ML12093A216
| ML12093A216 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/2008 |
| From: | Williams J US Dept of Interior, Geological Survey (USGS) |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML12089A579 | List: |
| References | |
| RAS 22128, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 2008-1123 | |
| Download: ML12093A216 (38) | |
Text
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1123 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at the Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Prepared in cooperation with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission ENT000341 Submitted: March 29, 2012
Cover. Photograph by Thomas J. Nicholson (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) of bedrock quarry southwest of Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York.
Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at the Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York By John H. Williams Prepared in cooperation with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1123
ii U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment:
World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.
Suggested citation:
Williams, J.H., 2008, Flow-log analysis for hydraulic characterization of selected test wells at the Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1123, 30 p., online only.
iii Figures 1-2. Maps showing
- 1. Location of Indian Point Energy Center site, Buchanan, New York............................2
- 2. Location of selected test wells at the Indian Point Energy Center site......................3 3-5. Photographs showing
- 3. Aerial view looking north of the Indian Point Energy Center site and location of selected test wells..........................................................................................................4
- 4. View looking northeast of quarry exposure of carbonate bedrock with bedding and orthogonal fractures, Indian Point Energy Center site...........................5
- 5. Optical-televiewer (OTV) and acoustic-televiewer (ATV) logs of test well MW-60 at the Indian Point Energy Center site: (A) interval from 52 to 57 feet below land surface, showing subhorizonal fractured zone, (B) interval from 70 to 75 feet below land surface (with core sample from same interval),
showing northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures, and (C) interval from 134 to 139 feet below land surface, showing southeast-dipping bedding fracture.............5 6-7. Diagrams showing
- 6. Relation between transmissivity of flow zones penetrated by selected test wells estimated from flow-log analysis and measured by hydraulic tests................7
- 7. Relation between hydraulic-head difference of flow zones penetrated by selected test wells estimated from flow-log analysis and measured in monitoring-well intervals....................................................................................................9 Contents Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................1 Description of Study Area and Hydrogeologic Setting..................................................................1 Description of Wells.............................................................................................................................1 Description of Logs.......................................................................................................................................2 Flow-Log Analysis..........................................................................................................................................4 Selected Results of Aquifer and Tracer Tests...........................................................................................6 Summary..........................................................................................................................................................9 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................10 Appendix 1. Composites of Geophysical Logs, Transmissivity and Hydraulic-Head Difference Estimates and Measurements, and Selected Aquifer-and Tracer-Test Results for the Test Wells, Indian Point Energy Center Site, Buchanan, New York.........................................................................................................11 Table
- 1. Construction and hydrologic information for selected test wells, Indian Point Energy Center site, Buchanan, New York.................................................................................8
iv Conversion Factors and Datum Inch/Pound to SI Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.)
2.54 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)
Flow rate gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s)
Specific capacity gallon per minute per foot
[(gal/min)/ft)]
0.2070 liter per second per meter
[(L/s)/m]
Transmissivity*
foot squared per day (ft2/d) 0.09290 meter squared per day (m2/d)
Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:
°F=(1.8x°C)+32 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 1929).
Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.
- Transmissivity: The standard unit for transmissivity is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness [(ft3/d)/ft2]ft. In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot squared per day (ft2/d), is used for convenience.
Abbreviations ATV Acoustic televiewer GAI Geophysical Applications, Inc.
GZA GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc.
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission OTV Optical televiewer USGS U.S. Geological Survey
Abstract Flow logs from 24 test wells were analyzed as part of the hydraulic characterization of the metamorphosed and fractured carbonate bedrock at the Indian Point Energy Center in Buchanan, New York. The flow logs were analyzed along with caliper, optical-and acoustic-televiewer, and fluid-resistivity and temperature logs to determine the character and distribution of fracture-flow zones and estimate their transmissivities and hydraulic heads. Many flow zones were associated with subhorizontal to shallow-dipping fractured zones, southeast-dipping bedding fractures, northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures, or combinations of bedding and orthogonal fractures. Flow-log analysis generally provided reasonable first-order estimates of flow-zone transmissivity and head differences compared with the results of conventional hydraulic-test analysis and measurements. Selected results of an aquifer test and a tracer test provided corroborating information in support of the flow-log analysis.
Introduction Radionuclides have been detected in ground water sampled from metamorphosed and fractured carbonate bedrock at the Indian Point Energy Center in southeastern New York. In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a flow-log analysis of selected test wells to help characterize the hydraulics of fractured zones in the bedrock.
The work was completed in cooperation with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), which provided technical oversight of the investigation of ground-water contamination conducted by Entergy, Inc., the owner and operator of the site. This report describes and presents the flow-log method and integrated analysis of the flow logs with other supporting geophysical log and aquifer-and tracer-test data. The transmissivity and hydraulic head of flow zones estimated by the flow-log method are compared with those determined from hydraulic tests and measurements in corresponding test-well intervals isolated by inflatable straddle packers or as completed monitoring-well installations.
Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at the Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York By John H. Williams Description of Study Area and Hydrogeologic Setting The Indian Point Energy Center is the site of a nuclear-power plant in the Village of Buchanan in Westchester County, New York (figs. 1, 2, and 3). The site is within the Hudson Highlands physiographic province and is bordered on the west by the Hudson River. Land-surface altitude ranges from about 10 ft near the river to 140 ft above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929 (NGVD 1929) in the eastern part of the site.
The site is underlain by the Inwood Marble; these metamorphosed dolostones and limestones of Cambro-Ordovician age were extensively blast-excavated during plant construction. The Manhattan Schist unconformably overlies the Inwood Marble near the northern and eastern borders of the site. Bedding in the carbonate bedrock generally dips 30 to 70 degrees to the southeast (figs. 4 and 5). Many fractures are oriented along bedding and orthogonal to bedding.
Subhorizontal fractured zones commonly are present in the upper part of the bedrock. The shallow-dipping fractured zones, southeast-dipping bedding fractures, and northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures along with other fractures with a range of orientations form an interconnected permeable network for ground-water flow. Where present, faults, including a north-south trending high-angle feature identified by Dames and Moore (1975), Ratcliffe and others (1983),
and Barvenik and others (2008), locally may enhance or impede ground-water flow depending on the presence of clay-rich gouge.
Description of Wells Twenty-four test wells installed under the direction of GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc. (GZA), consultant to Entergy, Inc., were selected by GZA for geophysical logging.
Information on these test wells, including construction and water level, pumped rate, and drawdown at the time of logging, is presented in table 1. Well locations are shown in figures 2 and 3. The test wells were constructed as open holes below steel casing that was set into competent bedrock.
2 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York The test wells ranged from 30 to 340 ft deep, and had 4 to 40 ft of casing. The test wells were cored 3.8 to 4 inches in diameter, except RW-1, which was drilled 6 inches in diameter. Hydrogeologic descriptions of the recovered core are presented in Barvenik and others (2008). After geophysical logging was completed, each test well was converted to a single-or multiple-interval monitoring-well installation by GZA. Hydraulic tests were completed by GZA either in the test well or in the completed monitoring-well installation.
Description of Logs The geophysical logs were collected from November 2005 to July 2007 by Geophysical Applications, Inc. (GAI) under the direction of GZA and included caliper, optical-and acoustic-televiewer, fluid-resistivity, temperature, and flow logs (app. 1). Information on geophysical logs and logging for ground-water investigations is presented in Keys (1990).
The geophysical logs collected and analyzed in the present investigation are described briefly below.
Caliper logs record the diameter of the borehole. Changes in borehole diameter are related to drilling and construction procedures and competency of bedrock. The caliper logs were collected with a spring-loaded, three-arm averaging tool, and were used to confirm test-well casing depths and diameters and to delineate fractures.
Optical-televiewer (OTV) and acoustic-televiewer (ATV) logs record 360-degree magnetically oriented images of the wellbore wall (Williams and Johnson, 2000). The OTV and ATV logs were used to characterize the distribution and orientation of planar fracture and bedding features intersected by the test wells. Planar fracture and bedding features were picked by GAI and their orientations were calculated and corrected for well deviation, which was determined from the three-axis fluxgate magnetometers and vertical inclinometers incorporated in the OTV and ATV tools. Dip azimuth and angle of the fracture and bedding features corrected from magnetic to true north are shown in tadpole plots and lower-hemisphere stereonet diagrams (app. 1). It should be noted that fracture delineation from OTV and ATV logs of near-vertical wells oversample low-angle fractures and undersample high-angle fractures.
Base from U. S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 Peekskill and Haverstraw, NY 1957, Photorevised 1981 41°15' NEW YORK Westchester Co.
Site Site area shown in figure 2 View shown in figure 4 41°16' 74°57'30" 74°55' 1 MILE 1 KILOMETER 0
0 Figure 1. Location of Indian Point Energy Center site, Buchanan, New York.
Description of Logs 3 Fluid-resistivity and temperature logs record the electrical resistivity and temperature of water in the test wells. Fluid resistivity is inversely related to the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Slope changes in fluid-resistivity and temperature logs, which were collected under ambient conditions, helped delineate zones of inflow to or outflow from the test wells. Collection of fluid-resistivity and temperature logs under pumped conditions would have provided an additional level of enhancement in flow-zone delineation.
Flow logs record the direction and rate of vertical flow in the well. Vertical flow occurs in wells that penetrate two or more flow zones under differing hydraulic head. Flow is from zones of higher head to zones of lower head. The water levels measured in the open-hole test wells are composite head values that reflect the transmissivity-weighted average of the hydraulic heads of the intersected flow zones (Bennett and others, 1982). Heads in inflow zones are higher than the composite water level, and outflow zones are lower than the composite water level.
Flow at selected depths in the test wells was measured with a heat-pulse flowmeter (Hess, 1982), which determines vertical flow based on the travel time of a thermal pulse between a set of upper and lower thermistors. To channel flow through the measurement throat, the flowmeter was used with a flexible rubber diverter fitted to the nominal well diameter.
The heat-pulse flowmeter configured with a fully fitted diverter has a measurement range of 0.005 to 1.0 gal/min.
Flow logs were collected in the test wells under ambient and pumped conditions, and the quasi-steady-state drawdown under the short-term pumped conditions was measured, which allowed for quantitative analysis and estimation of flow-zone transmissivity and head (Paillet, 1998 and 2000). In test wells MW-35 and MW-52, constant pumped rates and quasi-steady-state drawdowns were not obtained as a result of rapidly declining water levels. Although not attempted in the present investigation, quantitative flow-log analysis could have been applied in these test wells by use of the recovery and flow normalization method described by Paillet (2004).
Hudson River N
0 100 200 FEET MW-31 MW-32 MW-30 RW-1 MW-34 MW-35 MW-60 MW-57 MW-54 MW-52 MW-60 MW-66 MW-62 MW-58 MW-59 MW-63 MW-64 MW-65 MW-39 MW-53 MW-67 MW-46 MW-51 MW-40 EXPLANATION Test well and site well identification MW-55 Base from Barvenik and others (2008) 0 50 METERS MW-56 Figure 2. Location of selected test wells at the Indian Point Energy Center site.
4 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Flow-Log Analysis The distribution and character of fracture-flow zones intersected by the test wells were determined by the integrated analysis of the caliper, optical-and acoustic-televiewer, fluid-resistivity, temperature, and flow logs (app. 1). One or more fracture features within each zone were designated as the hydraulically active fracture or fractures contributing to the measured ambient and pumped flows. Many flow zones were associated with subhorizontal to shallow-dipping fractured zones, southeast-dipping bedding fractures, northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures, or combinations of bedding and orthogonal fractures (fig. 5).
The transmissivity and hydraulic head of the flow zones were estimated by the flow-log analysis method described by Paillet (1998 and 2000). In this method, a best-fit match is developed between measured and simulated ambient and pumped flows by iterative adjustment of flow-zone transmissivity and head in a numerical model. A unique inversion for zone transmissivity and hydraulic-head values is determined given two sets of flow logs and associated water levels collected under ambient and quasi-steady-state pumped conditions.
The transmissivity and hydraulic-head differences determined by the flow-log analysis were compared with the results of hydraulic testing and hydraulic-head measurements reported by Barvenik and others (2008). The hydraulic tests MW-59 MW-51 MW-40 MW-54 MW-57 MW-46 MW-39 MW-65 MW-56 MW-35 MW-34 MW-53 MW-31 MW-32 MW-30 RW-1 MW-55 MW-52 MW-60 MW-67 MW-66 MW-62 MW-63 MW-58 N
EXPLANATION Test well and site well identification MW-60 Figure 3. Aerial view looking north of the Indian Point Energy Center site and location of selected test wells. (Photograph provided by Entergy, Inc.)
Bedding fracture Orthogonal fracture Flow-Log Analysis 5 Figure 5. Optical-televiewer (OTV) and acoustic-televiewer (ATV) logs of test well MW-60 at the Indian Point Energy Center site: (A) interval from 52 to 57 feet below land surface, showing subhorizonal fractured zone, (B) interval from 70 to 75 feet below land surface (with core sample from same interval), showing northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures, and (C) interval from 134 to 139 feet below land surface, showing southeast-dipping bedding fracture.
Figure 4. View looking northeast of quarry exposure of carbonate bedrock with bedding and orthogonal fractures, Indian Point Energy Center site. (Photograph by Thomas J. Nicholson, NRC)
N E S W N N E S W N N E S W N N E S W N N E S W N N E S W N OTV ATV OTV ATV OTV ATV 52 53 54 55 56 57 70 71 72 73 74 75 134 135 136 137 138 139 A
B C
DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE, IN FEET CORE
6 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York were conducted in test-well intervals isolated by inflatable straddle packers or as completed monitoring-well installations.
More than 90 percent of the 76 hydraulic tests used in the comparison were slug tests analyzed by the Hvorslev (1951) method, and the rest were extraction tests analyzed by the Theis (1935) method. The hydraulic-test data and their analysis are presented in more detail by Barvenik and others (2008). The hydraulic heads used in the comparison were measured in the completed monitoring-well installations.
Average hydraulic heads on February 12, 2007 (Barvenik and others, 2008) were used in the comparison for all monitoring-well installations except MW-63 and MW-67.
Average hydraulic heads on June 1, 2007, and August 28, 2007 (Barvenik and others, 2008), respectively, were used for wells MW-63 and MW-67 because complete sets of head measurements were not available for February 12, 2007.
When compared with the hydraulic-test results, the flow-log analysis detected 74 percent of flow zones where transmissivities were within two orders of magnitude of the most transmissive zone penetrated by each given test well.
This comparison of results from hydraulic-test and flow-log methods is consistent with that reported by Paillet (1998) for crystalline bedrock at the USGS fractured-aquifer research site in Mirror Lake, New Hampshire.
Measurable ambient flow indicating differences in hydraulic heads in two or more penetrated flow zones was observed in 16 of the logged test wells. Flow was downward in eight wells (MW-31, -32, -40, -51, -54, -55, -58, and -65),
upward in four wells (MW-59, -63, -66, and -67) and both upward and downward in four wells (RW-1 and MW-39, -56, and -57). Even though hydraulic head is transient in nature and the flow logs and head measurements were not collected at the same time, observed flow directions in the test wells generally were consistent with the subsequently measured head differences; that is, flow was from zones of higher head to zones of lower head.
Flow-log analysis generally provided reasonable first-order estimates of flow-zone transmissivity and head differences in comparison with the results of the hydraulic-test analysis and measurements. The logs of transmissivity values estimated by the flow-log analysis and those measured by the hydraulic tests are significantly correlated (fig. 6). The fitted relation is log THT = 0.34 + 0.64 log TFL,
(1) where THT is transmissivity of tested interval measured by hydraulic-test methods, in feet squared per day; and TFL is transmissivity of "ow zone estimated by "ow-log method, in feet squared per day.
Selected results from test wells MW-40 and MW-54, which are identified in figure 6, were deemed questionable and not included in the fitted relation. These and, most likely, an undetermined number of additional outliers are related to the limitations inherent in flow logging and in hydraulic testing using inflatable packers. The apparent overestimation of transmissivities by hydraulic testing in test well MW-54 is believed to be the result of an inability to obtain leak-tight seals between the packers and the wellbore wall, which allowed leakage into adjacent, highly fractured intervals of the wellbore. This conclusion is supported by analysis of the head response above and below the test interval. The reason for the order-of-magnitude discrepancy between the transmissivity estimates for the shallowest flow zone in test well MW-40 is unclear. Because the shallowest flow zone is near the water surface, which is not uncommon, it was not feasible to make a measurement above the zone to confirm the pumped rate. The uppermost measurement under pumped conditions indicated downward flow, so the assumption was made that all the pumped flow was contributed by the shallowest zone, which may not be valid. The transmissivity estimate from the hydraulic test, however, is lower than would be expected based on the relatively high specific capacity of the test well (table 1), indicating that the shallowest zone may have been sealed during this test.
The logs of hydraulic-head differences estimated by the flow-log method and those measured in the monitoring installations are significantly correlated (fig. 7). The fitted relation is log HDMM = 0.19 + 0.68 log HDFL,
(2) where HDMM is hydraulic-head difference measured between monitoring-well intervals, in feet; and HDFL is hydraulic-head difference between "ow zones estimated from "ow-log method, in feet.
Discrepancies between the hydraulic-head differences are, in part, due to difficulties in matching very low flows associated with poorly transmissive zones as a result of the relative insensitivity of the model head parameter under these conditions.
Selected Results of Aquifer and Tracer Tests An aquifer test and, subsequently, a tracer test were conducted by GZA as part of the hydrogeologic site characterization. Barvenik and others (2008) present the design and analysis of these tests along with the time-series data sets of hydraulic heads and tracer concentrations.
Selected results of the aquifer and tracer tests are presented in this report as corroborating information on
Selected Results of Aquifer and Tracer Tests 7 1,000 100 10 1
0.1 1,000 100 10 1
0.1 TRANSMISSIVITY, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY FLOW-LOG TRANSMISSIVITY, IN FEET SQUARED PER DAY Figure 6. Relation between transmissivity of flow zones penetrated by selected test wells estimated from flow-log analysis and measured by hydraulic tests. Red and green diamonds indicate selected results for test wells MW-40 and MW-54, respectively.
flow-zone transmissivity and connectivity in support of the flow-log analysis.
The aquifer test was conducted from October 31 to November 6, 2006, and involved constant-rate pumping of well RW-1 (figs. 2 and 3) at 4 gal/min for 3 days followed by 3 days of recovery. Water levels were measured during pumping and recovery in monitoring intervals at surrounding monitoring-well installations. Maximum observed drawdown in selected monitoring-well intervals divided by the log of the horizontal distance between the pumped well and the monitoring well is presented in appendix 1.
The tracer test involved the introduction of fluorescein dye on February 8, 2007, through gravity-fed injection of a dye and water mixture into the unsaturated zone at the top of bedrock near monitoring-well installation MW-30 (figs. 2 and 3). Tracer sampling from monitoring intervals at well installations commenced prior to and continued following injection for 7 months. Peak concentration of the tracer and travel velocities for first and peak arrivals, which are defined in this report as the travel times divided by the horizontal distance between the injection point and the monitoring well, are presented for selected monitoring-well intervals in appendix 1.
8 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Table 1. Construction and hydrologic information for selected test wells, Indian Point Energy Center site, Buchanan, New York.
[USGS well ID, test-well identification number assigned by U.S. Geological Survey (We indicates Westchester County); site well ID, test-well identification number assigned by site owner (RW, recovery well; MW, monitoring well); altitude, altitude of land surface, in feet above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929; well depth and casing depth in feet below land surface; water-level depth, depth to water level during ambient flow logging, in feet below land surface; pumped rate, discharge rate during pumped flow logging, in gallons per minute; drawdown, quasi-steady-state drawdown during pumped flow logging, in feet; specific capacity, in gallons per minute per foot of drawdown; --, no data]
USGS well ID Site well ID Altitude Well depth Casing depth Water-level depth Pumped rate Drawdown Specific capacity We-3472 RW-1 76 134 5
63 0.60 1.93 0.31 We-3473 MW-30 76 84 29 40.5 a
We-3474 MW-31 77 87 5.5 32
.48 b
We-3475 MW-32 79 196 8
37
.25 0.50
.50 We-3476 MW-34 19 30 5
8.3
.48 c
We-3477 MW-35 19 30 7.5 8.7
.45 d
We-3478 MW-39 82 199 23 54
.45
.49
.92 We-3479 MW-40 75 192 7
15
.5
.15 3.33 We-3480 MW-46 17 32 6
7
.42 2.10
.20 We-3481 MW-51 70 200 20.5 28
.75 4.58
.16 We-3482 MW-52 17 197 13 12 d
We-3483 MW-53 70 124 30 58
.44 3.75
.12 We-3484 MW-54 15 205 20.5 7
.77 1.28
.60 We-3485 MW-55 18 77 12 10
.71
.97
.73 We-3486 MW-56 70 87 30.5 47.5
.43
.92
.47 We-3487 MW-57 15 31 6
5.3
.41
.34 1.21 We-3488 MW-58 15 71 14 6
.60 2.35
.26 We-3489 MW-59 15 77 18 13
.67
.40 1.68 We-3490 MW-60 14 202 8.5 10
.52 3.75
.14 We-3491 MW-62 15 200 40.5 11.5
.43 3.94
.11 We-3492 MW-63 14 193 36 12.5
.58
.05 11.6 We-3493 MW-65 70 82 34 35.5
.15 3.95
.04 We-3494 MW-66 14 200 37.5 13
.54
.55
.98 We-3495 MW-67 15 340 32.5 13.5
.54
.52 1.04 aNot pumped because water was added previously for acoustic-televiewer logging.
bZero drawdown reported; drawdown assumed to be 0.25 feet for flow-log analysis.
cDrawdown not measured.
dWater level dropped rapidly and pumped rate was not sustained.
Summary 9 Summary Flow logs from selected test wells at the Indian Point Energy Center in Buchanan, New York, were analyzed as part of the hydraulic characterization of the metamorphosed and fractured carbonate bedrock underlying the site. The flow logs collected under ambient and quasi-steady-state pumped conditions were analyzed along with caliper, optical-and acoustic-televiewer, fluid-resistivity, and temperature logs to determine the character and distribution of flow zones. Many flow zones were associated with subhorizontal to shallow-dipping fractured zones, southeast-dipping bedding fractures, northwest-dipping orthogonal fractures, or combinations of bedding and orthogonal fractures. The transmissivity and hydraulic head of the flow zones were estimated by matching measured and modeled ambient and pumped flows. Flow-log analysis generally provided reasonable first-order estimates of flow-zone transmissivity and head differences compared with the results of conventional hydraulic-test analysis and measurements. Selected results of an aquifer test and a tracer test provided corroborating information in support of the flow-log analysis.
100 10 1
0.1 100 10 1
0.1 HEAD DIFFERENCE, IN FEET FLOW-LOG HEAD DIFFERENCE, IN FEET Figure 7. Relation between hydraulic-head difference of flow zones penetrated by selected test wells estimated from flow-log analysis and measured in monitoring-well intervals.
10 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York References Cited Barvenik, M.J., Winslow, D.M., Powers, M., and Gozdor, M.,
2008, Hydrogeologic site investigation report, Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York: Report prepared by GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc., Norword, Massachusetts, for Enercon Services, Buchanan, New York, 150 p., 18 app.
Bennett, G.D., Kontis, A.L., and Larson, S.P., 1982, Representation of multiaquifer-well effects in three-dimensional ground-water flow simulation: Ground Water,
- v. 20, no. 3, p. 334-341.
Dames and Moore, 1975, Supplemental geological investigation of the Indian Point Generation Station: Report prepared by Dames & Moore, Cranford, New Jersey, for Consolidated Edison of New York, Inc., 2 app.
Hess, A.E., 1982, A heat-pulse flowmeter for measuring low velocities in boreholes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-699, 44 p.
Hvorslev, M.J., 1951, Time lag and soil permeability in ground-water observations: Bulletin No. 36, Waterways Experimental Station Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, p. 1-50.
Keys, W.S., 1990, Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 2, chap. E2, p. 150.
Paillet, F.L., 1998, Flow modeling and permeability estimation using borehole flow logs in heterogeneous fractured formations: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 5,
- p. 997-1010.
Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4,
- p. 510-521.
Paillet, F.L., 2004, Borehole flowmeter applications in irregular and large diameter boreholes: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 39-59.
Ratcliffe, N.M., Bender, J.F., and Tracy, R.J., 1983, Tectonic setting, chemical petrology and petrogenesis of the Cortlandt Complex and related igneous rocks of southeastern New York: Field Guide for Northeastern Section Geological Society Meeting, Kiamesha Lake, New York, March 23-26, 1983.
Theis, C.V., 1935, The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage: American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 16, p. 519-524.
Williams, J.H., and Johnson, C.D., 2000, Borehole-wall imaging with acoustic and optical televiewers for fractured-bedrock aquifer investigations, in Proceedings of the 7th Minerals and Geotechnical Logging Symposium, October 24-26, 2000, Golden, Colorado: Minerals and Geotechnical Logging Society, p. 43-53.
Appendix 1 11 Appendix 1. Composites of Geophysical Logs, Transmissivity and Hydraulic-Head Difference Estimates and Measurements, and Selected Aquifer-and Tracer-Test Results for the Test Wells, Indian Point Energy Center Site, Buchanan, New York.
Explanation MW-30 Site well identifier Depth Depth, in feet below land surface Caliper Caliper collected by Geophysical Applications, Inc. (GAI); borehole diameter in inches OTV Optical televiewer collected by GAI; 360-degree optical image of borehole wall oriented to True Geographic North ATV Acoustic televiewer collected by GAI; 360-degree acoustic image of borehole wall oriented to True Geographic North Stereo Lower-hemisphere, Schmidt stereo plot of planar fracture and bedding features oriented to True Geographic North; gray disk indicates features picked by GAI; blue box indicates hydraulically active fracture based on USGS flow-log analysis Tadpole Tadpole plot of planar fracture and bedding features oriented to True Geographic North; body of tadpole indicates dip angle and tail indicates dip direction; gray disk indicates features picked by GAI; blue box indicates hydraulically active fracture based on USGS flow-log analysis Amb Flow Ambient flow, in gallons per minute; blue disk indicates flow measurement collected by GAI with heat-pulse flowmeter at specified depth; blue line indicates modeled flow based on USGS analysis Pmp Flow Pumped flow, in gallons per minute; red circle indicates flow measurement collected by GAI with heat-pulse flowmeter at specified depth; red line indicates modeled flow based on USGS flow-log analysis Fl Res Fluid resistivity collected by GAI, in ohms per meter Fl Temp Temperature collected by GAI, in degrees Celsius Trans Transmissivity of straddle-packed or monitored-well interval as reported by Barvenik and others (2008), in feet squared per day FL Trans Transmissivity of flow zone based on USGS flow-log analysis, in feet squared per day Head Diff Hydraulic-head difference between monitored-well intervals as reported by Winslow and others (2008), in FL Head Diff Hydraulic-head difference between flow zones based on USGS flow-log analysis, in feet Drawdown Maximum observed drawdown divided by log distance between the monitoring well and the pumped well (RW-1), in feet divided by log feet; ND indicates no observed drawdown Open Zone Open zone of monitoring-well installation First TT Travel velocity of first arrival of tracer, in feet per day Peak TT Travel velocity of peak arrival of tracer, in feet per day Peak Conc Peak concentration of tracer, in micrograms per liter; ND indicates non-detect
12 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:75ft MW-30 Fl Res 0
Ohm-m Caliper 3.75 In Amb Flow 0.4
-0.4 Gal/Min ATV Tadpole Stereo 90 0
Trans 20 0.002 Ft^2/D Fl Temp 20 Deg C Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0° 180° 23 60 15 First TT 50000 10 10 3.85
Appendix 1 13 Depth 1ft:120ft MW-31 Caliper 3.6 In Trans 500 0.5 Ft^2/D OTV ATV Tadpole 90 0
Stereo FL Trans 500 0.5 Ft^2/D Fl Res 2.5 Ohm-m Fl Temp 19 Deg C Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Head Diff 3
0 Ft FL Head Diff 3
0 Ft 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0° 180° 4.1 4.5 21 First TT 100 100 50000 1
14 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:260ft MW-32 Fl Res 10 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In OTV ATV 90 0
Trans 400 0.4 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min FL Trans 400 0.4 Ft^2/D Head Diff 35 0
Ft Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Fl Temp 16 Deg C FL Head Diff 35 0
Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° 4.5 Tadpole Stereo 23 20 First TT 50000 100 100
Appendix 1 15 Depth 1ft:40ft MW-34 Fl Res 18 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Amb Flow 0.1
-0.1 Gal/Min Pmp Flow 0.1
-0.1 Gal/Min Tadpole 90 0
Stereo Trans 100 0.1 Ft^2/D ATV Fl Temp 8
Deg C Open Zone Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 5
10 15 20 25 0° 180° 4.5 18 22 1
50000 10
16 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:40ft MW-35 Fl Res 15 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Amb Flow 0.2
-0.2 Gal/Min Pmp Flow 0.2
-0.2 Gal/Min ATV Tadpole 90 0
Stereo Trans 100 0.1 Ft^2/D Fl Temp 8
Deg C Open Zone Drawdown 0
Ft/ Log Ft Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 5
10 15 20 25 30 0° 180° 4
19 18 1
10 50000
Appendix 1 17 Depth 1ft:230ft MW-39 Fl Res 0.5 Ohm-m Caliper 3.7 In ATV 90 0
Amb Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Trans 200 0.02 Ft^2/D Pmp Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Fl Temp 15.2 Deg C FL Trans 200 0.02 Ft^2/D Open Zone Head Diff 2
-2 Ft FL Head Diff 2
-2 Ft Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.1 Tadpole Stereo 16.2 4.5 1
50000
18 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:250ft MW-40 Fl Res
-5
-3 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In ATV Tadpole 90 0
Stereo Trans 0
0 0
1 1.0 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min FL Trans 0
0 0
1 1.0 Ft^2/D Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Fl Temp 12 Deg C Open Zone Head Diff 8
8-Ft FL Head Diff 8
8-Ft 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° 5
16.5
Appendix 1 19 Depth 1ft:40ft MW-46 Fl Res
-25 5
Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
Stereo Fl Temp 10 Deg C ATV FL Trans 50 0.5 Ft^2/D FL Head Diff 1
0 Ft Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone 0.05 ug/L 5
10 15 20 25 30 0° 180° D
N D
N 5
23 1
Peak Conc 50000
20 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:230ft MW-51 Fl Res
-3.5 1
Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In ATV Tadpole 90 0
Stereo Trans 20 0.2 Ft^2/D Fl Temp 12 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.8
-0.8 Gal/Min Amb Flow 0.8
-0.8 Gal/Min FL Trans 20 0.2 Ft^2/D Open Zone Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L Head 25 0
Ft FL Head Diff 25 0
Ft 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° D
N D
N 4.5 14.5 1
50000
Appendix 1 21 MW-52 Ohm-m 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0° 180° ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Depth 1ft:235ft Fl Res Caliper 3
In Tadpole 90 0
ATV Stereo Trans 7
0.007 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.2
-0.2 Gal/Min Fl Temp 12 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.2
-0.2 Gal/Min Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Head 8
0 Ft 5
19 Peak TT 50000 10 1
22 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:125ft MW-53 Fl Res
-22
-12 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
ATV Stereo Trans 200 2
Ft^2/D FL Trans 200 2
Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Fl Temp 17.5 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Head Diff 2
0 Ft FL Head Diff 2
0 Ft 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0° 180° ND 4.5 20 First TT 50000 100 100 1
Appendix 1 23 6.7 3
In 90 0
40 0.4 0.7
-0.7 40 0.4 0.7
-0.7 14.6 4
0 0
4 0
0 0
0.05 5
8.3 24.2 1
100 100 50000 Depth 1ft:250ft MW-54 Fl Res Ohm-m Caliper Tadpole OTV ATV Stereo Trans Ft^2/D Amb Flow Gal/Min FL Trans Ft^2/D Pmp Flow Gal/Min Fl Temp Deg C FL Head Diff Ft Open Zone Drawdown Ft/Log Ft Head Diff Ft First TT Ft/D Peak TT Ft/D Peak Conc ug/L 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° ND
24 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:90ft MW-55 Caliper 3.5 In Tadpoles 90 0
ATV OTV Stereo Trans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D FLTrans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D Fl Res 6
Ohm-m Amb Flow 0.8
-0.8 Gal/Min Fl Temp 17.6 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.8
-0.8 Gal/Min Head Diff 1
-1 Ft FL Head Diff 1
-1 Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 0° 180° 4.5 11 22.6 1
First TT 10 10 50000
Appendix 1 25 Depth 1ft:75ft MW-56 Fl Res 6
Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
OTV ATV Stereo Trans 200 0.2 Ft^2/D FL Trans 200 0.2 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Fl Temp 15 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Open Zone Head Diff 2
0 Ft FL Head Diff 2
0 Ft Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 0° 180° ND 4.5 8
20 1
26 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:55ft MW-57 Fl Res 6.5 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
ATV Stereo Trans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min Head Diff
.5 1
0 Ft Fl Temp 19 Deg C FL Trans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D Pmp Flow 0.5
-0.5 Gal/Min FL Head Diff 1.5 0
Ft Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0° 180° ND ND ND ND ND 4.5 7.5 24 1
First TT 100 100 50000
Appendix 1 27 Depth 1ft:75ft MW-58 Fl Res 6
Ohm-m Caliper 3.6 In Tadpole 90 0
ATV Trans 100 1
Ft^2/D Stereo FL Trans 100 1
Ft^2/D Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Head Diff 1
0 Ft FL Head Diff 1
0 Ft Fl Temp 16.75 Deg C Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0° 180° ND ND 4
14 18.75 1
Peak TT 50000 100
28 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:90ft MW-59 Fl Res 2
Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
OTV ATV Stereo Trans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D FL Trans 300 0.3 Ft^2/D Amb Flow 1
-1 Gal/Min Head Diff 2
0 Ft FL Head Diff 2
0 Ft Fl Temp 18 Deg C Pmp Flow 1
-1 Gal/Min Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 0° 180° ND ND ND ND ND 4.5 13 25.5 1
First TT 10 10 50000
Appendix 1 29 Depth 1ft:275ft MW-60 Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Fl Res 4
Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
OTV ATV Stereo Trans 20 0.02 Ft^2/D FL Trans 20 0.02 Ft^2/D Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Fl Temp 12.6 Deg C Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone Head Diff 3
0 Ft FL Head Diff 3
0 Ft First TT 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.5 15 20.4 1
10 10 50000
30 Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New York Depth 1ft:210ft MW-62 Amb Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min Fl Res 10 Ohm-m Caliper 3.5 In Tadpole 90 0
ATV OTV Trans 30 0.03 Ft^2/D Stereo Pmp Flow 0.6
-0.6 Gal/Min FL Trans 30 0.03 Ft^2/D Fl Temp 13.8 Deg C Drawdown 0
Ft/Log Ft Open Zone Head Diff 1
0 Ft FL Head Diff 1
0 Ft First TT 0
Ft/D Peak TT 0
Ft/D Peak Conc 0.05 ug/L 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0° 180° ND ND ND ND 7
25 16.1 1
50000 10 10
For additional information write to:
New York Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 425 Jordan Road Troy, NY 12180 Information requests:
(518) 285-5602 or visit our Web site at:
Williams, J.H.Flow-Log Analysis for Hydraulic Characterization of Selected Test Wells at the Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, New YorkOpen-File Report 2008-1123