferrous metal Where possible, the perimeter should be detector perimeter alarm system should be able to detect segmented so that an'individual standing at one end of a a 400-pole.centimeter (CGS units) magnet moving at a segment will have a clear view of the entire segment. In rate of 0.3 meter pei second within 0.3 netcr of a sensor no case should any segment exceed 200 meters in length. cable. The detection system should be equipped with Each segment should independently and uniquely indi- inhibitors to minirnf7e nuisance alarms due to electso- cate intrusion and should be capable of placement into magnetic interference. Multiple inhibitors should be used the access mode indepcndendy of the other segments. to prevent undetected simultaneous dexensitizing of the entire system.
b. Microwave Perimeter Alarm System
(1) Performance Criteria. A microwave peri. (2) Installation Criteria. To determine if the ferrous metal deteclion system will operate in the meter alarm system should be capable of detecting an intruder passing between the transmitter and receiver at proposed environment, a preengineering site survey a rate between 0.15 and IS meters per second, whether should be made using an ehetrornagnetic detection survey meter. This survey meter can be furnished by the walking, running, jumping, crawling, or rolling. The microwave beani should be modulated, and the receiver manufacturer. if the electromagnetic disturbances are within the limits prescribed by the manufacturer, this should be frequency selective to decrease susceptibility to receiver "capture". Generally, because of suscepti- type of system can be used effectively. Special looping configurations can be made in areas of high electro- bility to motion beyond the area to be protected, magnetic irierference to reduce the incidents of nui- Doppler microwave systems should not be used as perimeter intrusion alarms. sance alarms.
The sensing loops of electrical cable should be buried in the ground according to the manufacturer's
(2) Installation Criteria. The transmitters and receivers should be installed on even terrain cicar of stated depth. Multiple units (cable and amplifier) sht uld be used to protect a perimeter. All associated buried trees, tall grass, and bushes. Each unit should be mounted rigidly at a distance of about 1 meter above the circuitry should be buried in the detection zvne of the ground. The distance between a transmitter and its sensor and packaged in hermetically sealed containerm.
receiver should be at least 70 meters. Neither the The cable should be laid in accordance with the transmitter nor the receiver should be mounted on a manufacturer's recommended geometrical configurations fence. To prevent passage under the microwave beam in to reduce nuisance alarms from external sources. When the shadow of an obstruction, hills should be leveled, cable is being installed in rocky soil. care should be ditches filled, and obstructions removed so that the area taken to remove sharp rocks during backfilling over the between transmitter and receiver is clear of obstructions cable.
and free of rises or depressions of height or depth greater Inhibitors should be buried in the ground at least 6 meters from the cable inside the protected titan 15 cm. The clear area should be sufficiently wide to preclude generation of alarms by objects moving near perimeter.
the microwave link (e.g., personnel walking or vehicular Continuous electromagnetic interference obstructs the detection of an intruder carrying metal traffic). Approximate widths of the microwave pattern should be provided by the manufacturer. over the buried cable by keeping the inhibitor activated, If the microwave link is installed inside and thereby preventing the alarm unit from responding to a roughly parallel to a perimeter fence or wall, the change in flux. The device should therefore be used only where the environment is relatively free of severe transmitter and receiver should be positioned so as to prevent someone from jumping over the microwave man-made electromagnetic interference. The cable beam into'the protected area from atop the fence should never be installed close to overhead power or wall. transmission lines. Moreover. the cable should be placed
5.44-4
d
0. IMPLEMENTATION of subnLmilsa in connecajion with spec-LiI nucicar material license. onctag'rag ticense. or consti uction rwetuil atppliw~-
The purpose of this wectioti is to piovide iuifor- lionsducictcý afite Augus~t 1. 19 7
5. W
niation to applicanits and Iiccen~.sct tcgifdingr the Regula- If an zkpplicant mliose appbc.ation foi a special tory stafrs pluans for utilizing thi3 regubaury giidc. nuclcar materiai licensc, an opetating licvnsc, or a Except iW those casses in which 'lie appbcaj~t Constniclion permit is dockcied on or Moefa August 1, pruposes an aitc-rnaiive method1 fiur complying w.ith '69757 wishcs it) use this regulatory guide in devcloping specified portitin! of (ice CoMail IWJ% 11S rcgulaikylms. "11c f
4ubtuiti-a~lot ppiicstions. the per-tinent portions, of thle method described hereia, wall be used in. th,- ov-luatioi; 3ppkcat-ion will be cvaluated on flth: basis of~ this guide.
5.44-6